Consumption Of Fossil Fuels Research Articles

A hybrid graph attention network based method for interval prediction of shipboard solar irradiation

Solar energy ships came into being to reduce carbon emissions of global shipping and fossil fuels consumption. Accurate prediction of photovoltaic power generation can improve the economical operation of solar energy ships and reduce the power fluctuation of ship power systems. This study proposes a novel hybrid method to forecast ultra-short-term solar irradiation in a solar energy ship along the east coast of China. An improved graph attention framework is trained to describe the dynamic spatial-temporal topology among five weather stations and a solar energy ship. Initial interval prediction results are then determined by an improved Divided Period Optimization (DPO) method. According to distribution characteristics of the prediction error of shipboard solar irradiation, a Dynamic Prediction Interval Modification (DPIM) method is proposed to further optimize the prediction accuracy and interval width of ultra-short-term solar irradiation. Comparison experiments show that the dynamic connection matrix effectively improves the prediction accuracy, and the DPIM method reduces the PI width of 28.84%–37.79 % in shipboard solar irradiation. The proposed prediction method can accurately predict the shipboard solar irradiation at the period of significant disturbance, and provide effective technical support for the economic scheduling of solar energy ships.

Response Surface Optimization of Rice and Guinea Corn Husk Ash Blended Concrete

Concrete, a fundamental construction material, consists of aggregates, water, cement, and additives. Unfortunately, the large-scale production of cement is a major contributor to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, primarily from the manufacturing process and the consumption of fossil fuels. This not only incurs environmental costs associated with global warming but also depletes vital limestone deposits. To mitigate these issues, this study aims to explore the optimal utilization of Guinea Corn Husk Ash (GCHA) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) in concrete. This research investigated the chemical properties of GCHA and RHA, and their impact on the compressive and split-tensile strengths of concrete when integrated in various proportions. The study reveals that both GCHA and RHA meet the minimum oxide content requirement of 70% set by ASTM C618, with silicon dioxide (SiO2) as the predominant oxide. Increasing the content of RHA and GCHA from 5% to 10% improves the concrete's compressive and split-tensile strengths after curing for 56 days. Optimization results indicate that the ideal mix consists of 10% GCHA, 8.5% RHA, and 82.5% cement, yielding a compressive and split tensile strength of 31.34 N/mm² and 3.07 N/mm² respectively. This study thus offers a promising solution for sustainable concrete production by reducing the environmental footprint of cement while enhancing material properties and promoting an eco-friendlier approach to construction. Keywords: Concrete, Guinea Corn Husk Ash, Rice Husk Ash, Compressive Strength, Split-Tensile Strength

Wastewater Nutrient Recovery via Fungal and Nitrifying Bacteria Treatment

In efforts to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and promote recycling biowaste, there is an interest in the production of post-hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater (HTL-AP) from the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process that converts wet biomass into biocrude oil. This study explores ways of transforming potentially toxic HTL-AP into a fertilizer source for hydroponic cropping systems. This study specifically investigates the integration of the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor with nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter) to convert the organic nitrogen compounds into inorganic nitrogen while also producing the enzyme laccase, which has been shown to remove toxic compounds. This study aims to increase the concentration of nitrate-N to valorize wastewater as a suitable fertilizer by measuring several parameters, including laccase activity, pH, nitrate-N, and ammonia/ammonium-N concentrations, and analyzes interactions to optimize the conversion process. The data support the claim that the simultaneous inoculation of T. versicolor and nitrifying bacteria significantly increases nitrate-N concentrations in HTL-AP, as it increased by 17 times, or an increase of 32.69 mg/L. In addition, HTL-AP treated with T. versicolor and nitrifying bacteria reduced the treatment time by 120 h, highlighting a reduction in personnel time and energy consumption. Therefore, this research accentuates sustainability through fungal and bacterial treatments to develop eco-friendly hydroponic fertilizers. Future research should explore the potential of utilizing the combination of T. versicolor and nitrifying bacteria for the treatment of other industrial wastewaters.

