Abstract
Abstract. This paper investigates the mechanisms involved in the dispersion, structure, and mixing in the vertical column of atmospheric pollen. The methodology used employs observations of pollen concentration obtained from Hirst samplers (we will refer to this as surface pollen) and vertical distribution (polarization-sensitive lidar), as well as nested numerical simulations with an atmospheric transport model and a simplified pollen module developed especially for this study. The study focuses on the predominant pollen type, Pinus, of the intense pollination event which occurred in the region of Barcelona, Catalonia, NE Spain, during 27–31 March 2015. First, conversion formulas are expressed to convert lidar-derived total backscatter coefficient and model-derived mass concentration into pollen grains concentration, the magnitude measured at the surface by means of aerobiological methods, and, for the first time ever, a relationship between optical and mass properties of atmospheric pollen through the estimation of the so-called specific extinction cross section is quantified in ambient conditions. Second, the model horizontal representativeness is assessed through a comparison between nested pollen simulations at 9, 3, and 1 km horizontal resolution and observed meteorological and aerobiological variables at seven sites around Catalonia. Finally, hourly observations of surface and column concentration in Barcelona are analyzed with the different numerical simulations at increasing horizontal resolution and varying sedimentation/deposition parameters. We find that the 9 or 3 km simulations are less sensitive to the meteorology errors; hence, they should be preferred for specific forecasting applications. The largest discrepancies between measured surface (Hirst) and column (lidar) concentrations occur during nighttime, where only residual pollen is detected in the column, whereas it is also present at the surface. The main reason is related to the lidar characteristics which have the lowest useful range bin at ∼ 225 m, above the usually very thin nocturnal stable boundary layer. At the hour of the day of maximum insolation, the pollen layer does not extend up to the top of the planetary boundary layer, according to the observations (lidar), probably because of gravity effects; however, the model simulates the pollen plume up to the top of the planetary boundary layer, resulting in an overestimation of the pollen load. Besides the large size and weight of Pinus grains, sedimentation/deposition processes have only a limited impact on the model vertical concentration in contrast to the emission processes. For further modeling research, emphasis is put on the accurate knowledge of plant/tree spatial distribution, density, and type, as well as on the establishment of reliable phenology functions.
Highlights
Pollen is a very important biological structure present all over the world
Conversion formulas are expressed to convert lidar-derived total backscatter coefficient and modelderived mass concentration into pollen grains concentration, the magnitude measured at the surface by means of aerobiological methods, and, for the first time ever, a relationship between optical and mass properties of atmospheric pollen through the estimation of the so-called specific extinction cross section is quantified in ambient conditions
As Pinus pollen grains are much larger than the rest of the pollen types present during this event, their contribution in mass dominates
Summary
Pollen is a very important biological structure present all over the world. It functions as a container in which the male gametophyte generation of the angiosperms and gymnosperms is housed and is responsible of the gene flow. Mature pollen must be transported from the place where it is generated to the female structures of a flower of the same species, through a process named pollination. Occurs when pollen grains are passively transported by the air. In this case, pollen behaves as biogenic aerosol and constitutes a substantial fraction of the mass of particulate matter in the air during the flowering season. The study of the pollen transport in the atmosphere is a relevant topic, because it allows the evaluation of the potential risks for human health and the prevention of its effects and because it will possibly provide a better understanding of the spatial distribution of the species (Belmonte et al, 2008; Schmidt-Lebuhn et al, 2007; Sharma and Kanduri, 2007; Smouse et al, 2001)
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