Conventional Distinction Research Articles

Soil Health and Nutrient Density: Beyond Organic vs. Conventional Farming

Controversy has long surrounded the question of nutritional differences between crops grown organically or using now-conventional methods, with studies dating back to the 1940s showing that farming methods can affect the nutrient density of crops. More recent studies have shown how reliance on tillage and synthetic nitrogen fertilizers influence soil life, and thereby soil health, in ways that can reduce mineral micronutrient uptake by and phytochemical production in crops. While organic farming tends to enhance soil health and conventional practices degrade it, relying on tillage for weed control on both organic and conventional farms degrades soil organic matter and can disrupt soil life in ways that reduce crop mineral uptake and phytochemical production. Conversely, microbial inoculants and compost and mulch that build soil organic matter can increase crop micronutrient and phytochemical content on both conventional and organic farms. Hence, agronomic effects on nutritional profiles do not fall out simply along the conventional vs. organic distinction, making the effects of farming practices on soil health a better lens for assessing their influence on nutrient density. A review of previous studies and meta-studies finds little evidence for significant differences in crop macronutrient levels between organic and conventional farming practices, as well as substantial evidence for the influence of different cultivars and farming practices on micronutrient concentrations. More consistent differences between organic and conventional crops include that conventional crops contain greater pesticide levels, whereas organically grown crops contain higher levels of phytochemicals shown to exhibit health-protective antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, part of the long-running controversy over nutritional differences between organic and conventional crops appears to arise from different definitions of what constitutes a nutrient—the conventional definition of dietary constituents necessary for growth and survival, or a broader one that also encompasses compounds beneficial for maintenance of health and prevention of chronic disease. For assessing the effects of farming practices on nutrient density soil health adds a much needed dimension—the provisioning of micronutrients and phytochemicals that support human health.

“Seriously, Australia, why are you so stingy with Wi-Fi?”: customer satisfaction with Wi-Fi speed in Australian hotels and lessons for public Wi-Fi provision

Purpose This paper aims to analyse whether the speed of Wi-Fi in hotels influences customer satisfaction with hotels and the implications of this for the provision of Wi-Fi by commercial and governmental bodies seeking to boost tourism. Design/methodology/approach Regression analysis on data from Australian hotels (191 entries) and 111 responses to a national survey of local government authorities on public Wi-Fi (PWF) provision were combined with a literature review and content analysis of online reviews by hotel customers. Findings If Wi-Fi quality rises by 1%, customer satisfaction with the hotel increases by 0.376/100 units. In the areas where hotel Wi-Fi is of better quality, PWF provided by the local government is also of better quality; the reverse statement is also true. Practical implications Tourists value continuous access to Wi-Fi, whether provided by commercial or public bodies. It is imperative for hotels and local governments seeking to boost tourist activity to invest in quality Wi-Fi networks. However, to assist this, national policies should address spatial disparities in broadband infrastructure revealed in the study. Originality/value This study looks beyond a conventional distinction between the private and public provision of Wi-Fi to examine the shared interests of industry and government in this essential component of tourist infrastructure. The study is unique in the English-speaking literature for its focus on the link between the quality of Wi-Fi provision and customer satisfaction, with original results and discussion providing a rationale for investing in quality Wi-Fi networks.

Spaces of Enlightenment: From Domestic Scenes to Global Visions

Enlightenment thought is usually considered to be primarily concerned with time and temporalities, not least because of the emphasis on “progress” as an organizing concept across so many domains of its intellectual activity. From political economy to aesthetic theory, “improvement” was a key word of the long eighteenth century, despite contemporary debate about its character, impact, and ambiguities.3 “Improvement” or “progress” could involve transforming the appearance of cities, or exchanging information about plants, reforming public recreations, or decorating domestic interiors; in any case, such improvement was also conceived as a spatial phenomenon.4 This collection joins a revisionary scholarship that shows how the Enlightenment was organized by space as well as time. Building on the work of historical geographers, among others, it aims to help develop our analytic tools for thinking about the spatial aspects of eighteenth-century culture through a selection of case studies, which chart changing ideas and practices across local, national, and international contexts, from elite London print rooms, to distant Pacific islands. This is to say that the collection is also interested in complicating the conventional distinction between space and place, where “space” refers to an “abstract” dimension, and “place” to the particularity of actual sites.5 The following essays show that the imbrication of these categories was fundamental to how the Enlightenment understood self, nature, society, and empire.