Studying the Carbon Footprint of Carbon Dioxide Gas Coming Out of Chimneys and Electricity Production of Zahedan Gas Power Plant

Background & Aims: The carbon footprint is one of the parameters that can be used to estimate the amount of pollution caused by carbon dioxide compounds. This research was conducted to evaluate and estimate the carbon footprint resulting from the carbon dioxide emissions of the Zahedan Gas Power Plant due to the consumption of fossil fuels and electricity production. Materials and Methods: Carbon dioxide was read directly in the vicinity of the exhaust chimneys. In each studied season (spring, summer, or autumn), carbon dioxide was measured with 3 repetitions. TESTO (model 350, Germany) was utilized to measure carbon dioxide gas. The carbon footprint was estimated and evaluated by the IPCC method. To calculate the per capita carbon footprint, the population of Zahedan was considered based on the last census in 2021, which was 770800 people. Results: The total carbon dioxide emissions in the spring and summer of 2021 were 15.22 and 9.41 ppm, respectively. It was 12.44 and 20.37 ppm in the spring and autumn of 2022, and 21.49 ppm in the summer of 2023. The highest per capita carbon dioxide emission and intensity of carbon dioxide emission (2240.89 and 288.73, respectively) were obtained from the consumption of oil and gas in the year 2021 for electricity generation in the Zahedan Gas Power Plant. Conclusion: Zahedan Power Plant has used oil and natural gas to produce electricity, and the consumption of natural gas was higher than that of oil gas in the two years under study. The amount of carbon dioxide emissions in 2021 from the consumption of natural gas was higher than that of oil gas. In addition, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions in 2021 was higher than in 2022. According to the results, carbon dioxide emissions increased in 2023 and 2022 compared to 2021.

Design and simulation of 4 kW solar power-based hybrid EV charging station

Electric vehicles (EVs) have become an attractive alternative to IC engine cars due to the increased interest in lowering the consumption of fossil fuels and pollution. This paper presents the design and simulation of a 4 kW solar power-based hybrid EV charging station. With the increasing demand for electric vehicles and the strain they pose on the electrical grid, particularly at fast and superfast charging stations, the development of sustainable and efficient charging infrastructure is crucial. The proposed hybrid charging station integrates solar power and battery energy storage to provide uninterrupted power for EVs, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and minimizing grid overload. The system operates using a three-stage charging strategy, with the PV array, battery bank, and grid electricity ensuring continuous power supply for EVs. Additionally, the system can export surplus solar energy to the grid, reducing the load demand. The paper also discusses the use of MPPT techniques, PV cell modeling, and charge controller algorithms to optimize the performance of the hybrid charging station.

Alternative Reductants for the Blast Furnace Process and Catalytic Treatments of Exhaust Gases: a Review

Blast Furnace (BF) process is dominant in the iromaking industry in the World. Growing demand for steelmaking raw materials results in fast consumption of fossil fuels, which are required for the BF operation and also serve as reducing agents. To lower the carbon footprint and achieve sustainable development, as well as circular economy, there is an increased need for using alternative reducing agents for BFs, such as waste plastics, bio-based materials etc. Those materials can be recycled or upcycled by utilization in BF process. Catalytic recycling/upcycling of exhaust gases was proposed, as it could be highly profitable, and, as well lower the carbon footprint of the BF process.

Chloride leaching of eucalyptus wood particles by water for pellets production

The impacts of climate change caused by the consumption of fossil fuels have encouraged the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. The use of forest biomass for the pellets production is an alternative for energy generation. However, the high chloride content present in this forest biomass has caused human health and economic problems, which are factors that restrict the export of pellets. The main objective of this work was to reduce the chloride content in eucalyptus wood intended to produce pellets, by leaching the particles with water. Different parts of the eucalyptus tree (bark, branches, leaves, heartwood and sapwood) were characterized, and the biomass stock was determined. The chloride content determination was carried out using the selective chloride electrode and ion chromatography methods. Leaching was performed using a water/wood ratio of 25, 50, 75 or 100 L kg−1. The higher heating value (HHV) of the bark (18.47 MJ/kg), branches (20.01 MJ/kg) and leaves (22.04 MJ/kg) met the requirements of ISO 17225–2. However, their ash (1.91–4.32 %) and chloride content (0.120–0.627 %) were above what is allowed by the standard. The sapwood showed a higher content of volatile matter, ash and holocellulose, while higher values of HHV, fixed carbon, lignin and extractives content were observed for the heartwood. The chloride content present in heartwood was lower than that of sapwood and did not meet the requirements for ISO 17225–2 (≤0.03 % for B and ≤ 0.02 % for A pellets). In general, particle leaching did not significantly affect the energetic properties of wood. Leaching the particles with the lowest water/wood ratio (25 L/kg) was sufficient to remove chloride ions and meet the requirements of ISO 17225–2.

