Construction Of Castle Research Articles

『營造法式』 축성도구 연구

The term ‘Yeongjung Pillar (永定柱)’ is used in Korean archaeology to refer to the wooden pillar used to fix wooden blocks when applying the board frame construction method. This use begun in the mid-80s based on the record of Yingzao Fashi (營造法式). However, the record does not correspond with archaeological data in the sense that the wooden pillar used during board frame construction is not equivalent to the Yeongjung Pillar. This paper therefore analyzes the wooden pillar, the ‘Yeongjung Pillar’ of Yingzao Fashi, and other construction materials. In the case of the wooden pillar, the names that were used to refer to it from ancient times, as well as its different forms, were analyzed, in association with construction method and function. To highlight the mistaken interpretation of Yingzao Fashi, the function of the Yeongjung Pillar and other construction materials were examined. These materials were then classified according to various factors. The results of the analysis demonstrate that there are common elements shared between the wooden pillar and the Yeongjung Pillar of the board frame construction method, but differences could also be observed in terms of in size, position during construction, structure, construction or disassembling method, function, and textual records. These results go against the conception that the wooden pillar of the board frame construction method equals the Yeongjung Pillar; the two are clearly different. Finally, the wooden pillar has sometimes been found in the wall, as it was not disassembled after the board frame construction process. In this case, it functioned as the center of the wall or as a Yeongjung Pillar. The functional similarity of the two may be related to the mid-wall column of the wall of dwellings or structures that emerged in the Neolithic Age. The wooden pillar of the board frame construction method may have been derived from the mid-wall column technique. After the Neolithic Age, the wooden pillar that combined the function of the Yeongjung Pillar disappeared, and the two were separated from each other. The Yeongjung Pillar continually developed after its emergence from the midwall column, and it was expansively applied to wall construction. It became institutionalized as the essential civil engineering technology in castle construction with the compilation of the architecture book Yingzao Fashi of the North Song Dynasty.

The Castle in Sztum in the Light of archaeological research in 2019

The article presents the results of research of the Teutonic castle in Sztum that was carried out in 2019. This was the first large-scale study of this stronghold. It yielded much information, verified past views and supplemented existing knowledge significantly. The presence of a wooden-earthen stronghold in the place of a brick stone castle was not confirmed, and a new chronology of the beginning of its construction was indicated at the end of the 14th century. Elements of the castle’s buildings were discovered and identified, such as the residential building of the Grand Master and the second castle gate. The state of knowledge about the castle construction technique has also been significantly expanded.

21세기 새로운 중세성(中世城) 쌓기 프로젝트 -역사·문화 체험으로서 실험고고학-

이 글에서는 먼저 프랑스 실험고고학계의 발자취를 간략하게 소개한 다음, 두 가지 대형 집단 실험고고학 프로젝트, 즉 아르케오드롬(Archéodrome) 프로젝트와 게드롱(Guédelon) 중세성 건설 프로젝트에 대해논하였다. 프랑스 실험고고학은 다른 서유럽 국가들처럼 19세기까지 그 연원이 거슬러 올라갈 수 있으나, 진정한 의미의 실험고고학은 2차대전 이후에 본격적으로 발달하였다. 프랑스 실험고고학은 주변 서유럽 국가들과 달리 석기 제작을 중심으로 개인적 차원의 실험고고학이 발달하였다는 점에서 특징적이다. 1978년에 문을 연 아르케오드롬은 프랑스 최초의 고고학 테마공원으로서, 집단 실험고고학은 이 고고학 테마공원의 개장과 더불어 시작되었다. 그렇게 탄생한 아르케오드롬은 초반에 많은 대중적 관심 속에서 원활히 운영되었지만, 90년대 후반기부터 운영난에 허덕이다가 2005년에 결국 폐쇄되었다. 유사 기관 간의 과당 경쟁, 전문화실패, 대중과 소통 실패, 모호한 정체성 등이 실패의 원인으로 작용했다. 한편 1997년에 시작되어 현재까지도진행 중인 게드롱 중세성 건설 프로젝트는 집단 실험고고학의 모범적 사례로서, 본문에서는 추진배경, 진행과정 그리고 이 프로젝트가 성공할 수 있었던 이유를 제시한 다음, 결론에서는 프랑스 실험고고학 사례들에서 국내 고고학 발전에 이바지할 수 있는 교훈을 찾고자 하였다.

