Raw Material Consumption Research Articles

Thermodynamic and economic analysis of a hydrogen production process from medical waste by plasma gasification

To reduce the environmental pollution caused by pathogens and radioactive substances carried by medical waste, and alleviate the shortage of non-renewable energy, this work proposes a novel overall process for hydrogen production from medical waste by plasma gasification coupled with ionic liquid-based CO2 capture. The validity of the model is verified by the experimental data. Based on the simulation results, the effects of medical waste types, different gasification agents and carbon conversion rate on the syngas compositions, H2/CO ratio, carbon conversion rate, higher heating value and exergy efficiency are explored. The results show that the rate of hydrogen production from surgical masks is more than twice that of the other two types of medical waste. Steam is the best gasification agent. At this time, the higher heating value of syngas is 26.72 MJ/kg and the exergy efficiency is 78.25%. A comprehensive analysis of the thermodynamic efficiency and technical economy of the overall process shows that the total exergy efficiency is 70.84%. The production cost is 2115.74 USD and the raw material consumption is 2.61 t/t H2. This study can provide a promising theoretical guidance for the resource treatment of medical waste.

Synthesis, Types, and Applications of Zeolite Capsule Catalysts

AbstractCapsule catalysts offer a unique spatial confinement effect, which effectively minimizes byproduct formation, enhances catalyst life, and promotes tandem reactions, thus reducing energy, time, and raw material consumption. This review presents an overview of recent advances and research progress in capsule catalysts, highlighting major breakthroughs in preparation strategies over the past decade. Innovative synthesis methods are discussed based on synthesis principles, difficulty, and effectiveness, along with an analysis of growth mechanisms and the advantages and disadvantages of zeolite shells. Application status of capsule catalysts in high‐value hydrocarbon synthesis from syngas, low‐carbon alkane dehydroaromatization, and CO2 hydrogenation reactions is explored. Finally, challenges and future prospects for scientific research and industrial applications of capsule catalysts are addressed.

Analytic hierarchy process-based life cycle assessment of the renewable energy production by orchard residual biomass-fueled direct-fired power generation system

Orchard residues (OR), primarily consists of pruned fruit tree branches (PFTB), serve as a significant biomass source in China and many other countries. In this study, we established a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) model for PFTB-based BDP (PFTB-BDP) using LCA and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The model was employed to evaluate the environmental impacts (EIs), abiotic depletion (AD), and comprehensive performance of PFTB-BDP. Our findings revealed that the comprehensive performance index (COPI) of PFTB-BDP ranged from 0.005 to 0.019 (person·year)/MWh. EIs exerted a more significant influence on comprehensive performance compared to AD, with the impact strength of EIs following the order of local > equal > regional > global. The maximum COPI value of PFTB-BDP amounted to 48.72% of the minimum COPI value of a coal-fired power generation (CP) system, demonstrating the superiority of PFTB-BDP over CP. The comprehensive performance of PFTB-BDP was most sensitive to total solid waste (SW) (−21.79%–17.89%) and the raw material consumption rate (−13.01%–11.58%). The outcomes of this study provide a crucial theoretical foundation and reference data for PFTB-BDP research.

Strength and Mechanism of Granite Residual Soil Strengthened by Microbial-Induced Calcite Precipitation Technology

High rainfall environmental conditions can easily cause erosion or collapse of the granite residual soil slope. However, traditional slope reinforcement methods have drawbacks such as poor landscape effect, high energy consumption of raw materials, and environmental pollution. This study studied the application of microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) in the reinforcement of granite residual soil. The consolidation effect of various methods was investigated, and the influence of cementing liquid concentration and pH value on consolidation under optimal curing conditions was explored. The results showed that the bacteria concentration reached OD600 = 3.0 and urease activity was 31.64 mM/min, which positively impact the production of calcium carbonate and the stability of crystal morphology. In addition, the soaking method was found to have the most effective consolidation effect on the surface soil samples, with the lowest disintegration rate. On the other hand, the peristaltic pump grouting method is the most effective in strengthening depth. This method resulted in a 513.65% increase in unconfined compressive strength (UCS), a 297.98% increase in cohesion, and a 101.75% increase in internal friction angle. This study also found that after seven rounds of grouting, the highest UCS was achieved in consolidated soil samples with a 0.5 mol/L cementing solution concentration, reaching 1.602 MPa. The UCS of soil samples increases as the pH value of the cementing fluid increases within the range of 6–8. As the pH value reaches 8–9, the strength increases and stabilizes gradually. These research findings can serve as an experimental basis for strengthening granite residual soil slopes and a guide for improving microbial geotechnical strengthening methods.

