Abstract
Against the backdrop of an aging world population increasingly affected by a diverse range of abilities and disabilities as well as the rise of ubiquitous computing and digital app cultures, this paper questions how mobile technologies mediate between heterogeneous environments and sensing beings. To approach the current technological manufacturing of the senses, two lines of thought are of importance: First, there is a need to critically reflect upon the concept of assistive technologies (AT) as artifacts providing tangible solutions for a specific disability. Second, the conventional distinction between user and environment requires a differentiated consideration. This contribution will first review James Gibson’s concept of “affordances” and modify this approach by introducing theories and methods of Science and Technology Studies (STS) and Actor-Network Theory (ANT). Then, we present two case studies where we explore the relations between recent “assistive” app technologies and human sensory perception. As hearing and seeing are key in this regard, we concentrate on two specific media technologies: ReSound LINX2, a hearing aid which allows for direct connect (via Bluetooth) with iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch, and Camassia, an IOS app for sonic wayfinding for blind people. We emphasize the significance of dis-/abling practices for manufacturing novel forms of hearing and seeing and drawing on sources like promotional materials by manufacturers, ads, or user testimonials and reviews. Our analysis is interested in the reciprocal relationships between users and their socio-technical and media environments. By and large, this contribution will provide crucial insights into the contemporary entanglement of algorithm-driven technologies, daily practices, and sensing subjects: the production of techno-sensory arrangements.
Highlights
Research on “assistive technologies” (AT), especially “assistive apps,” mainly deals with the concept of “accessibility” [cf., e.g., 1] by analyzing the corresponding design choices, interfacing options, practicability, or presumable physical or technological barriers
AT help provide particular persons “the life they would like to lead” [2: p. 437]. This conceptualization of “assisting” or “enabling” technology [3,4,5] bears two significant problems in terms of the concept of “participation.” With such a modeling of “handicapped” users, the difference between being “abled” and “disabled” is reinscribed and requires these users be first “excluded” in order to be “included” by the assistance of the respective media technology. Such apps obviously do have a wide range of practical everyday benefits for some users, the preconditioned distinction between those to be assisted and the technology that provides assistance needs to be considered in the sense of a technological inscription of the ableism-disability-divide
In our examples, we focus on specific bodily practices and social, cultural, and medical discourses alongside technical operations exploring the coconstitutional processes between users with visual and hearing disabilities and assistive app technologies
Summary
Research on “assistive technologies” (AT), especially “assistive apps,” mainly deals with the concept of “accessibility” [cf., e.g., 1] by analyzing the corresponding design choices, interfacing options, practicability, or presumable physical or technological barriers. This conceptualization of “assisting” or “enabling” technology [3,4,5] bears two significant problems in terms of the concept of “participation.” With such a modeling of “handicapped” users, the difference between being “abled” and “disabled” is reinscribed and requires these users be first “excluded” in order to be “included” by the assistance of the respective media technology Such apps obviously do have a wide range of practical everyday benefits for some users, the preconditioned distinction between those to be assisted and the technology that provides assistance needs to be considered in the sense of a technological inscription of the ableism-disability-divide. How can we conceptualize constellations between assistive apps or digital devices and users that do not prescribe to this dualism in advance, focusing instead on the mediated processes that generate such differences?
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