Ludwig of Bavaria: Brief Psychological Considerations on the Historical Character and Visconti’s Adaptation

The aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the concept of creativity and its practical application in relation to the historical figure of Ludwig II of Bavaria. The analysis took into consideration the monarch’s construction of Bavarian castles in terms of both their building and their landscaping. This work demonstrates that the construction of the castles was a product of the monarch’s imagination and creative genius. It also shows that Ludwig’s historical events anticipate the fragilities, weaknesses, obsessions and anxieties of the modern man. In order to make the article complete and exhaustive, it was decided to make a comparison between the historical figure of Ludwig and the artistic and cinematographic interpretation proposed by Visconti in the film of the same title. Our objective is to make some psychological considerations about the historical Ludwig as well as Visconti’s Ludwig.

An analysis of the backbone of the coastal defenses of the Maritime Department of Northern Spain in the eighteenth century. Illusory impregnability

The election of Ferrol as the headquarters of the Maritime Department of Northern Spain in 1726 converted this small fishing village in Galicia into mainland Spain’s principal arsenal and shipyard. In order to guarantee its protection, a permanent concern for the Crown, engineers and seamen performed surveys and studies of the Galician coast with a view to establishing a system of coastal defenses. This was then followed by the construction of castles and batteries, in addition to watchtowers from which to monitor the coast and keep Ferrol informed of any developments by means of beacons. In the following pages, this system will be examined in order to determine its quality, efficiency, and state of repair during the eighteenth century, thus revealing the huge disparity between theory and practice. For, as with the rest of the Galician coast, Ferrol was continuously at the mercy of Spain’s enemies throughout the century.

Three Dimensional Cellular Automata Sand Castle construction Model Based on Step Factor

It seems that everyone has the experience of making sandcastles on the leisure beach. In order to know how to build a beautiful and sturdy beach castle, this article simulates and analyzes the process of sand castles being eroded by water, and obtains some factors that extend the life of sand castles. First, we model the waves. Simplify the waves into a sine wave. Using calculus and fluid mechanics, the water wave impact force on a particle on the sand castle was calculated. Second, we model the sandcastle. Discretizing time, space, and state, we innovatively introduce the concepts of friction and impact into the model, and propose a new Three-dimensional Cellular Automaton model combined with step factors. We consider each gravel or water molecule as a cell, and simultaneously introduce the moving probability and collision probability to describe the moving trend and collision between the gravel cells, respectively. In order to effectively describe the loss of sand castles in the waves, the gravel cells that are in direct contact with the water cells will receive an impact force calculated by the first model. According to the law of large numbers, we use enough cells to simulate the erosion of sandcastles by the waves. It was found that within a certain range, the farther from the ocean and the more the total gravel, the stronger the anti-erosion ability of the sand castle.

LATE MEDIEVAL VOLHYNIAN CASTLES (Researh of 14th—16th Centuries Sites in the Horyn River Basin)