Vehicular Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emission Estimation Model Integrating Novel Driving Behavior Data Using Machine Learning

Fossil fuel vehicles significantly contribute to CO2 emissions due to their high consumption of fossil fuels. Accurate estimation of vehicular fuel consumption and the associated CO2 emissions is crucial for mitigating these emissions. Although driving behavior is a vital factor influencing fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, it remains largely unaddressed in current CO2 emission estimation models. This study incorporates novel driving behavior data, specifically counts of occurrences of dangerous driving behaviors, including speeding, sudden accelerating, and sudden braking, as well as driving time and driving distances on expressways, national highways, and local roads, respectively, into monthly fuel consumption estimation models for individual gasoline and hybrid vehicles. The CO2 emissions are then calculated as a secondary parameter based on the estimated fuel consumption, assuming a linear relationship between the two. Using regression algorithms, it has been demonstrated that all the proposed driving behavior data are relevant for monthly CO2 emission estimation. By integrating the driving behavior data of various vehicle categories, a generalizable CO2 estimation model is proposed. When utilizing all the proposed driving behavior data collectively, our random forest regression model achieves the highest prediction accuracy, with R2, RMSE, and MAE values of 0.975, 13.293 kg, and 8.329 kg, respectively, for monthly CO2 emission estimation of individual vehicles. This research offers insights into CO2 emission reduction and energy conservation in the road transportation sector.

Source appointment of δ13C in sediments of a maar lake in southern China: Implications of fossil fuel CO2 emissions

Stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) in lake sediments can record changes in CO2 emissions from fossil fuels (FFs) combustion; however, the exact proportion of δ13C changes caused by FFs combustion remains unclear. Here, taking the Huguangyan Maar Lake (HGY) located in low latitude with high intensity of human activities in southern China as an example, we used the MixSIAR Bayesian stable isotope mixing model to trace the source change of δ13C in the HGY sediments over the past 130 years. The δ13C value, ranging from −20.23‰ to −24.29‰, with an average of −22.39 ± 1.5‰, displayed a continuous downward trend from the bottom to top throughout the core, with the fastest decline occurring between 1950AD and 1996AD. Quantitative source appointment indicates that the contribution of FFs sources to δ13C depletion in the HGY sediments has increased nearly three-fold over the past 130 years, from 18.6% to 67.8%, which may be related to the Suess Effect of the 13C-depleted FFs burning. The increase in δ13C in HGY sediments in the past decade was consistent with the increase in δ13C–CO2 emitted by global fossil-fuel consumption, and was also related to the decrease in fossil fuels consumption caused by China's Clean Air Act. This study demonstrates that the isotope traceability model is helpful for source appointment of δ13C in lake sediments and that the δ13C in maar lake sediments can be used to trace CO2 emissions from global FFs combustion. This therefore provides new insights on the carbon cycle during the Anthropocene.

Comprehensive life cycle assessment of NH2-functionalized magnetic graphene oxide for mercury removal: Carbon emissions and economic evaluation