ALL-144: Oncogenic Deregulation of BCL11B in Lineage Ambiguous Leukemia

<h3>Context:</h3> Acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage (ALAL) pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to lack of clarity surrounding their cellular origins and driving genomic alterations, as well as poor long-term response to conventional chemotherapy. Most ALAL cases are diagnosed as mixed phenotype acute leukemia (MPAL) or acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL); however, early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ETP-ALL, a subset of T-ALL), often express myeloid markers, suggesting a degree of lineage ambiguity. Biological distinctions between these diseases remain vague, as T/myeloid MPAL and ETP-ALL exhibit similar mutational and immunophenotypic profiles, highlighting the need for an improved understanding of ALAL etiology. <h3>Objective:</h3> To resolve biological heterogeneity of ALAL, we performed a large-scale genomic analysis, including whole-transcriptome and whole-exome/genome sequencing, of 1,114 primary leukemia samples spanning the stem, myeloid, and T lineages. <h3>Results:</h3> Transcriptional profiling identified a group of cases (N=61) with a distinct gene expression profile that included one-third of all T/myeloid MPAL and ETP-ALL cases examined, as well as subsets of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and AUL. Whole-genome sequencing identified structural variants targeting the T-cell transcription factor gene <i>BCL11B</i> in 100% of cases and <i>FLT3</i> mutations in 80% of cases. Most structural variants resulted in chromosomal translocations that placed the <i>BCL11B</i> gene in proximity to super-enhancers active in hematopoietic stem or early progenitor cells, a cell type where <i>BCL11B</i> is normally repressed. Additionally, 20% of cases harbored high-copy tandem amplification of a 2.5-kb non-coding element downstream of <i>BCL11B</i> that we term <i>BCL11B</i> enhancer tandem amplification or BETA. Analysis of 3D chromatin structure in primary leukemia samples demonstrated ectopic chromatin interactions between <i>BCL11B</i> and rearranged hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell super-enhancers, or between <i>BCL11B</i> and BETA, thereby demonstrating enhancer hijacking or <i>de novo</i> super-enhancer formation as the mechanism of aberrant <i>BCL11B</i> expression in this subtype. <i>In vitro</i> modeling in human CD34+ stem/progenitor cells demonstrated that ectopic <i>BCL11B</i> expression was sufficient to upregulate T-lineage gene expression programs and block myeloid differentiation, which was exacerbated by constitutive FLT3 signaling. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> <i>BCL11B</i> deregulation in primitive hematopoietic cells is an oncogenic driver of a subset of ALAL that transcends conventional immunophenotypic distinctions.

Revisiting norms of citizenship in times of democratic change

Over the last two decades, scholars have investigated norms of citizenship by focussing primarily on ‘dutiful’ and ‘engaged’ norms. In the meantime, contemporary democracies have witnessed growing demands for more sustainable styles of living and increasing public support for authoritarian and populist ideas. These developments point to both a change and an expansion of conventional understandings and conceptions of what a ‘good citizen’ in a democratic polity ought to do. Specifically, they raise questions about whether demands for more sustainability and increasing support for populist ideas establish new facets of democratic citizenship, and if so, how they can be meaningfully incorporated into existing images of citizenship. This study provides a re-conceptualization of citizenship norms and empirically tests a new measurement instrument using original data collected in Germany in 2019. The empirical application of an expanded set of items demonstrates the existence of more variegated facets of norms of citizenship, including norms to safeguard a sustainable future and distinct populist facets emphasizing the relevance of trust in authorities and experts as well as reliance on feelings and emotions. Contemporary conceptions of citizenship thus go beyond conventional distinctions between dutiful and engaged norms of citizenship.