The article analyzes the topography, planning and defense systems of late medieval castles of the Horyn River basin. Literary sources mention 43 castles which is about half of the total number of Volhynian castles of the sixteenth century. Most of them concentrate in the upper reaches of the Horyn River, within the limits of the North Podillia Upland (18) and in the middle reaches of the Horyn in the Volhynian Highland (23). Most of the castles (10) were in the estates of Ostrozki princes. The remains of 16 fortifications were excavated. All of them were the parts of privately owned cities. According to the topographic conditions of the site most of them had the fortifications built on the capes. As for the planning scheme the castles are classified into two groups: the simple (having one fortified site) and multiple (with two fortified sites). Archeological excavations took place in the territory of 5 castles with two fortified sites (Ostroh, Taikury, Dorohobuzh, Rivne, Korets). The fact of the construction of castles in Slavic settlements were studied at 10 sites. The examples of the use of early settlements for the construction of late medieval castles allow conclude that their complex planning (fortified center and suburb) derived from the practice of the period of Kyiv Rus. Concerning the size of the fortified sites, the castles of Pohorynnia (Horyn River basin) are quite diverse. The smallest ones had an area of 0.1—0.2 ha (Krupa, Verkhiv, Marenyn), the largest — 3.2 ha (Ostroh). There is certain dependence between the area of the castles and their administrative and economic importance, primarily the size of subordinated land holdings, estates or parishes. The centers of large land holdings of princely families were Ostroh, Zaslav, Olyka, Korets. Rivne, Klevan and Stepan also were the centers of large territories while Zhukov and Dorohobuzh were the centers of smaller estates. The number of castles in the region significantly increased in the sixteenth century, during the time when the military threat from the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire increased. Most of the castles had wooden and earth fortifications and only some, in the sixteenth century, were reinforced with stone and brick defense objects — towers, gates, walls.

고려 개경의 築城과 도시 영역의 변화

고려 개경의 築城과 도시 영역의 변화

Matilda’s castles, northern Apennines: geological and geomorphological constrains

ABSTRACT The positioning and construction of castles in ancient times responded not only to strategic opportunity, but also to the issue of geomorphological risk. We investigated castles and strongholds built in the era of the Great Countess Matilda of Canossa in part of the northern Apennines (Italy), in order to study the relationship between their positioning and the distribution of geomorphological and geological hazards. We observe how the location of castles follows clear patterns of avoidance of potential hazards: castles are kept far from the main fault systems and stream networks, and are mainly at a safe distance from landslide- and badlands-susceptible terrains. The knowledge of Medieval communities on landscape hazards was sufficiently advanced to minimise risks, while maintaining the strategic value of fortifications.

A Study on Construction of Castle and Defense against Jurchens in the Tumen River Basin in the Early Joseon Period

A Study on Construction of Castle and Defense against Jurchens in the Tumen River Basin in the Early Joseon Period

‘화성성역의궤’의 ‘한문본－한글본－국역본’ 비교 연구

The study aims at examining the organization, contents, and translation of three texts of ‘Chinese version, Hangul version, and Korean translation version’ of ‘Hwaseong－seongyeok－uigwe’. In the literature to be researched, the Chinese version is ≪Hwaseong－seongyeok－uigwe≫, the Hangul version is the ≪Dyeongni－uigwe≫ of ≪Hwasheong－sheongyeok≫ at the end of the 18th century, and the Korean translation version is ≪The revised edition with Korean translation of Hwaseong－seongyeok－uigwe≫ in the year 2005.BR Among these texts, there are differences, for instance, the Chinese version is composed of the texts, while the Hangul version is organized in the date order sequence. There is also a difference in their contents, in which the texts included in the Chinese version are not included in the Hangul version. The examples are included in Imun(移文) containing the inquiry text between the government offices, Naegwan(來關) which contains the official documents from government office at the same level, Gamgyeol(甘結) which contains the official documents from the higher government office, Pummok(稟目) which is the list received the permission of the king and used the quality, and Samok(事目) which has the rules on the construction progress.BR In addition, in the case of containing the same document, some contents can be abbreviated, omitted, or added. The reason for the difference between the Chinese version and the Hangul version, is because the Chinese version is the official document published for future reference, whereas the Hangul version is the unofficial document created for the individual, Crown princess Hong. The greatest difference between Hangul version and Korean translation version can be found in ‘Sungyeok(城役)’ building or rebuilding the new castle, ‘Chukseong(築城)’ which is the construction of a castle, ‘Chukgi(築基)’ tramping the base. ‘Sungyeok(城役)’ is translated ‘Sheongyeok’ in Hangul version and ‘Seongyeok’ in Korean translation version. There are also translations of ‘construction of building a new castle(성역 공사)’, ‘construction of castle(성의 공사)’, ‘building castle(성을 쌓－), and ‘the work for building castle(성 쌓는 일)’. ‘Chukseong(築城)’ is annotated ‘튝성’ and ‘셩을 쓰－(surround)’, but ‘building castle(성을 쌓－). ‘Chukgi(築基)’ is translated ‘츅긔’, ‘터 다흠’, ‘터흘 다흠’ in Hangul version and ‘터를 쌓－’, ‘터를 다지－’, ‘기초를 쌓－’, ‘터를 튼튼하게 쌓－’ in Korean translation version.BR The biggest difference that can be found in Hangul version and Korean translation version is the perspective of the process of making the castle. In Hangul version, it is comprehended that the castle is ‘enfoldment(싸는 것)’, while in the Korean translation, it is understood as ‘building up(쌓는 것) the castle. It is necessary to change the perspective of modern times in reference to the Hangul version which was translated at the same time as the Chinese version. It is desirable to translate ‘城役’, ‘築城’, ‘築基’ into ‘성역’, ‘성을 싸다’, ‘터를 다지다’ respectively.