Heavy metals contamination critically affects human health and ecosystems, necessitating pioneering approaches to diminish their adverse impacts. Hence, this study synthesized aminated magnetic graphene oxide (mGO-NH2) for the removal of mercury (Hg) from aqueous solutions. Although functionalized GO is an emerging technology at the early stages of development, its synthesis and application require special attention to the eco-environmental assessment. Therefore, the life cycle assessment and life cycle cost of mGO-NH2 were investigated from the cradle-to-gate approach for the removal of 1 kg Hg. The adsorption process was optimized based on pH, Hg concentration, adsorbent dose, and contact time at 6.48, 40 mg/l, 150 mg/l, and 35 min, respectively, resulting in an adsorption capacity of 184.17 mg/g. Human carcinogenic toxicity with a 40.42% contribution was the main environmental impact, relating to electricity (35.76%) and ethylenediamine (31.07%) usage. The endpoint method also revealed the pivotal effect of the mGO-NH2 synthesis on human health (90.52%). The most energy demand was supplied by natural gas and crude oil accounting for 70.8% and 22.1%, respectively. A 99.02% CO2 emission originated from fossil fuels consumption based on the greenhouse gas protocol (GGP). The cost of mGO-NH2 was about $143.7/kg with a net present value of $21064.8 per kg Hg removal for a 20-year lifetime. Considering the significant role of material cost (>70%), the utilization of industrial-grade raw materials is recommended to achieve a low-cost adsorbent. This study demonstrated that besides the appropriate performance of mGO-NH2 for Hg removal, it is essential that further studies evaluate eco-friendly approaches to decrease the adverse impacts of this emerging product.

Carbon (IV) oxide adsorption efficiency of functionalized HKUST-1, IRMF-1, and UiO-66 metal organic frameworks

The ever-increasing consumption of fossil fuels to meet up with the global economic and industrial energy needs has led to climatic change due to uncontrollable emission of a major greenhouse gas (CO2). As a way of mitigating the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, search for effective and efficient solid adsorbent has been at the front burner of current scientific research. A class of solid adsorbent known as metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have demonstrated immense potentials for CO2 adsorption due to its porous, high thermal and chemical stability, high versatility and ease of production. Upon functionalization, the adsorption efficiency of this class of materials was found to improve tremendously. In this review, the CO2 capture and sequestration potentials of three MOFs (UiO-66, HKUST-1, and MOF-5) and their composites were investigated in the search for economical, stable, and highly selective novel adsorbents for CO2 adsorption.

Climate Activism and the Destabilization of Business-as-Usual in Milan, Italy

The aim of this article is to describe and analyse how climate activists in the city of Milan try to intervene in the production and consumption of fossil fuels. The material worked on here was accumulated over three years (2019–2021): it consists of field notes through participant observation, conversations held on messaging apps and documents made available to participants in the local coalition about the internal workings and strategic objectives of the activists. The article explores their political experiments to slow down the pace of climate change and transform the socio-political conditions that underpin the trajectory of business-as-usual. Along the way, we will witness the emergence of various agents and practices that seek to intervene to reduce or block business-as-usual—through actions that can erode the material and immaterial spaces for the reproduction of fossil fuels.

Energy storage properties of high polarization 2D-Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 reinforced polyimide composites

With the continuous development of society, the energy demand is also increasing, and the consumption of fossil fuels is becoming more and more serious. Dielectric capacitors are widely used in electronic devices due to their advantages of fast charging and discharging speed and high power density. In this work, 2D-Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (2D-NBT) filler and polyimide (PI) polymer matrix were compounded to prepare 2D-NBT/PI composites, and the energy storage performance of the composites was improved by surface modification of the filler and the design of 'sandwich' structure. The prepared samples were analyzed by XRD, SEM and dielectric properties. For 2D-NBT/PI single-layer composites, when the volume fraction of NBT powder is 0.25 vol.%, the energy storage density of the composites reaches 11.11 J/cm3 under the electric field of 400 kV/mm. For the 'sandwich' structure 2D-NBT/PI composites, when the system of 2D-NBT/PI composites is 0.25-0-0.25, the energy storage density of the composites reaches 12.44 J/cm3 under the electric field of 440 kV/mm.

Carbon farming as a future strategy for climate change: A literature review

Background: This research aims to know about carbon farming and strategies for storing carbon in the soil. Methods: The research method used is qualitative data analysis where this method describes the research conducted by the author by collecting data from scientific journals, books, and research journals. Finding: Respiration plants absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. However, the balance of plants and humans/animals is now disturbed along with the massive and excessive use of fossil fuels. The result is global warming and uncomfortable conditions and health risks to humans and the planet globally. We are currently paying attention to how carbon dioxide is present in the air due to pollution and industrial waste. Various ways are done, including reducing the consumption of petroleum or fossil fuels. Instead of decreasing, the consumption of fossil fuels has not decreased but has increased along with the pace of industrialization in developing countries. Carbon farming is one method that can be a solution, with the principle that problems are solutions. Conclusion: Many strategies for storing carbon in the soil that we already know. As carbon is absorbed by the soil, the health of the soil will improve so that the health of plants will also increase and yields will increase.

