Continuous Wave Laser Irradiation Research Articles

Research on influence of parasitic resistance of InGaAs solar cells under continuous wave laser irradiation

InGaAs solar cells were irradiated by 1060-1080nm continuous wave (CW) laser, and studied the laser-electrical conversion and damage experiment with the power density as 97mW/cm2 and 507W/cm2 respectively. The result indicated that there is no obvious damage phenomenon but air layer appeared in the damaged region, and there is no direct relationship between the area and the extent of damage. Moreover, the p-n junction in the damage zone was destroyed, lost the ability of photoelectric conversion. The region acts as a resistance between the two electrodes, resulting in an increase in the leakage current of the solar cells and a decrease in the parallel resistance, which is the main reason leading to the decline of open circuit voltage, short circuit current and conversion efficiency. This paper would provide a reference for wireless energy transmission and the subsequent laser damage of solar cells.

Laser-driven resonance of dye-doped oil-coated microbubbles: Experimental study.

Photoacoustic (PA) imaging offers several attractive features as a biomedical imaging modality, including excellent spatial resolution and functional information such as tissue oxygenation. A key limitation, however, is the contrast to noise ratio that can be obtained from tissue depths greater than 1-2 mm. Microbubbles coated with an optically absorbing shell have been proposed as a possible contrast agent for PA imaging, offering greater signal amplification and improved biocompatibility compared to metallic nanoparticles. A theoretical description of the dynamics of a coated microbubble subject to laser irradiation has been developed previously. The aim of this study was to test the predictions of the model. Two different types of oil-coated microbubbles were fabricated and then exposed to both pulsed and continuous wave (CW) laser irradiation. Their response was characterized using ultra high-speed imaging. Although there was considerable variability across the population, good agreement was found between the experimental results and theoretical predictions in terms of the frequency and amplitude of microbubble oscillation following pulsed excitation. Under CW irradiation, highly nonlinear behavior was observed which may be of considerable interest for developing different PA imaging techniques with greatly improved contrast enhancement.

Laser-induced boiling of biological liquids in medical technologies

Using optical and acoustic methods we study thermal and transport processes related to the boiling of biological liquids under the action of continuous-wave laser radiation having moderate power (1 – 10 W) in the near-IR range (0.97 – 1.94 μm). These processes are investigated in the course of a few particular clinical procedures aimed at the modification and removal of pathological tissues (veins, mammary gland cyst, Baker’s cyst) and tissue regeneration (intervertebral discs). In the proposed approach, the modification and destruction of biotissues are due to the fast delivery of heat by two-phase jet flows, formed in the course of liquid boiling, rather than the direct laser heating. This provides the high rate of heat delivery to the pathological biotissue, avoiding its overheating (the temperature higher than 100 °C) and undesired heating of adjacent tissues. Two main regimes of laser-induced boiling near the optical fibre tip were revealed, namely, the heterogeneous jet boiling (arising when the fibre with a blackened tip is used) and the homogeneous boiling (with the radiation absorbed in the liquid volume). Both studied regimes allow one to obtain high specific heat flows, and the domination of one of the boiling regimes is determined by the presence of absorbing coating on the fibre tip, the tissue type, as well as by its shape (e.g., the presence of channels or cavities in the tissue). It is established that the heterogeneous jet boiling at the fibre tip corresponds to the regime of superintensive bubble boiling.

Direct Observation of Charge Collection at Nanometer-Scale Iodide-Rich Perovskites during Halide Exchange Reaction on CH3NH3PbBr3.

Organolead halide perovskites MAPbX3 (MA = CH3NH3+, X = Cl-, Br-, or I-) are known to undergo reversible halide exchange reactions, enabling bandgap tuning over the visible light region. Using single-particle photoluminescence (PL) imaging for in situ observation, we have studied the structure-dependent charge dynamics during halide exchange with iodide ions on an MAPbBr3 crystal. In particular, we optically detected nanometer-scale iodide-rich domains (i.e., MAPbBrI2) and found that their lifetimes of several tens of milliseconds are limited by reaction with diffusing vacancies. Furthermore, it was discovered that these domains effectively collect the charge carriers from the bulk crystal, thus resulting in amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) under continuous-wave laser irradiation. Our findings will provide direction for development of perovskite heterostructures with enhanced charge utilization.