Indirect chronology method employing rare earth elements to identify Sagunto Castle mortar construction periods

A novel indirect chronology method has been developed to identify Sagunto Castle construction periods. The method is based on the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine rare earth elements (REE) and other trace elements in mortars. Additionally, a no destructive geochemical analysis based on X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was employed for major elements determination. Collected chemical data were processed through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to highlight any differences among the mortars belonging to different buildings and construction periods. The results show that PCA analysis permits to discriminate construction periods according to mortar sample REE contents. Major elements and trace elements show just coarse differences related to the mortar composition. The proposed method permitted to clarify important issues about wall stratigraphy and its effectiveness on a novel indirect chronology developed method.

The castle complexes of the belarusian nobility between the 14th and the 17th centuries: european influence and regional traditions

This article studies the architectural peculiarities of the castle complexes that emerged in the Middle Ages in Belarus. It describes the common and individual architectural features of these feudal castles, outlining the extent of the cultural influence of Western European architectural traditions (for instance, the borrowing of Polish techniques of castle construction as well as those of the Teutonic Order). It is established that, on the one hand, the architecture of Belarusian defensive castle complexes of the 14th–17th centuries was traditionally based on construction principles introduced by European medieval culture. However, on the other hand, such architecture is characterised by different local technologies used when building the inner parts of towers and the use of three-layer masonry. While they are characterised by a coherent spatial approach, some towers of a number of Belarusian castles have their own architectural peculiarities: their lower tetrahedral part becomes an octahedron closer to the top of the tower at different heights, and there is a slight narrowing of this part compared to the base. An analysis of the architectural techniques of medieval monuments demonstrates that there are a variety of plastered decorative niches and ornamental belts on the facades of the castles, reflecting traditional masonry techniques in local architecture. The national Belarusian art of fortification construction was enriched by a more advanced Western European defensive system, i.e. stone keeps used for residential purposes. Owing to the building experience and the cultural and historical traditions of fortification construction of European knights, the Belarusian region learnt about a new type of a Western European castle borrowed in the 12th century from ancient Roman and Byzantine military architecture. Local masters of the regions of Greater Poland and the lands of the Teutonic Order started employing the new composition of castles in the 14th and 15th centuries. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the aforementioned type of castles was further developed in Belarus thanks to the new military achievements of French and Italian fortifiers and the introduction of the Belarusian nobility to advances in Western European defensive theory.