MILP model for the mid-term production planning in a chemical company with non-constant consumption of raw materials. An industrial application

Two particular features of a chemical problem with a production planning problem motivate the development of a novel ad-hoc mathematical model for the optimal solution: the consumption of raw materials may not be constant and depend on the quantity to be produce of one reference product, and the demand supplied should be embedded between a minimum (established by contract) and a maximum value. This work aims to plan the production of the company's semi-finished and final products to maximize the profits from the products sales considering resources costs. This mid-term plan is calculated with an optimization tool developed based on a mixed-integer linear programming model. Availability of resources and particular constraints around recipes and processes are considered. An optimal solution is achieved in short time, providing valuable information of the profits expected. Different scenarios are also simulated to study capacity expansions or alternative market positions.

Applying the 12 Principles of Green Engineering in Low TRL Electronics: A Case Study of an Energy-Harvesting Platform

Energy harvesting has been identified as a key enabling technology for the Internet of Things as it allows a battery-less functioning of electronic devices. While the use of ambient sources of energy is commonly seen as sustainable due to their renewable nature, raw material consumption and recyclability need to be assessed to ensure true sustainability. This is especially relevant in electronics, due to their high complexity stemming from the variety of components and materials in their composition. This work presents the case study of the application of the 12 Principles of Green Engineering to an energy-harvesting platform in the early technology development phase. Specifically, the technological areas of design for disassembly, materials for substitution, fabrication efficiency, and manufacturing processes that enable the use of recycled materials have been evaluated. This has allowed us to identify hazardous raw materials and recommend their substitution. Further recommendations include the adoption of mechanical fixtures to fasten lump components. Additional strategies have been identified but their application has been found out of reach of the technology developers, such as the increase in the manufacturing batch size or the inclusion of solvent recycling, which can only be implemented at larger manufacturing scales. Further strategies, such as the use of recycled Si wafers or dry adhesives as fixtures, represent future solutions for the reduction in the environmental impact which require further R&D efforts from different disciplines. This highlights the need for holistic and multidisciplinary research efforts to fully achieve the circular design.

Russian zirconium industry: current issues in raw material supply

The relevance of the research is connected with Russia’s long-term import dependence on zirconium raw materials.Goal of this research: to study the dynamics of commodity flows (production, import, export, consumption) of Russian zirconium raw materials; its prices (world and Russian); the raw material base of zirconium in Russia and the prospects for national production of its extraction and processing.Methods: statistical, graphic, logical.Results: Russia imports the vast majority (3.5–14.9 kt/year or 98–100 % of consumption) of consumed zircon concentrate. At the same time, almost all of the baddeleyite mined in Russia (4.0–9.3 kt/year or (96–100 % of production) is exported. Since 2018 has there been a decrease in its export supplies and an increase in the national consumption (up to 60 % of production).Russia has existing deposits, including a useful zirconium component, but all are connected with a certain economic and technological complexity in their development.In 2022, the national production of selective zircon concentrate began during the development of the Tugan titanium-zirconium deposit. This deposit covers up to 30 % of Russia’s demand for zirconium raw materials up to 2023. Furthermore, the construction of the 2-nd stage of the Tugan mining and processing plant will increase its supply to 15 kt/year. This will completely cover Russian demand for zirconium raw materials. Work is in progress on Zashikhinsky field preparation, where, in the course of enrichment of tantalum-rare-earth ores, up to 8 kt/year of zircon concentrate will be additionally extracted. The emerging trend of reducing Russia’s import dependence on zirconium raw materials, and in the future its complete elimination will allow consumption of zircon and zirconium oxides to be increased in the most demanding area of their use – for dampening the glaze of ceramic tiles. The presence of an independent and sufficient national mining base of zirconium raw materials will allow Russian production of metal zirconium, zirconium refractory and abrasive products, solid fuel energy cells and other zirconiumcontaining applications to be developed.