Fundamental Rights, Contract Law and Transactional Justice

Abstract This article critically engages with Peter Benson’s theory of contract law. It explores whether his juridical conception of contract as a transfer of rights, which is governed by the contract law’s internal principles of transactional justice, can be reconciled with fundamental rights. The article argues that the conventional distinction between the direct and indirect horizontal effect of fundamental rights is problematic because it does not make it unequivocal which body of law – fundamental rights or contract law – substantially governs the relations between contracting parties and determines the outcome of disputes between them. The answer to this fundamental question, however, is crucial for the stability of Benson’s theory of contract law. Drawing on the European experience, the article shows that the relationship between fundamental rights and contract law can take the form of the subordination of contract law to fundamental rights or the complementarity between the two. While the latter is compatible with Benson’s theory, the former is in tension with it. For the sake of conceptual clarity, therefore, it is useful to distinguish between three forms of the horizontal effect of fundamental rights in contract law – direct horizontal effect, strong indirect horizontal effect, and weak indirect horizontal effect.

Towards a hybrid model for the management of smart city initiatives

This paper explores how urban planners can use a hybrid organization to manage smart city initiatives. We use an inductive qualitative case study approach based on connecting emergent concepts through Gioia's method to answer the following research question: “How can hybrid organizations manage a complex network of actors in smart city initiatives?”. The study highlights that in managing smart city initiatives, hybrid organizations benefit from actor-network theory. Additionally, for a more in-depth view, the study investigates the framework provided by Chourabi to test the hybridity theory. Overall, the results suggest that hybridity is feasible and increases the output directed towards citizens. The paper contributes to the existing literature on both hybrid organizations and smart cities. We conclude that despite the conventional distinction between public and private entities, managing smart city initiatives that include complex factors such as new technologies may require the adoption of hybrid management solutions by urban planners, especially when multidisciplinary and complex skills are required. Thus, smart city solutions are most effective when combined with hybrid management models. This research has utility for urban planners, policymakers, and researchers. It aims to support practical management solutions (analysed through a theoretical lens) to foster smart city initiatives.

Standards of Proof: A Comparative Overview from the Ukrainian Perspective

The article addresses the issue of standards of proof from a comparative perspective. The author sketches the conventional distinction between common law and civil law countries in this regard, as well as some approaches that query the validity of the rigid division. The main purpose of the article is to characterise the Ukrainian approach to the standards of proof against the background of comparative analysis. The author concludes that recent developments in Ukrainian law have paved the way for a distinction between criminal and civil standards of proof. However, the doctrine is not yet elaborate enough to warrant a coherent application of the two different standards. There is a view that in civil law countries, not much attention is paid to the standard of proof. We would rather not take the liberty of generalising about all civil law countries, but with regard to Ukrainian doctrine, the assertion seems rather justified. However, some recent developments in procedural legislation give reasons to believe that the approach is being gradually changed. The disregard of the issue, underpinned by the sacred belief in the attainability of absolute truth, fades in comparison to the acknowledgement that standards of proof may differ in civil (commercial) and criminal cases. It is this inflexion point in Ukrainian evidence law that may entail far-reaching repercussions. Therefore, open discussion of the issue is needed to elaborate a doctrinal approach that could serve as a basis for the development of a coherent jurisprudence.