Glass processing with pulsed CO2 laser radiation.

Recent results of processing fused silica using a high-power Q-switched CO2 laser source with a maximum output power of 200 W are presented. Compared to the processing with continuous wave laser radiation, the main advantage of pulsed laser radiation is the influence of the light-matter interaction with high laser peak power at small average laser power. An application for the approach presented in this paper is the flexible manufacturing and form correction of optics. This laser-based process is nearly independent of the surface geometry and can even be enhanced by laser polishing and expanded to other glass materials. Hence, the high-power Q-switched CO2 laser source is used to ablate glass material with an ablation rate up to 2.35 mm3/s and also for ablating glass material locally in a vertical dimension down to 3 nm.

Environment effects on the nonlinear absorption properties of Methylene blue under different power of excitation beam

Abstract In this paper, the nonlinear optical absorption properties of Methylene blue solutions were studied by open aperture Z-scan technique under a continuous-wave laser irradiation with various input powers. The experimental results show that the mechanism of nonlinear absorption and the calculated coefficients depend highly on the molecular surrounding media properties and the nature of intermolecular interactions. From the experimental results, the contributions of various intermolecular interactions were determined as well. Exploiting these results, it is possible to determine the effective media polarity parameters on the nonlinear responses of optical materials. According to the experimental results, by increasing of excitation beam power, the strong hydrogen bonds with high contributions increase the third order nonlinear responses of Methylene blue molecules.

连续激光供能单结GaAs光电池输出特性仿真

连续激光供能单结GaAs光电池输出特性仿真

Photo-induced radical polarization and liquid-state dynamic nuclear polarization using fullerene nitroxide derivatives.

We report on radical polarization and optically-driven liquid DNP using nitroxide radicals functionalized by photoexcitable fullerene derivatives. Pulse laser excitation of the fullerene moiety leads to transient nitroxide radical polarization that is one order of magnitude larger than that at the Boltzmann equilibrium. The life time of the radical polarization increases with the size of the fullerene derivative and is correlated with the electronic spin-lattice relaxation time T1e. Overhauser NMR signal enhancements of toluene solvent protons were observed under steady-state illumination, which replaced microwave irradiation.

Microstructural analysis of the modifications in substrate-bound silicon-rich silicon oxide induced by continuous wave laser irradiation

Abstract Laser-irradiation of silicon-rich silicon oxides (SRSO) is a promising technique for spatially well-defined production of silicon nanocrystals (nc-Si) showing room temperature photoluminescence. In this work, we use continuous-wave (CW) laser processing to generate nc-Si in SRSO films on fused silica substrates. One main problem is damage introduced by laser processing which results in a porous layer beneath the original film surface as is consistently shown by electron tomography and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Processing conditions for damage-free nc-Si formation are identified by systematic variation of laser intensity and measuring the depth of the damaged region by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). By combining TEM imaging and analysis it is shown that the damaged region has a composition close to SiO 2 which is due to a predominant loss of silicon rather than an a result of surface oxidation during laser processing.

Long-range Rydberg molecules, Rydberg macrodimers and Rydberg aggregates in an ultracold Cs gas

We present an overview of our recent investigations of long-range interactions in an ultracold Cs Rydberg gas. These interactions are studied by high-resolution photoassociation spectroscopy, using excitation close to one-photon transitions into np3/2 Rydberg states with pulsed and continuous-wave ultraviolet laser radiation, and lead to the formation of long-range Cs2 molecules. We observe two types of molecular resonances. The first type originates from the correlated excitation of two atoms into Rydberg-atom-pair states interacting at long range via multipole-multipole interactions. The second type results from the interaction of one atom excited to a Rydberg state with one atom in the electronic ground state. Which type of resonances is observed in the experiments depends on the laser intensity and frequency and on the pulse sequences used to prepare the Rydberg states. We obtain insights into both types of molecular resonances by modelling the interaction potentials, using a multipole expansion of the long-range interaction for the first type of resonances and a Fermi-contact pseudo-potential for the second type of resonances. We analyse the relation of these long-range molecular resonances to molecular Rydberg states and ion-pair states, and discuss their decay channels into atomic and molecular ions. In experiments carried out with a two-colour two-photon excitation scheme, we observe a large enhancement of Rydberg-excitation probability, which we interpret as a saturable autocatalytic antiblockade phenomenon.