ANALYSIS OF COINTEGRATION AND CAUSALITY BETWEEN INDICATORS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

In modern conditions, when European countries have set themselves an extremely ambitious goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030 compared to 1990 levels, it is important to analyze the cause-and-effect relationships between key indicators of energy efficiency of national economies and economic growth, the nature of their influence on each other. The article analyzes cointegration and causal relationships between panel data that determine the economic development and energy efficiency of 38 European countries for the period from 1995 to 2021. Stationary time series were analyzed for causality using the Dumitrescu Hurlin test, which, compared to the classical Granger test, more accurately takes into account the structure of panel data, namely cross-sectional relationships. The annual GDP growth rate has driven the intensity of CO2 emissions. For pairs of time series with the first level of integration, in the case of cointegration between them, a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) was used to determine the type of long-term behaviour of the variables with their short-term feedback. Long-term causality was found from GDP per capita to the level of primary energy intensity of European countries. Exports of goods and services have proven to be a long-term cause of domestic consumption of natural gas and solid fossil fuels. Bidirectional long-term causality was found only between primary energy consumption and exports. It should be noted that in all short-term and long-term cause-and-effect relationships obtained in the article, economic development indicators are the cause for energy efficiency indicators. This signals that the level of energy efficiency of the European economy is determined to a large extent by the economic development of Europe in previous periods. ARDL models can be used to analyze causal relationships between time series that have different levels of integration.

Interface engineering of BiVO4/Zn3V2O8 heterocatalysts for escalating the synergism: Impact of Cu electron mediator for overall water splitting

The risk of global warming is increasing due to excessive consumption of fossil fuels. To fill the gap between production and consumption of conventional energy sources, modern societies are searching green and renewable alternatives. In this work, BiVO4/Zn3V2O8 heterocatalysts were synthesized and interfacially engineered for overall water splitting reactions. To obtain the structural and interfacial morphologies, catalysts were characterized by XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM and AFM techniques. The optical and chemical characteristics of as-synthesized catalysts were evaluated using UV–Vis/DRS, PL, EIS, EDX, XPS and BET analysis. The role of Cu metal, synergism between BiVO4/Zn3V2O8 and mechanistic approaches were further revealed. The results depict that Cu metal exceptionally compete to sustain the synergism as an electron mediator source. The synergistic effect and electron mediator were found as key factors to boost the overall water splitting efficiencies. Due to interfacial engineering of BiVO4/Zn3V2O8 system, charge transfer becomes more feasible for the redox reactions (i.e. water splitting). It was examined that due to presence of Cu metal, rate of overall water splitting reaction was higher than the catalysts having no mediator (i.e. absence of Cu). During photoreaction, two successive rates for H2 and O2 evolution were speculated 17.66 and 8.96 mmol g−1 h−1, respectively which delivers approximately 5.04 kJ g−1 h−1 energy. On the basis of results and activities, it could be concluded that, this research will exhibit exceptional potential and hold promise of an ultimate transition to the water splitting and green energy technologies.

Porphyrin-based frameworks and derivatives for the oxygen reduction reaction

The global energy crisis and environmental pollution issues caused by the continuous consumption of fossil fuels are increasingly becoming severe. Developing clean and sustainable hydrogen (H2) energy and corresponding storage and conversion devices have attracted increasing attention. The utilization of H2 energy highly depends on the fuel cell (FC). However, the slow kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on the cathode of FC cannot be improved without efficient catalysts. Currently, precious metal platinum (Pt) and its alloys are commonly used catalysts for ORR process. However, the scarcity and high cost of Pt hinder their large-scale practical application. To replace typical Pt-based catalysts, non-precious metal electrocatalysts have been investigated for ORR. Inspired by the catalytic ORR active center Fe porphyrin of cytochrome c oxidase in nature, metalloporphyrin-based frameworks and their derivatives have become promising electrocatalysts due to their abundant conjugated electronic structure, tunable functional groups, and large specific surface area. First, this review briefly introduces porphyrins and catalytic ORR mechanisms. Second, recent progress on porphyrin-based ORR catalysts including porphyrin-based frameworks, framework@substrate composites, and framework-based derivatives was summarized. Porphyrin-based frameworks mainly include metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), and polymers constructed with porphyrin building blocks. Porphyrin-based framework@substrate composites were usually assembled and constructed to improve the electron transfer rate of frameworks. To further improve the conductivity, framework-based derivatives, usually named metal, nitrogen-doped carbon (M-N-C) materials, were synthesized through pyrolyzing frameworks at high temperatures. Finally, research challenges and directions of porphyrin-based electrocatalysts for ORR were discussed. This review is meaningful and enlightening for designing and developing other porphyrin-based electrocatalysts for ORR.