Rethinking Assistive Technologies: Users, Environments, Digital Media, and App-Practices of Hearing

Against the backdrop of an aging world population increasingly affected by a diverse range of abilities and disabilities as well as the rise of ubiquitous computing and digital app cultures, this paper questions how mobile technologies mediate between heterogeneous environments and sensing beings. To approach the current technological manufacturing of the senses, two lines of thought are of importance: First, there is a need to critically reflect upon the concept of assistive technologies (AT) as artifacts providing tangible solutions for a specific disability. Second, the conventional distinction between user and environment requires a differentiated consideration. This contribution will first review James Gibson’s concept of “affordances” and modify this approach by introducing theories and methods of Science and Technology Studies (STS) and Actor-Network Theory (ANT). Then, we present two case studies where we explore the relations between recent “assistive” app technologies and human sensory perception. As hearing and seeing are key in this regard, we concentrate on two specific media technologies: ReSound LINX2, a hearing aid which allows for direct connect (via Bluetooth) with iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch, and Camassia, an IOS app for sonic wayfinding for blind people. We emphasize the significance of dis-/abling practices for manufacturing novel forms of hearing and seeing and drawing on sources like promotional materials by manufacturers, ads, or user testimonials and reviews. Our analysis is interested in the reciprocal relationships between users and their socio-technical and media environments. By and large, this contribution will provide crucial insights into the contemporary entanglement of algorithm-driven technologies, daily practices, and sensing subjects: the production of techno-sensory arrangements.

Baksheys: Evolution of the Concept

The given article covers the term “bakshey” as it existed on the territory of Russia. The term was borrowed by Russians from the Golden Horde. However, later its meaning was transformed. The first records of this word on the Russian territory date back to XV century, in most cases as a generic by-name (e.g., bakshey’s son). Still it is supposed to have appeared not earlier then XIV century. Apparently, initially this was a title for Prince’s Chancellery clerks, who spoke the Uyghur language and were responsible for all contacts with the Golden Horde. As a result of the fact that the Grand Princes of Moscow gradually consolidated political power, appanage princes were “driven out” from the foreign policy area. Baksheys took the role of high-status bond slaves for the past appanage princes. They also fulfilled confidential and special duties till the middle of XVI century. Herewith, they represented the upper stratum of servants and were expressly above the armed bond slaves. In the event of death of their master they gained freedom and could join other great feudal lords. At the end of XV century there appeared another category of “baksheys”. They were lead qualification specialists, who spoke several Oriental languages. They may also have had a good knowledge of oriental diplomatic intricacies. They were never delegated together with ambassages and served the Moscovian Prince. Their specific status was emphasized through significant financial gain sums as payments for the service. Baksheys’ annual wages were higher than those of most monarchic court members. Everything changed after the Time of Trouble events at the beginning of XVII century. The category of baksheys as Ambassadorial prikaz employees vanished. It is only as this time, when the conventional distinction between interpreters and translators in the foreign policy office is recorded. However, neither the first, nor the second ones inherited the status of baksheys.

The Aesthetics of Hope in Late Greek Imperial Literature: Methodius of Olympus' Symposium and the Crisis of the Third Century by Dawn LaValle Norman