Stochastic interference of fluorescence radiation in random media with large inhomogeneities

Stochastic interference of fluorescence light outgoing from a dye-doped coarse-grained random medium, which was pumped by the continuous-wave laser radiation, was experimentally studied. It was found that the contrast of random interference patterns highly correlates with the wavelength-dependent fluorescence intensity and reaches its minimum in the vicinity of the cusp of emission spectrum. The decay in the contrast of spectrally selected speckle patterns was interpreted in terms of the pathlength distribution broadening for fluorescence radiation propagating in the medium. This broadening is presumably caused by the wavelength-dependent negative absorption of the medium.

Ag nanoparticles in soda-lime glass grown by continuous wave laser irradiation as an efficient SERS platform for pesticides detection

We have developed a Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) active substrate based on silver nanoparticles grown by ultraviolet continuous wave laser irradiation of a silver-exchanged soda-lime glass. The formation of nanoparticles was highlighted by scanning electron microscopy and extinction spectroscopy. The high density and large size of the silver nanoparticles obtained by use of this method were found to be highly beneficial for detection of low-concentrated chemical species. Both Rhodamine 6G and methyl parathion, an active molecule of some commercial pesticides, were detected with high sensitivity compared to the results of the literature, proving the efficiency of our substrate as an efficient SERS platform.

Enhancement of Raman scattering signals from gaseous medium near the surface of a holographic aluminum diffraction grating

The possibility of applying surface-enhanced Raman scattering (RS) for amplification of RS intensity in gaseous media is investigated. A more than sixfold enhancement of the RS signal is detected experimentally from the main atmospheric air components during interaction of continuous-wave laser radiation with a holographic aluminum diffraction grating. The averaged value of the RS signals’ amplification factor in the near-surface 30-nm-thick layer at the boundary between the diffraction grating and gaseous medium amounted to ~3 × 103.

Highly Efficient Destruction of Amyloid-β Fibrils by Femtosecond Laser-Induced Nanoexplosion of Gold Nanorods.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the aggregation of the amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides into toxic aggregates. How to inhibit the aggregation of Aβ peptides has been extensively studied over recent decades. The investigation on eliminating preformed fibrils, however, has rarely been reported. In this paper, near-infrared femtosecond (fs) laser is applied for the destruction of preformed Aβ fibrils in conjunction with gold nanorods (AuNRs). Our results demonstrate that the 800 nm fs-laser irradiation can locally trigger the explosion of AuNRs due to the strong localized surface plasmon resonance effect. As a result, the majority of Aβ fibrils are efficiently destroyed into small fragments by the irradiation of fs-laser with a light dose less than 75 J·cm-2. Meanwhile, significant reduction of β-sheet structures is observed by thioflavin T (ThT) fluorescence measurements. In contrast, the destruction effect by continuous wave (cw) laser irradiation is much weaker with equivalent power density and irradiation time. Furthermore, the laser-induced destruction of fibrils by Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) is also investigated, which reveals that most of the Aβ fibrils remain well under the surface explosion of spherical AuNPs. Overall, our results provide a novel design for the fast destruction of amyloid fibrils locally and biocompatibly, which may have remarkable potentials in the therapy of AD.

Raman gas self-organizing into deep nano-trap lattice.

Trapping or cooling molecules has rallied a long-standing effort for its impact in exploring new frontiers in physics and in finding new phase of matter for quantum technologies. Here we demonstrate a system for light-trapping molecules and stimulated Raman scattering based on optically self-nanostructured molecular hydrogen in hollow-core photonic crystal fibre. A lattice is formed by a periodic and ultra-deep potential caused by a spatially modulated Raman saturation, where Raman-active molecules are strongly localized in a one-dimensional array of nanometre-wide sections. Only these trapped molecules participate in stimulated Raman scattering, generating high-power forward and backward Stokes continuous-wave laser radiation in the Lamb–Dicke regime with sub-Doppler emission spectrum. The spectrum exhibits a central line with a sub-recoil linewidth as low as ∼14 kHz, more than five orders of magnitude narrower than conventional-Raman pressure-broadened linewidth, and sidebands comprising Mollow triplet, motional sidebands and four-wave mixing.

