Control System Design Research Articles

Design of temperature-soil moisture control and monitoring system for chili cultivation in greenhouse

Design of temperature-soil moisture control and monitoring system for chili cultivation in greenhouse

Comparing online wrist and forearm EMG-based control using a rhythm game-inspired evaluation environment

Objective.The use of electromyogram (EMG) signals recorded from the wrist is emerging as a desirable input modality for human-machine interaction (HMI). Although forearm-based EMG has been used for decades in prosthetics, there has been comparatively little prior work evaluating the performance of wrist-based control, especially in online, user-in-the-loop studies. Furthermore, despite different motivating use cases for wrist-based control, research has mostly adopted legacy prosthesis control evaluation frameworks.Approach.Gaining inspiration from rhythm games and the Schmidt's law speed-accuracy tradeoff, this work proposes a new temporally constrained evaluation environment with a linearly increasing difficulty to compare the online usability of wrist and forearm EMG. Compared to the more commonly used Fitts' Law-style testing, the proposed environment may offer different insights for emerging use cases of EMG as it decouples the machine learning algorithm's performance from proportional control, is easily generalizable to different gesture sets, and enables the extraction of a wide set of usability metrics that describe a users ability to successfully accomplish a task at a certain time with different levels of induced stress.Main results.The results suggest that wrist EMG-based control is comparable to that of forearm EMG when using traditional prosthesis control gestures and can even be better when using fine finger gestures. Additionally, the results suggest that as the difficulty of the environment increased, the online metrics and their correlation to the offline metrics decreased, highlighting the importance of evaluating myoelectric control in real-time evaluations over a range of difficulties.Significance.This work provides valuable insights into the future design and evaluation of myoelectric control systems for emerging HMI applications.

Design and simulation of the fuzzy PID control system for PMSM

Design and simulation of the fuzzy PID control system for PMSM

Design of control system for seawater total alkalinity in-situ analyzer

Abstract To address the inadequacies of traditional seawater total alkalinity detection methods, which fail to meet the demands for continuous on-site monitoring at sea, a seawater total alkalinity analyzer based on single-point titration and spectrophotometry has been developed. This paper focuses on the design of the analyzer’s system architecture, hardware, and control systems. The instrument adopts a modular design concept and utilizes microfluidic technology for detection, with the STM32 serving as the control core. Through the design of the control system for the detection instrument, accurate in-situ automatic measurement of seawater total alkalinity is achieved. Laboratory testing and analysis demonstrate that the instrument’s measurement relative error is less than 1%, satisfying the accuracy requirements for seawater total alkalinity measurement. This research provides critical monitoring data support for a timely understanding of marine ecological environments and the marine carbon cycle.

Control system design of a Pin-on-Disc wear machine using PLC

Control system design of a Pin-on-Disc wear machine using PLC

Design of intelligent cruise control system using fuzzy-PID control on autonomous electric vehicles prototypes

Electric vehicles provide a solution for using alternative fuels, namely, electricity. Electric vehicles are used for short distances and intercity travel over long distances, increasing the risk of accidents. Cruise Control is a technology embedded in vehicles to maintain stable speeds; this system will automatically adjust the vehicle's speed when motion changes cause changes in vehicle speed. This study aims to apply lidar sensors to detect distance in the Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC) system using the Fuzzy-PID control method. Testing results were obtained at safe distance inputs of 5, 6, and 7 meters with various object distances. All the tests were carried out; the response systems were obtained with an average settling time of 5 seconds and an average overshoot of 1.53%. Therefore, the proposed Fuzzy-PID method works well for controlling Intelligent Cruise Control systems in autonomous electric vehicle prototypes.

Design of 2-DOF Thrust vector control system for Rockets and Missiles

This paper outlines the development and implementation of a Thrust Vector Control (TVC) system tailored specifically for solid propellant rocket engines, aimed at enhancing the portability of hybrid and liquid propellant rocket systems. The proposed system ensures trajectory stability and rapid response to flight emergencies by effectively addressing external perturbations like wind. Key components are Gyroscopic (GYRO) sensors, good micro-controller, and Servo motors, collectively referred to as Thrust vectoring components, which dynamically adjust thrust direction opposite to the rocket's trajectory to maintain stability. Drawing from an extensive literature review analyzing existing TVC system designs, with a focus on thrust characteristics and engine combustion timings, the design integrates considerations of geometric properties, kinematics, forces, energy requirements, safety, cost, and control methods, aligning with both mechanical and avionic design principles. The anticipated outcome is an advancement in rocket propulsion technology, characterized by improved angular speed control, trajectory linearity, and rapid response capabilities.