Reviewed by: The Aesthetics of Hope in Late Greek Imperial Literature: Methodius of Olympus' Symposium and the Crisis of the Third Century by Dawn LaValle Norman Katerina Oikonomopoulou Dawn LaValle Norman The Aesthetics of Hope in Late Greek Imperial Literature: Methodius of Olympus' Symposium and the Crisis of the Third Century Greek Culture in the Roman World Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019 Pp. viii + 287. £75.00. Methodius's Symposium or On Chastity, composed around 290 c.e., falls squarely within what Dawn LaValle Norman calls the "gap period" of 235–294 c.e. (5), understood as the threshold period between the "Second Sophistic" and "Late Antiquity." Her book advances a reading of this text which places it at the vanguard of a new tradition (or "third wave") of symposiastic writing in late antiquity, and which identifies as the work's intellectual hallmarks its preoccupation with the future of Christian salvation and its dedicated exploration of variety and difference. In what follows, I will highlight the main arguments of the book's chapters, while commenting on the many innovative aspects of its approach. [End Page 641] The Introduction incisively identifies the problems that ensue from the lack of proper scholarly attention to the literary pedigree of Methodius's Symposium itself, as well as to the transitional period in which it was written. Chapter One aims to rectify this in two principal ways. First, it rehabilitates the third-century c.e. literary landscape, by showing that the authors of this period exhibit in their literary output a "polygenericity" (31) which destabilizes conventional distinctions based on intellectual genealogy (e.g., between pagan and Christian; philosopher, rhetorician and theologian; and "technical" as opposed to "literary" author, 28–45). This argument is then buttressed by pointing out that third-century intellectual communities were far from isolated or self-contained microcosms: on the contrary, traditional centers of pagan knowledge such as Athens, Alexandria, and Rome interacted on multiple levels with new hubs of intellectual activity, most notably Babylon, Palmyra, Caesarea Maritima, and Berytus (45–51). LaValle Norman situates Methodius squarely within this context, by drawing attention to the rich generic repertoire on which his Symposium draws, as well as to the fact that the author sought to make the region of his bishopric, Lycia (on the southern coast of Asia Minor), part of this dense network of intellectual contact, by fostering an intellectual community modeled on those depicted in Plato's dialogues (51–59). She concludes by arguing that Methodius and his contemporaries represent a new literary aesthetic, which reorients some key preoccupations of the Second Sophistic (paideia, classicism, identity) to new ends (59–68). Most notably, this new aesthetic seeks to forge a new relationship with foreign (non-Greek) forms of wisdom, and to develop new hermeneutical techniques which embed "a narrative of progress and teleology" (63). Chapters Two through Five look closely at the literary texture of Methodius's Symposium, exploring its use of the dialogue form (Chapter Two), its place in the literary tradition of the Symposium (Chapter Three), its rhetorical tropes and performativity (Chapter Four), and, last but not least, the structure and content of its iambic hymn (Chapter Five). The main strength of the analysis here lies in the insightful treatment of complex questions pertaining to genre, with well-chosen close readings offered alongside rich intertextual comparisons. LaValle Norman cogently dispels arguments on the supposed decline of dialogue in the Christian tradition (most prominently by S. Goldhill, ed., The End of Dialogue in Antiquity [Cambridge University Press, 2008]), on the basis of distinguishing between erotapokriseis (the textual method of organizing knowledge by posing and solving questions, which gained wide popularity in late antiquity) and literary dialogue as an imitative genre. There should be no doubt, as she convincingly argues, that Methodius aligns with the latter genre. She demonstrates why particularly in her richly researched section on the interplay of phantasia, pleasure, and desire in the text (78–94): dialogue serves Methodius's aim to actively implicate his readers in the sympotic conversation of the virgins, as well as to train their imagination to envisage the life to come. In light of the fact that cognitive theory is steadily gaining ground...

How deep is the rift between conscious states in sleep and wakefulness? Spontaneous experience over the sleep-wake cycle.

Whether we are awake or asleep is believed to mark a sharp divide between the types of conscious states we undergo in either behavioural state. Consciousness in sleep is often equated with dreaming and thought to be characteristically different from waking consciousness. Conversely, recent research shows that we spend a substantial amount of our waking lives mind wandering, or lost in spontaneous thoughts. Dreaming has been described as intensified mind wandering, suggesting that there is a continuum of spontaneous experience that reaches from waking into sleep. This challenges how we conceive of the behavioural states of sleep and wakefulness in relation to conscious states. I propose a conceptual framework that distinguishes different subtypes of spontaneous thoughts and experiences independently of their occurrence in sleep or waking. I apply this framework to selected findings from dream and mind-wandering research. I argue that to assess the relationship between spontaneous thoughts and experiences and the behavioural states of sleep and wakefulness, we need to look beyond dreams to consider kinds of sleep-related experience that qualify as dreamless. I conclude that if we consider the entire range of spontaneous thoughts and experiences, there appears to be variation in subtypes both within as well as across behavioural states. Whether we are sleeping or waking does not appear to strongly constrain which subtypes of spontaneous thoughts and experiences we undergo in those states. This challenges the conventional and coarse-grained distinction between sleep and waking and their putative relation to conscious states. This article is part of the theme issue 'Offline perception: voluntary and spontaneous perceptual experiences without matching external stimulation'.