Unveiling Sustainable Potential: A Life Cycle Assessment of Plant-Fiber Composite Microcellular Foam Molded Automotive Components.

The development and utilization of new plant-fiber composite materials and microcellular foam molding processes for the manufacturing of automotive components are effective approaches when achieving the lightweight, low-carbon, and sustainable development of automobiles. However, current research in this field has mainly focused on component performance development and functional exploration, with a limited assessment of environmental performance, which fails to meet the requirements of the current green and sustainable development agenda. In this study, based on a life cycle assessment, the resource, and environmental impacts of plant-fiber composite material automotive components and microcellular foam molding processes were investigated. Furthermore, a combined approach to digital twinning and life cycle evaluation was proposed to conduct resource and environmental assessments and analysis. The research results indicate that under current technological conditions, resource and environmental issues associated with plant-fiber composite material automotive components are significantly higher than those of traditional material components, mainly due to differences in their early-stage processes and the consumption of electrical energy and chemical raw materials. It is noteworthy that electricity consumption is the largest influencing factor that causes environmental issues throughout the life cycle, especially accounting for more than 42% of indicators such as ozone depletion, fossil resource consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, the microcellular foam molding process can effectively reduce the environmental impact of products by approximately 15% and exhibits better overall environmental performance compared to chemical foaming. In future development, optimizing the forming process of plant-fiber composite materials, increasing the proportion of clean energy use, and promoting the adoption of microcellular foam injection molding processes could be crucial for the green and sustainable development of automotive components.

The effect of slag and fly ash content on the properties of electric furnace nickel slag-based geopolymer used for repair materials

Large quantities of electric furnace nickel slag (EFNS) are annually generated through the smelting of ferronickel in industries. EFNS contains a large amount of glass phase SiO2 and MgO, with certain volcanic ash activity. Nevertheless, the lower early activity of EFNS due to the ultra-low Ca and Al greatly limits its application. To descend the consumption of raw materials and mitigate environmental pollution, utilizing such wastes as a binding agent in the domain of repairing mortars is a suitable solution. To address the lack of Ca and Al and adjust the ratios of Ca/Al and Si/Al in EFNS-based mortars, the purpose of the research was to incorporate different contents of slag (SL) and fly ash (FA) from 25% to 40%, respectively, into EFNS-based mortars activated with Na2SiO3. The study involved an investigation of the workability, mechanical properties, bond strength, and dry shrinkage of the mortars, employing different percentages of SL and FA. At the same time, TGA, XRD, MIP, and SEM were applied to investigate the chemical composition and microstructure of the binder gel phase. The results showed that when the SL content reached 40% and the FA content was 30%, the repair performance of mortar was much better than numerous repair materials, with an excellent compressive strength (94.0 MPa), flexural strength (11.0 MPa), and bond strength (6.33 MPa). As such, increasing the SL and FA contents seemed to have a positive influence on dry shrinkage and mechanical strengths. Additionally, when the FA content was 30%, the incorporation of SL was found to promote EFNS hydrolysis, and the hydration could directly generate hydrotalcite, which was beneficial to decreasing drying shrinkage at 28 d. The present study provides a theoretical foundation for the application of EFNS-based geopolymers in repair materials.

Sustainable Development Goals and End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Battery: Literature Review

With a global urgency to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, there has been an increasing demand for electric vehicles on the roads to replace vehicles that use internal combustion. Subsequently, the demand and consumption of raw materials have increased, and thus, there has been an increasing number of retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that contain valuable elements. This literature review paper looks at the following: lifecycle assessments (LCA) of EV batteries, the recycling of LIBs while analyzing what studies have been conducted to improve recycling processes, what recycling facilities have been established or are being planned, studies on the circular economy, the environmental benefits of recycling end-of-life (EOL) batteries, and how LIB recycling is aligned with the Sustainable Devel opment Goals, focusing in particular on Goal 13: Climate Action.