Interlaminar damage of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite laminate under continuous wave laser irradiation

The interlaminar damages were investigated on the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite laminate under laser irradiation. Firstly, the laminated T700/BA9916 composites were exposed to continuous wave laser irradiation. Then, the interface cracking patterns of such composite laminates were examined by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was performed to compute the interface stress of the laminates under laser irradiation. And the effects of the laser parameters on the interlaminar damage were discussed.

Nonlinear optical response of planar and spherical CdSe nanocrystals

The nonlinear optical response of a colloidal solution of planar CdSe semiconductor nanocrystals (nanoplatelets) is studied for the first time. The nonlinear optical response of these nanoparticles is compared to that of spherical CdSe nanocrystals (quantum dots). The photoinduced nonlinearity is attributed to the optical generation of long-lived charge carriers in the nanoobjects under study. It is shown that, upon the exposure of a cell with the solution of nanoparticles to focused continuous-wave (cw) laser radiation with a wavelength of 473 nm, the nonlinear optical responses of CdSe nanoplatelets and quantum dots are somewhat different at identical optical densities at the above-indicated wavelength. The differences are supposedly associated with a higher diffusion rate of spherical nanoparticles in the solution because of their smaller size compared to that of nanoplatelets.

Optimization of photothermal methods for laser hyperthermia of malignant cells using bioconjugates of gold nanoparticles

Selective action of laser radiation on membranes of malignant cells has been studied in different regimes using conjugates of gold nanoparticles with oligonucleotides by the example of DNA aptamers. Under the conditions of a contact between a bioconjugate and a cell surface and the development of substantial and rapidly relaxing temperature gradients near a nanoparticle, the membranes of malignant cells alone are efficiently damaged due to the local hyperthermia of a cellular membrane. It has been shown that employment of pulsed instead of continuous wave laser radiation provides the localization of the damaging action, which does not involve healthy cells.

Plasmonic, Targeted, and Dual Drugs-Loaded Polypeptide Composite Nanoparticles for Synergistic Cocktail Chemotherapy with Photothermal Therapy.

To integrate cocktail chemotherapy with photothermal therapy into one biocompatible and biodegradable nanocarrier, the plasmonic, lactose-targeted, and dual anticancer drugs-loaded polypeptide composite nanoparticles were for the first time fabricated under mild conditions. The glyco-PEGylated polypeptide micelles that self-assembled from the lactose (LAC) and PEG grafted polycysteine terpolymer were used as templates to generate the plasmonic composite nanoparticles, as mainly characterized by DLS, TEM, SEM, and XPS. These composite nanoparticles showed a broad and strong near-infrared (NIR) absorption at 650-1100 nm and increased the temperature of phosphate buffer solution by 30.1 °C upon a continuous-wave laser irradiation (808 nm, 5 min, 2 W·cm(-2)), while the same dose of NIR-mediated heating completely killed HepG2 cancer cells in vitro, presenting excellent photothermal properties. Two anticancer drugs, doxorubicin (DOX) and 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), were loaded into the composite nanoparticles through physical interactions and Au-S bond, respectively. The dual drugs-loaded composite nanoparticles exhibited reduction-sensitive and NIR-triggered cocktail drugs release profiles and trigger-enhanced cytotoxicity. As evidenced by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and MTT assay, the LAC-coated composite nanoparticles were more internalized by the HepG2 than the HeLa cell line, demonstrating a LAC-targeting enhanced cytotoxicity toward HepG2. The combination cocktail chemo-photothermal therapy produced a lower half maximal inhibitory concentration than cocktail chemotherapy or photothermal therapy alone, displaying a good synergistic antitumor effect.

Supersaturating Silicon with Titanium by Continuous-Wave Laser Irradiation of Sputtered Titanium Film on Silicon**Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 61076056, and the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure of Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant No SKL201404SIC.

A method of magnetron sputtering followed by continuous-wave (cw) laser irradiation is developed to prepare crystalline silicon supersaturated with titanium. The irradiation of single crystalline Si samples sputtered with a thin layer of Ti is carried out under the 1064 nm cw laser in a specially designed home-made facility. The thickness of the Si layer, within which the concentration of Ti surpasses the Mott limit, reaches 365 nm and the maximum concentration of Ti reaches 1.83 × 1021 cm−3. The crystalline structure of the Si samples is kept unchanged after cw laser irradiation. These results show that the current method can be an efficient way to obtain an intermediate band semiconductor material for solar cells.