Seismic response and vulnerability of historical Trakošćan Castle, Croatia using HVSR method

The Trakoscan Castle was built on the rocky peak of the hill in the thirteenth century. Castle structure has weakened with time, wars, inappropriate protection, and earthquakes. On 16 March 1982, the Tower Castle and part of second floor were damaged by an earthquake (M L = 4.5) with an epicenter 20 km distance from Mt. Ivancica. Afterwards, it was completely reconstructed. Today the cultural heritage of the Trakoscan Castle is protected as a historical entity by the Republic of Croatia. The Horizontal-to-Vertical-Spectral-Ratio (HVSR) method was applied for the purpose of local seismic response, protection from earthquake, structural seismic vulnerability of weak points, and structural restoration of the Trakoscan Castle related to the 1982 earthquake (microtremor measurements in free-field and in the Tower Castle). The free-field HVSR results (soil fundamental frequencies, amplification factors, shear wave velocity distribution, estimated bedrock depth, and directional effects on ground motion) are compared to the local geology, propagation path, and topographic effects to the estimated local seismic response. The dynamic behavior of the Tower Castle is demonstrated along different axes by the comparison of the directional HVSR analysis to the horizontal components (NS/V and EW/V) and the amplitude spectra (NS, EW and UD). The modal frequency response identifies weak points of the Tower Castle structure. Based on the HVSR analysis, the damage at Trakoscan site, related to the 1982 earthquake, occurred due to the local geology and topographic effects (seismic energy directed through the alluvial basin and trapped into the hill) and the improper way of the Tower Castle construction in the past and the reconstruction after the earthquake.

Templier ve Hospitalier Şövalye Tarikatlarının Kuruluşu

Birinci Haçlı Seferi sonunda, 1099 yılında kurulmuş olan Kudüs Haçlı Krallığı'nın askerî savunmasında krallığın gücünü oluşturan ordunun yanı sıra şövalye tarikatlarının gücü de büyük rol oynamıştır. Bu yazımızda, Ortaçağ İslâm tarihçilerinin Dâviyye ve İsbitâriyye olarak adlandırdıkları iki önemli şövalye tarikatı olan Templier ve Hospitalier tarikatlarının kuruluşunu ele almaya çalışacağız.

Fostering Students' Understanding of Challenging Texts

In an attempt to expose students to a variety of sources of information and increase their inter est and involvement with social studies issues, many middle school teachers are deliberately incorporating a variety of types of texts into their social studies curricula. A text one seventh grade teacher, whom we will call Linda, found particularly intriguing was David Macaulay's Castle (1977). This book presents an in-depth study of 13th century English castles through both text and illustrations, and Linda saw it as a very informative sidebar highlighting one facet of the medieval period her class was studying. Macaulay's text and award-winning illustrations have the potential to enhance students' understandings of the structure and purposes of medieval castles, emphasizing medieval peo ples' need for security. It presents an abundance of opportunities for students to investigate the physical, social, geographic, and political factors influencing the construction of castles.

Les châteaux médiévaux du Haut-Bassin de l'Orb (Hérault), étude archéologique

Médieval castles in the upper basin of the Orb River (Hérault). An archaeological study, by Florence Journot. The Upper basin of the Orb River, in the mountainous région of the northern Hérault, is traversed by a Valley that serves as a passage of secondary importance by comparison to Languedoc. During the late tenth Century and on through the eleventh, while some local « chief tains » remained, as they had always been ofncially, dépendants of the viscounts of Beziers, others were granted the right to establish themselves in high, almost impregnable locations. Their castles are cha- racterized by rapid exécution and an adaptation to the exigencies inhérent in the nature of the sites. They are composed of a few rectangular, adjoining rooms, or even simply a single hall. The majority of the castles studied in the région crop up at the end of the eleventh and during the twelfth century. At this time the sites are in lower régions and the castles are more elaborate : most are made of one or two lodgings built up against an outer wall,leaving a court-yard free. Successive patrimonial subdivisions impoverished families, and in the end the seigneurial lands were « reunited » in the hands of two or three of the most powerful barons. From the thirteenth to the fîfteenth century, castle construction becomes mucb more specialized (outposts for levying tolls or for surveillance) ; they are no longer the baronial seats. It is the town or the rieh piain of nearby Beziers that attracts the seigneury.