Design and construction of wireless water level control system with motor protector

This research work presents the design and construction of a micro-controller-based wireless water level control system. The need to bring a solution to the problem of water shortage in various places by eliminating one of the culprit; waste of water during pumping and dispensing into overhead thanks, calls for an automated control system which puts into consideration, means of avoiding mechanical tears and wears that arises with the use of robes as water level sensor, through the incorporation of wireless water level sensor in place of robes in sensing the water level in the modeled tank. To solve this problem, circuit analysis and design, of the five main sub-circuitry units, this includes: power supply unit, logic and switching circuitry unit, relay unit, LCD display unit was carried out using ultrasonic water level sensor, AT89S51 microcontroller, LCD module relay circuitry system and a few discrete components. The design of the controller in this scenario is not just cost effective but helps in avoiding mechanical tears and wears that arises with the use of robes as water level sensor, by providing an improvement on existing water level control system through the incorporation of wireless water level sensor in place of robes in sensing the water level in the modeled tank.

Design and building of a room light control System based on iot arduino cloud

The development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology opens up various opportunities to improve efficiency and convenience in various aspects of life, including in the management of electrical devices in the room. One of the innovative solutions that utilizes IoT technology is the Arduino Cloud-based room light control system using the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller. This system is specifically designed to improve the efficiency of using room lights in the PLC laboratory of the Electrical Engineering department. This research aims to design and develop an Arduino Cloud-based IoT room light control system that can be controlled remotely using an Android device, PC, or laptop. NodeMCU ESP8266, as the core of this system, is a microcontroller that can connect with IoT, allowing users to control room lights via WiFi network. With this system, it is expected that users can control the PLC laboratory room lights in the Electrical Engineering department more easily, practically, and efficiently. In addition, this system is also expected to help save energy usage in the room. This research uses the method of designing and making a room light control system based on IoT Arduino Cloud. The research stages include system design, hardware and software development, and system testing. The test results show that the developed room light control system is able to turn on and off four lights in the PLC laboratory room via WiFi network using an Android device. In addition, this system is also equipped with an On/Off switch that can be used in the event of internet communication disruption. Thus, the IoT Arduino Cloud-based room light control system using the NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller is proven to provide convenience and efficiency for users in managing lighting in the PLC laboratory of the Electrical Engineering department, while helping to save energy.

Design of Automatic Flood Control System in Kulon Progo, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The construction of Yogyakarta International Airport has resulted in land use changes and increased the topography in the area by up to 9 m, which has led to potential flooding. A spatial analysis was conducted on the flow direction after the airport's construction, specifically in the West Carik watershed. It was discovered that the flow direction was uncertain and trapped upstream of the airport. A polder system with automation is proposed as a solution to the drainage problem. An automation system is designed for pump operation with the objective of improving efficiency. The system is expected to reduce the volume of water in the polder by reducing human involvement and providing ease in monitoring. The results of hydrological analysis with a 50-year return period flood resulted in a design flood discharge of 11.73 m3/s. The polder has a storage capacity of 63,312 m3, a depth of 4 m, and a surface area of 1.58 ha. It requires a total pump capacity of 8.4 m3/s, consisting of three pump units, with one unit having a capacity of 1.8 m3/s and two units with 3.3 m3/s. One additional pump with a capacity of 3.3 m3/s is also planned as a backup pump. The pump automation system simulation employs an Arduino UNO as the controller, water level sensor, and relay. This system successfully fulfills the desired operational system for the pump. In the actual implementation, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is required as the controller, with water level sensors, relays, and contactors as inputs and outputs.