Evaluating the waste management greenhouse gas emissions effects of domestic material biomass and raw material productivity consumption in Denmark

The planet is currently grappling with ecological upheaval as a consequence of the relentless surge in global warming. In response, the Danish government has undertaken a commitment to environmental decarbonization, setting a goal for the year 2030. This study contributes to these efforts by assessing the extent to which domestic material biomass and raw material productivity consumption impact ecological sustainability in Denmark. This assessment is based on data spanning from 1990 to 2020. Furthermore, the study takes into consideration the additional effects of economic advancement and domestic consumption of fossil fuels. These factors are addressed using a nonlinear auto-regressive distributed lag approach, which captures their respective positive and negative influences. The outcomes of the study affirm that positive (negative) shifts in domestic consumption of biomass and raw materials productivity contribute to increased (decreased) ecological sustainability in Denmark. Similarly, positive (negative) shifts in economic growth and domestic consumption of fossil fuels lead to decreased (increased) environmental sustainability. These conclusions are further substantiated by the causality results in the frequency domain. Drawing from these empirical findings, the study presents various strategies aimed at advancing diverse sustainable development goals, offering potentially beneficial avenues for Denmark's progress.

Concentrated solar heat for the decarbonization of industrial chemical processes: a case study on crude oil distillation

A novel strategy for the decarbonization of crude oil distillation was proposed considering two distillation columns located in Sicily that were simulated by adapting the equipment datasheet of the refinery Raffineria di Milazzo (RAM). The proposed approach consists of the integration of the topping section with a concentrating solar power (CSP) plant to decrease the carbon dioxide emissions and the consumed fossil fuels in the furnaces of the distillation columns. Three hypothetical scenarios of applicative interest were considered. In that most economically sustainable, the use of solar heat allowed a decrease of CO2 emissions of 54.2 kt/year corresponding to a reduction of about 11% of the greenhouse gas emissions joined with the saving of 19.9 kt/year of methane with a rate of return of investment (ROROI) of 16.2%. As a comparison, if the land surface occupied by the CSP plant is used for photovoltaic production of green hydrogen considering an energy consumption of the electrolyzer of 4.70 kWh/Nm3, just 24.6 and 9.0 kt/year of CO2 and methane respectively can be saved and the ROROI decreases to 8.5%.This study indicates that solar heat can be effectively and economically integrated in crude oil distillation to achieve a significant decarbonization of refineries.

Climate-Smart Agriculture: Climate Change-Friendly and Resilient Agriculture

The world is now facing a dilemma because; on the one hand, agriculture intensification to feed the skyrocketing population entails more fossil fuels consumption and more synthetic fertilizers application inducing more Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emissions that exacerbate climate change. Climate change, on the other hand, has led to adverse effects on the agriculture sector on a global scale despite some minor advantages in higher latitudes. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA), hence, is the only solution to ensure sustainable agriculture productivity and maintain its resilience to climate change consequences. It is a modern approach to responding the climate change by reducing the trade-offs and improving the synergies of agricultural practices. It stands on three main pillars namely, sustainable productivity, resilience-building, and GHGs emissions mitigation using indigenous knowledge and site-specific solutions. Among several practices applied, the Internet of Things (IoT) in agriculture is one of the modern initiatives that can achieve the principal goals of CSA significantly. Therefore, the overall goal of this review paper is to examine the reciprocal effects of climate change and agriculture, discuss the concept of CSA, and ascertain its applicability in Afghanistan.