SHORT REVIEWS AND NOTICES

J. GORONWY EDWARDS. Edward I's Castle-Building in Wales. (Proceedings of the British Academy. Volume XXXII. Pp. 8i. 5s.) During the building 'season' (April-November) of I277 Edward I began the construction of castles at Builth, Aberystwyth, Rhuddlan and Flint; in i283 work was commenced on an even larger scale at Conway, Carnarvon and Harlech and, in I295, at Beaumaris. This group of castles has long stimulated the interest of scholars other than archaeologists and military historians, and it is the building accounts, drawn up during the period of their construction, which have especially attracted attention. This material has been most recently and most impressively used by Professor Edwards. His object was to reveal that phase in the history of castles which 'is usually obscure....that fundamental part... when they were in the builders' hands'. He does so by extracting from the evidence four essential pieces of information: the time spent in building each of these eight castles; the size of the labour force employed; the cost; the financing of the enterprise. The main type of evidence consists of enrolled accounts. These are necessarily a consolidation of items which we should like to possess in detail. Sometimes those details have survived in rotuli de particulis, and it is these precious documents which Professor Edwards has laid under heavy contribution. Such evidence is not easily interpreted, and the author scrupulously sets out its limitations; but as a result of his expert analysis it is seen to embody clear and valuable information on the four topics selected for discussion. For example, there is a statement of 'particulars' which records, week by week from 30 December i 285 until I4 September i286, the numbers of workmen employed at Harlech and the rates of wages paid to them. This unusually complete set of data is ingeniously and convincingly used by the author as a conversion table to calculate the average weekly number of workmen employed at other castles where the only recorded facts are those normally given in the enrolled accounts: the total sum paid out in wages during a given length of time. These calculations, on which the author's conclusions regarding the size of the labour force employed are principally based, are explained and given detailed demonstration in an appendix. The reasonable accuracy of the results is in one important instance corroborated by independent evidence. The author's major achievement among many is to bring the subject away from the realms of archaeology and military history and to place it firmly in a milieu to which it also belongs-in that of the history of government. He reveals the process of castle-building as 'a medieval state-enterprise'. It is not only in our own day that the provision of the largest and most intricate pieces of military equipment has strained the state's resources of finance and labour. The Middle Ages knew problems comparable in character, even if simpler and smaller in scale. The author shows that during the quarter of a century down to -I30i,when Wales passed as a principality to his son, Edward spent no less than ?8o,ooo on these buildings, and during some seasons employed as many as 4,000 workmen. Many of these were skilled men-masons, quarriers, carpenters and smiths-who (like the necessary finances) were not available from within Wales itself, and who were impressed not only from the western English shires, but from those as distant as Yorkshire, Lincoln and Cambridgeshire. The fact bears out Professor Edwards' comment that the recruiting of such a force 'might not be a negligible draught upon the total available pool of mobile labour', just as the financial crisis of i296 'was largely the slow product

Types of the Development of Coastal Cities in Chûgoku and Shikoku Districts

Along the coasts of Chugoku and Shikoku districts, there are numerous cities with different historical backgrounds offering good examples for the analysis of the types of coastal cities. The writer selected 21 cities in these districts, and induced the regional types of their developments according to the periods in which the cities were founded, and to their relation with such factors as the construction of castles, the development of ports and railway stations. They are summarized as follows.1) The coastal cities in Southern Shikoku are backward in development.2) In Sanyo district, in accordance with the development of deltas, cities extended toward the coast after the construction of castles in feudal days.3) In Northern Shikoku, the castles are generally located on the coast, and the cities developped inland from the coast.4) The difference in the development of cities between Sanyo district and Northern Shikoku are because in the former area the deltas are generally big and rapid in growth, while in the latter they are small and slow in growth.

5025 塗籠式城郭建設にともなう左官工事の発展(歴史・意匠)

5025 塗籠式城郭建設にともなう左官工事の発展(歴史・意匠)