Haptic tele-driving design of vehicle steering control system with communication delay under complicated driving and road conditions

Haptic tele-driving design of vehicle steering control system with communication delay under complicated driving and road conditions

Design of an Adaptive Height Control System for Sugarcane Harvester Header

This study addresses the issue of low control accuracy and harvesting efficiency resulting from the manual adjustment of the header height during the sugarcane harvesting process in hilly and mountainous regions. An adaptive header height adjustment system was designed and implemented. A test bench for the sugarcane harvester header was designed and constructed, incorporating a LiDAR to measure the ground height at the sugarcane growth point in front, and a draw-wire displacement sensor to monitor the real-time height of the header. I/O ports were allocated, and the control program was developed in the TIA Portal environment. The PLC control system achieves the precise adjustment of the cutting height based on the collected data. The experimental results indicate that the system can quickly respond and adjust the cutting height under complex terrain conditions. When the cutting height into the soil is 0 mm, the adaptive control system’s average cutting height error is 0.28 cm, and the average response time is 2.3 s. When the cutting depth into the soil is 2 cm, the average cutting height error is 0.21 cm, and the average response time is 2.31 s.

Asymmetric flexible graphene oxide papers for moisture-driven actuators and water level indicators

Smart actuators have shown great potential for a range of industries, including artificial muscles, sensors, and smart devices. However, traditional actuators often suffer from small deformation and complex materials and manufacturing processes. Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as an ideal candidate for moisture-responsive actuators due to its excellent moisture sensitivity. In this study, we present the development of a moisture-responsive actuator using a simple and straightforward approach based on a monolayer graphene oxide (GO) paper. By utilizing the different affinity of its two sides for water, the graphene oxide actuator demonstrates excellent performance in response to humidity gradients, achieving a large bending amplitude with a curvature of 3 cm−1. Furthermore, the graphene oxide actuator was used as a humidity-sensitive switch to perform on and off switch movements, demonstrating its capability for autonomous detection for real-time humidity monitoring. This work provides a new avenue for the development of moisture-responsive materials and their potential applications in the design of intelligent control systems, actuators, soft robots, artificial muscles, and switches.

Adaptive fuzzy backstepping secure control for incommensurate fractional order cyber–physical power systems under intermittent denial of service attacks

This paper proposes a fuzzy adaptive control strategy, based on backstepping, for incommensurate fractional-order power systems under denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. To address a wider range of fractional-order systems, this study assumes that the agents’ dynamics where each state have non-identical fractional derivative orders. This assumption brings up additional complexity to the design of the secure control system compared to existing approaches. Our approach tackles the challenge of maintaining system stability during both normal and attack periods by integrating adaptive control technique. The method includes an attack compensator to manage unavailable output measurements during attacks and a fuzzy estimator to approximate unobservable states. It also employs a fractional-order adaptive law and a backstepping controller to ensure performance and security, maintaining bounded tracking errors. MATLAB simulations confirm the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed method, demonstrating its ability to protect power systems from cyber threats while ensuring operational integrity and stability. Compared to prior studies, the presence of an attack compensator reduces both overshoots and convergence time following each attack.

Embodying rather than encoding: Towards developing a source-filter theory for undulation gait generation

Biological undulation enables legless creatures to move naturally, and robustly in various environments. Consequently, many kinds of undulating robots have been developed. However, the fundamental mechanism of biological undulation gait generation has not yet been well explained, which hinders deepening the investigation and optimization of these robots. Towards developing a theory for explaining this biological behavior, which will further guide the design of artificial undulation systems, we propose a hypothesis based on both biological findings and previous robotics studies. To verify the hypothesis, we investigate embodied intelligence of undulation locomotion via a mechanical system. Through experimental study, we observe the phenomenon that undulation gait is a production of the source, which is the torque inputs, and the filter, which is the natural dynamics of the system. We further derive a general mathematical model and conduct morphological computation accordingly. From a simple model to a complicated system, our work explores the principles of undulation gait generation. Our findings significantly simplify the control system design of artificial undulating systems.