A Unified Combination of Classical and Quantum Systems

Any particular classical system and its quantum version are normally viewed as separate formulations that are strictly distinct. Our goal is to overcome the two separate languages and create a smooth and common procedure that provides a clear and continuous passage between the conventional distinction of either a strictly classical or a strictly quantized state. While path integration, among other procedures, provides an alternative route to connect classical and quantum expressions, it normally involves complicated, model-dependent, integrations. Our alternative procedures involve only model-independent procedures, and use more natural and straightforward integrations that are universal in kind. To introduce the basic procedures our presentation begins with familiar methods that are limited to basic, conventional, canonical quantum mechanical examples. In the final sections we illustrate how alternative quantization procedures, e.g., spin and affine quantizations, can also have smooth paths between classical and quantum stories, and with a few brief remarks, can also lead to similar stories for non-renormalizable covariant scalar fields as well as quantum gravity.

Question framing effects and the processing of the moral–conventional distinction

ABSTRACT Prominent theories in moral psychology maintain that a core aspect of moral competence is the ability to distinguish moral norms, which derive from universal principles of justice and fairness, from conventional norms, which are contingent on a specific group consensus. The present study investigated the psychological bases of the moral-conventional distinction by manipulating the framing of the test question, the authority’s license, and the historical context. Participants evaluated moral and conventional transgressions by answering an ‘okay for you’ test question (i.e., judging according to their opinion) or an ‘okay in context’ test question (i.e., judging by imagining being a contemporary of the story protagonist). In evaluating moral transgressions that happened in a distant context or with the authority’s license, most of the participants condemned the violations when responding to the ‘okay for you’ test question, but did not do so when responding to the ‘okay in context’ test question. A similar effect of the question framing was found also on scenarios presenting conventional violations suggesting that subtle changes in the framing of the test question can influence people’s evaluations of both moral and conventional prototypical transgressions. We propose that these effects indicate the presence of moral and conventional construals of social actions that are highly flexible and context-sensitive.

Dynamic Assessment and second language development

This timeline is concerned with Dynamic Assessment (henceforth, DA) as it has been taken up and elaborated in contexts involving the teaching, learning, and assessment of learners of second languages (L2s). DA is distinguished by its insistence that an individual's independent performance of assessment tasks reveals only part of his/her abilities, namely those that have completed their development at the time of the assessment; insights into abilities that have begun to emerge but have not yet fully developed can be determined according to an individual's responsiveness to particular kinds of support, referred to as mediation (e.g., reminders, leading questions, hints, provision of a model, feedback), offered during the assessment as difficulties arise (Haywood &amp; Lidz, 2006). In this respect, DA differs from more conventional distinctions in assessment, such as that between assessments concerned with the results of previous learning (‘summative assessment’) and those intended to provide information relevant to subsequent instruction (‘formative assessment’). Instead, the embedding of an interactive, instructional element within the assessment procedure allows for the possibility of expanding the evidential basis upon which summative interpretations of learner abilities are made; that is, the results encompass previous learning that has resulted in both complete and partial understanding of relevant concepts. At the same time, DA serves a formative function in so far as interaction allows insights into the underlying sources of learner difficulties and the kind of support to which they are most responsive (Sternberg &amp; Grigorenko, 2002).

Learning critical realist research by example: political decision-making in transport

ABSTRACT This article illustrates the process of applied critical realist research using a case study of political decision-making in transport. Critical realism is often used to analyse socio-political change but rarely to explain specific political decisions, and never in transport studies. There have been some attempts to illustrate the process of applied critical realism but not in a political context. The case study analysed an apparent inconsistency in the attitude of UK governments towards road building in the 1990s and post-2012. It structured the findings diagrammatically, illustrating the relationships between social structures, causal mechanisms and actors. This article questions the conventional distinction between ‘more important' and ‘less important’ causes. It shows how normative conclusions may be derived from empirical findings where no agreement exists on the objective basis for normative judgements. It demonstrates how critical realist methods can provide deeper explanations for policy change than existing approaches used in transport studies.