Mechanical and Environmental Performances of Warm Mix Asphalt with Reclaimed Asphalt and Plant-Based Binder

Abstract The environmental challenges facing society today are forcing the road construction industry to tackle the twin challenges of decreasing consumption of nonrenewable raw materials and limiting its carbon impacts. Yet, roadworks can deliver some genuine environmental benefits, along with low greenhouse gas emissions, by becoming a carbon sink. Recycling very high proportions of road construction materials and gradually incorporating bio-based products into their composition is now a proven solution. To this end, Eiffage Route has developed a range of plant-based binders, suitable for recycling, which incorporate a high proportion of materials recovered from existing pavement. This article reviews the so-called Biophalt innovation that won the 2019 award presented at the Road and Street Innovation Committee established by the Transport Infrastructure Department of the French Ministry of the Ecological Transition. It consists of a warm mix asphalt (WMA), including a high amount (>30 %) of recycled asphalt and a plant-based patented binder, suitable for any type of traffic. Both environmental and mechanical performances of Biophalt, assessed through SEVE TP modeling and several mix design studies carried out in the framework of different jobsites, are presented. They underline the “carbon sink” properties of the bio-based WMA as well as its compliance with standards defined by the norms of the French asphalt mix design method. It thus demonstrates Biophalt’s ability to combine both sustainability and excellent mechanical characteristics.

Research on the Effect of Two Different Polycarboxylic Acid Water-reducing agent on the Sensitivity of Concrete

Polycarboxylic acid water-reducing agent (PCE) is mixed into concrete under different conditions, which brings sensitivity to concrete. This paper establishes a series of evaluation methods by investigating the sensitivity under different conditions. This paper compares the sensitivity of two different PCEs in different parameters of concrete and tests the difference in concrete expansion or slump value under the conditions of different dosages, water consumption, temperature and types of raw materials. The results show that the sensitivity of PC-1 and KZJ-1 is different for different types of cement, and the sensitivity of water consumption, temperature, and raw materials is better than PC-1.

Experimental Analysis of Light Weight Thermal Resistant Concrete

Abstract: Growth in civil construction has increased the consumption of raw materials by the construction sector, resulting in chronic shortage of building materials and the associated environmental damage. In the last decade, construction industry has been conducting various researches on the utilization of easily available raw materials and use of plastic waste with concrete in construction since plastic waste is a waste which takes millions of years to decompose while its generation is increasing day by day. In this experimental research, light weight thermal resistant concrete block is developed using polyurethane plastic waste in concrete as it is one of the materials which can scope up with the shortage of building raw materials and can produce a light weight, thermal resistant, energy efficient and environmentally friendly concrete block. This study deals with the introduction to the polyurethane in concrete block and its experimental advantages compared to the normal concrete block

From Fabric Consumption to Warehouse Optimization Unravelling the Strategic Journey of Gul Ahmed

This case study explores the challenges faced by Gul Ahmed, a leading textile company, in managing its raw material and finished goods inventory. The company encountered issues related to excess fabric consumption, resulting in surplus inventory and limited warehouse space. Additionally, the rejection of garments during the manufacturing process added to the inventory dilemma. The company's management team, realizing the need for a sustainable solution, convened a meeting to discuss potential strategies to address the storage and inventory management issues. This case study highlights the critical importance of efficient inventory management, space utilization, and the need for proactive planning to mitigate future threats. The findings emphasize the significance of analysing and optimizing raw material consumption and devising strategies for utilizing excess inventory, ensuring long-term profitability and sustainability for the company.

STUDY OF PECTIN SUBSTANCES DURING STORAGE OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF TABLE GRAPE GROWING IN AZERBAIJAN

This study is aimed at solving the problem of providing the population with fresh grapes not only for one or two months, but all year round. To increase the terms of consumption of this valuable raw material, the most appropriate varieties and conditions for storing grapes were determined.
 The objects of study were unripe, ripe (ripe) and overripe table grape varieties widely used in the country (white varieties – Ganja table and Garaburnu, pink grape varieties – Marandi Shamakhinsky, Taifa pink, as well as red grape varieties Chernaya Asma and Pobeda). As a result of the study, it turned out that unripe and overripe red table grape varieties (Chernaya Asma and Pobeda) are richer in pectin compared to other varieties. They contain pectin substances up to 0.40–0.50 g/100 cm3. According to the content of pectin substances, pink varieties of grapes are in second place – 0.42–0.28 g/100 cm3. From a comparison of grape varieties, it is known that the amount of pectin in white table grape varieties is less than in other varieties – 0.36–0.25 g/100 cm3.
 During the storage of white table grape varieties, pectin decreased within the range of 24.0–48.0%, protopectin - by 16.6–38% and for pectin this indicator decreased by 5%. This figure was 7.1–50% in pink and 23.7–45% in red table grape varieties. The decrease in pectin during storage is associated with an increase in the activity of pectin enzymes. Therefore, it is considered expedient to store table grape varieties in a refrigerator according to the first option, i.e. under conditions of RHS 3–4% CO2 and 2–3% O2, at a relative humidity of 85–92%.
 And also studies have shown that for long-term and high-quality storage in a refrigerator, three options are more suitable: from white grape varieties Ganja table, from pink varieties – Marandi Shamakhinsky, and from red varieties – Black Asma.