Design of a Multi-Channel PID Temperature Control System Based on PLC and Internet of Things (IOT)

Design of a Multi-Channel PID Temperature Control System Based on PLC and Internet of Things (IOT)

Study of the Vibration Isolation Properties of a Pneumatic Suspension System for the Seat of a Working Machine with Adjustable Stiffness

This paper presents a study of the vibration isolation properties of pneumatic suspension systems for work machinery seats, with a particular focus on adjustable stiffness. It highlights the contribution that semi-active seat suspension systems make to vibration reduction, ultimately leading to improved passenger comfort levels and increased safety for vehicle users. The primary objectives of the research were twofold: firstly, to identify the key parameters of the apneumatic vibration isolation system; and secondly, to evaluate its performance in improving vibration damping. This entailed the development of a mathematical model that would foreground the movement through simulations based on different initial pressures, thus enabling the accurate prediction of real-life scenarios concerning the vibration-damping characteristics of the seating system, taking into account the different design options available for working machine technology applied at the test bed level, of which the pneumatic isolator is an integral component. In the cognitive process, the verification and validation of the formulated theoretical model play an important role. This approach enables the behaviour of the actual system to be inferred from the results of simulation studies, thus allowing the design of an appropriate vibration control system. By simulating different air bellow pressures, the characteristics of the seat suspension system can be assessed. This study provides valuable insights into optimising the vibration-damping capability of the air suspension system.

Application of Adaptive Fuzzy Algorithm in Single-Chip Microcomputer Control System

Objective: In practical application, an SCM control system needs to respond to user instructions quickly and accurately, and at the same time needs to have robustness and adaptability to adapt to complex and changeable environments and working states. Therefore, how to improve the control accuracy and stability of SCM control systems, and how to adapt to the change of different working environments and working states, has become one of the important issues in the design and research of SCM control systems. Methods: Adaptive fuzzy algorithm, as a new control algorithm, has the advantages of simple structure, easy implementation and high precision, and has been widely used in many fields. On the basis of three kinds of fuzzy logic system framework, this paper analyzes the self-adaptive fuzzy algorithm single-chip microcomputer control system and carries on the corresponding performance test of the system by constructing an intelligent car. The testability test of single-chip microcomputer detection, hardware detection, algorithm recognition rate and system control rate is tested, respectively, to ensure the normal operation of the system. Conclusion: The microcontroller control system of fuzzy algorithm system is compared with that of traditional algorithm system in many aspects. The average error rate of the traditional algorithm system is 2%, while the average error rate of the fuzzy algorithm system is 0.8%. In other aspects, the fuzzy algorithm system is superior to the traditional system. For example, the fuzzy algorithm system has a 100% instruction recognition rate and a data processing speed of up to 1 second. According to the characteristics and requirements of the single-chip microcomputer control system, applying the adaptive fuzzy algorithm to the design of a single-chip microcomputer control system can effectively improve the control precision and stability of thesystem.

A Design of Position Control System with Model Error Compensator

A Design of Position Control System with Model Error Compensator

Energy management in gyms microgrid: Nonlinear control of stationary bikes and treadmills with parallel rectifiers and AC/DC conversion

This article presents the complete design of a nonlinear control system for multiple stationary bikes connected to a mechanical energy conversion system equipped with squirrel cage induction generators (SIGs) linked to AC/DC converters. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of powering multiple treadmills using the DC bus via DC/AC converters. The novelty of our approach lies in the integration of a new strategy of control system to achieve multiple control objectives within a gym microgrid environment, and an energy management algorithm to ensure the energy flow between intermittent generation and the considered, somewhat random, demand. The system is composed of several subsystems: i) stationary bikes connected to the DC bus via inverters acting as intermittent power sources; ii) a Li-ion battery-based energy storage system interfaced through a Buck-Boost converter; iii) electromechanical loads, including treadmills, powered by DC/AC converters, in addition to other DC loads. The main control objectives are as follows: a) each stationary bike extracts energy from the DC network by regulating the torque applied by the athlete, ensuring that the torque follows the reference torque; b) the treadmill’s speed must follow the reference generated based on the athlete’s condition; c) ensuring the protection of the energy storage system by monitoring its current and voltage; d) all mentioned objectives are achieved while maintaining the DC bus voltage at a reference value. To achieve these objectives, a nonlinear control approach based on Lyapunov theory is used to design the controllers. A formal analysis is conducted to assess the performance of the studied system. The system’s performance is demonstrated using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. Numerous simulations demonstrate that every control objective is achieved. Specifically, the system maintained the DC bus voltage at 500 V with a maximum deviation of 1 V, and the treadmill speed followed the reference within a margin of 0.1 m/s.