Visible Hands: Governance of Value Creation—Within Firms and Beyond

Economic transactions can be divided into (1) those that are priced versus (2) those that are governed by visible hands, and within the latter (2a) those within a single organization versus (2b) those in nonintegrated settings. Nonintegration is not always “the market” [i.e., (1)]. The conventional distinction between markets versus firms, (1) versus (2a), is misleading. The fundamental distinction is between transactions that are priced versus those that are governed, (1) versus (2). Unifying (2a) with (2b) highlights their commonalities and suggests directions for future research, especially the problem of building (not selecting) an equilibrium.

Le Grand Musée. Altri sguardi sul Louvre

Beyond the much discussed but certainly meaningful experience of the opening in 2017 of the Abu Dhabi satellite museum, a controversial example of a global museum, the Louvre has not lost in the passage between the two centuries the ability to present itself as an updated museological research space. Proof of this is the series of exhibitions Parti pris (1990-1998) where, thanks to the direction of the “dissident” art historian Régis Michel, intellectuals of various backgrounds – Jacques Derrida, Peter Greenaway, Jean Starobinski, Hubert Damisch, Julia Kristeva – have reinterpreted the collections of the museum through exhibitions of an overtly subjective and undisciplined nature. So, the Parti pris project was, in Michel’s words, a “zone of freedom and break” in the heart of the institution, questioning not the prestige but rather its too rigid and monumental identity. This proposal was partly taken up by Jean-Marc Terrasse, director of the auditorium and cultural events of the Louvre from 2005 to 2014, with his “special invitations” for protagonists of international culture, to build alternative and eccentric narratives through history, works and spaces of the Louvre. This essay, which analyzes in particular the contribution of the nobel for literature J.M.G. Le Clézio, curator of the project Les musées sont des mondes (2011), highlights the critical value and the urgency of these exhibition proposals thanks to which the museum becomes the driving force of a reflection which, overcoming conventional disciplinary distinctions, is able to urge the public to new views and different aesthetic and ethical perspectives.

Clear Cell Tumor of the Maxilla With MAML2 and EWSR1 Gene Rearrangements: A True Hybrid or a Flourescence in Situ Hybridization Fumble?

Abstract Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma and clear cell variant of mucoepidermoid carcinoma are rare and aggressive tumors that usually affect individuals in the fifth decade of life and have a predilection for the maxilla and mandible. Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma is characterized by EWSR1 gene rearrangement, whereas MAML 2 gene rearrangement is pathognomonic for mucoepidermoid carcinoma. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis for rearrangement of these genes can be extremely helpful in difficult cases when conventional histological distinction is not possible. Herein, we describe a unique case in which a 69-year-old man had an intraosseous maxillary tumor with clear cell morphology and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis showing rearrangement of the MAML2 gene as well as a low-level rearrangement of the EWSR1 gene. In our opinion, this case represents a hybrid tumor harboring dual gene rearrangement.

Trading Ontology for Ideology (and Vice Versa)

In this paper, I defend modal dimensionalism against the objection that it is ontologically and ideologically heavy. First, I briefly outline the theory and the objection against it. The objection relies on the widely accepted view that ontological and ideological parsimony are operational criteria when comparing metaphysical theories. Second, I outline the conventional distinction between ontology and ideology in the metaphysical tradition. Third, I challenge a particular kind of parsimony: reduction by identification. Fourth, even if reduction by identification is accepted, I show that theories that pursue this often minimize differences, and that such minimization paves the way to epistemic underdetermination. Finally, I demonstrate that some theories in modal metaphysics also suffer from difference minimization and should thus not be measured on the ontology/ideology scale (contra the objection from heaviness).