Integrating carbon capture and utilization into the glass industry: Economic analysis of emissions reduction through CO2 mineralization

Glass production contributes significantly to global CO2 emissions due to high thermal energy requirements and raw material consumption. As a difficult-to-abate industry, carbon capture and utilization or storage (CCU/CCS) will be necessary to achieve emission targets. Among various options, CO2 mineralization shows promise to simultaneously capture CO2 and convert it to valuable products. When caustic (NaOH) is used as the absorbent, a portion of the resulting sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) can be fed back to the glass process to replace soda ash, a major component of glass and a large source of indirect emissions. Although a combination of glass manufacturing and CO2 mineralization presents a novel opportunity for drastic CO2 emissions reduction, such a process has yet to be studied. This work uses detailed, optimized process models to perform economic and CO2 emission analyses of three cases for such a highly integrated CCU system. In each case, CO2 is captured and directly converted to NaHCO3 and/or Na2CO3 by absorption into a NaOH solution. The NaOH is produced via the electrolysis of sodium chloride, which generates the valuable byproducts chlorine and hydrogen. The results are compared to glass production with amine-based CCS. The mineralization cases are shown to have net negative CO2 emissions, between −152 and −528 kg CO2/ton glass, relative to the unabated glass process and Solvay process for Na2CO3. The discounted payback periods for the mineralization cases range from 3.8 to 6.0 years, while the CCS case has reduced emissions of 353 kg CO2/ton glass and a negative net present value at the end of 20 years.

Mineral Additives Based on Industrial Waste for Modifications of Bitumen Polymers

The increase in cost of carbonaceous materials, as well as significant costs of industrial waste, have prompted scientists to use alternative raw materials as components of the construction industry. This study investigated the suitability of waste products from the coke industry as modifying agents for polymer bitumen. The by-product of the coking industry reaches a high level of silicon and is called silicon-containing additive (SCA), the composition of which is similar to the mineral solutions for bitumen. In this article, the results of using SCA as standard additives for modified polyethylene terephthalate (PET) with bitumen waste is presented. Using the Simdist boiling point distribution method, simulated high temperature distillation by gas chromatography, differential thermal (DTA) analyzes, and other methods of physic- chemical properties of bitumen after adding of SCA were studied. It was revealed that the connection and consumption of additives occurs because of the content of aromatic components, as well as an increase in the consumption of bitumen characteristics. Thus, the presented method for obtaining road surfaces based on PET waste and coke production waste meet the requirements of sustainable development, which implements both a significant use of industrial waste as secondary products and their processing into a new product using an energy-saving technology that reduces the consumption of raw materials and resources.

Paper-Thin Al-Catalyzed Si Nanowire Solar Cells and Efficiency Enhancement by Hybrid Nanostructures with Mn-Doped Perovskite Nanocrystals

The use of thin silicon (Si) wafers and streamlined fabrication methods that can be scaled up without compromising device efficiency is a key strategy for realizing low-cost and flexible solar cells. Herein, aluminum (Al)-catalyzed Si nanowires (NWs) formed by vapor–liquid–solid growth on paper-thin polished and etched Si(111) wafers of 100 and 60 μm thickness with high proficiency for minimizing interfacial defects and light absorption loss have been accomplished. Successfully addressing the major challenge of rapid Al catalyst oxidation by ex situ and uncomplicated growth conditions allows for the potential to scale up the process while preventing the formation of deep-level traps resulting from catalyst contamination. The Si NWs formed on the nanowave surface of a thin etched Si wafer evidence comparable light absorbance and low interfacial defects to those grown on thin polished and traditional Si wafers. Fabrication of thin Si NW solar cells with a homojunction p+–p–n–n+ structure toward the enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) by hybrid nanostructures with manganese-doped cesium lead chloride (CsPb0.81Mn0.19Cl3) perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) using a simple drop-casting method has been explicitly explained. The precise tuning of the energy band and NC size enabled a significant radiative energy transfer by matching the light absorption range of NCs with a high Stokes shift in the luminescence spectrum and the spectral response range of underlying Si solar cells. The nonradiative energy transfer efficiency of NCs and an NC amount infiltration on homojunction Si NW solar cells for maximizing PCE enhancement were examined. The effective photon-harvesting architectures of NWs and NCs together with efficient energy transfers and surface passivation from NCs to the underlying homojunction Si NW solar cells could capably enhance PCE up to a 9% level. These results exhibited the potential for feasible low-cost and large-scale fabrication techniques with lower consumption of raw materials for future photovoltaic applications.

Modified Natural Diatomite with Various Additives and Its Environmental Potential.

Diatomite has recently been the subject of intensive scientific research aimed at its extensive use in industry, breeding and agriculture. The only active diatomite mine is in Jawornik Ruski, in the Podkarpacie region of Poland. Chemical pollution in the environment, including that from heavy metals, poses a threat to living organisms. Reducing the mobility of heavy metals in the environment through the use of diatomite (DT) has recently gained much interest. More effective immobilisation of heavy metals in the environment with DT, mainly through the modification of its physical and chemical properties by various methods, should be applied. The aim of this research was to develop a simple and inexpensive material showing more favourable chemical and physical properties compared with unenriched DT in terms of metal immobilisation. Diatomite (DT), after calcination, was used in the study, considering three grain fractions, i.e., 0-1 mm (DT1); 0-0.5 mm (DT2) and 5-100 µm (DT3). Biochar (BC), dolomite (DL) and bentonite (BN) were used as additives. The proportion of DTs in the mixtures amounted to 75%, and of the additive, 25%. The use of unenriched DTs after calcination poses the risk of releasing heavy metals into the environment. Enrichment of the DTs with BC and DL resulted in a reduction or absence of Cd, Zn, Pb and Ni in aqueous extracts. It was found that for the specific surface area values obtained, the additive used for the DTs was of crucial importance. The reduction in DT toxicity has been proven under the influence of various additives. The mixtures of the DTs with DL and BN had the least toxicity. The obtained results have economic importance, as the production of the best quality sorbents from locally available raw materials reduces transport costs and thus the environmental impact. In addition, the production of highly efficient sorbents reduces the consumption of critical raw materials. It is estimated that the savings from producing sorbents with the parameters described in the article can be significant in comparison with popular competitive materials of other origins.

Reverse-diffusion phenomenon of high ductility fly ash-based geopolymer against carbonation

Geopolymer has been a research hot spot in the field of building materials because of its superior performances, less pollution, low energy consumption and wide range of raw materials. In this study, the carbonation resistance of high ductility fly ash-based geopolymer was researched by means of accelerated carbonation experiment. The compressive strength, carbonation depth and pH value were adopted to macroscopically evaluate the carbonation enhancing influence of modified geopolymer. Meanwhile, the mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were adopted to evaluate the micropore structures, geopolymerization process and mineralogical phases, respectively. The experimental results showed that under rapid carbonization condition, the carbonization resistance of control geopolymer was obviously lower than that of cement mortar, and the incorporation of modified MWCNTs and PVA fibes could enhance the carbonization resistance of high ductility geopolymer from micron scale and nano scale. Importantly, under natural carbonization condition, a reverse-diffusion phenomenon of geopolymer was observed (the complete carbonization zone became the uncarbonization zone), and the pH value of complete carbonization zone was improved ranging from the 8.1 to 11.5, manifesting that the carbonization resistance could be improved significantly. The micro-analysis indicated that the main reason of causing reverse-diffusion phenomenon was the reverse migration of large amount of OH−, which was from the dissolution of magadiite by means of the physical phase transform from solid to liquid under low CO2 concentration.