Market Constraints Research Articles

An Introduction to Lagrange Multipliers: Theory and Applications in Economics

The purpose of this paper is to explore the basic applications of the Lagrange multiplier method in economics and to help beginners build their understanding of this mathematical tool. Tesla Inc. is used as a case study to examine how it maximizes profits by optimizing pricing and marketing expenses under given market conditions and constraints. The context of the study includes the importance of maintaining Tesla’s leadership position as the world’s leading electric car manufacturer in a competitive market. In this paper, the Lagrange multiplier method is used to incorporate specific market share and marketing expense constraints into the profit function and to find the extreme values by constructing the Lagrange function and solving for the derivatives. However, the results of the study show that the solutions obtained are extreme minima rather than the expected maxima. This result highlights the possible limitations of the Lagrange multiplier method in economic optimization problems. Nonetheless, this paper provides valuable lessons for understanding and applying the Lagrange multiplier method and points the way for further research on the application of optimization methods in economic decision making.

Examining purchasing strategies in public food procurement: Integrating sustainability, nutrition, and health in Spanish school meals and social care centres

Sustainable Public Food Procurement (SPFP) is pivotal in advancing sustainable and healthier food systems. However, practical gaps persist in understanding how policies function at the local implementation. This study addresses these gaps by analysing 22 SPFP contracts for school meals and social care centres in Spain, focusing on implementation while contextualizing findings within the broader policy cycle. This research categorizes SPFP criteria in tenders and evaluate their potential for actionability across sustainability, nutrition, & health dimensions. It also explores how these criteria are combined into purchasing strategies to achieve simultaneous or individual goals. Key findings reveal a strong use of product quality criteria, particularly organic foods, supported by policy and ease of implementation. However, non-ambitious targets, market constraints and procurement officers’ limited knowledge hinder progress. The study highlights significant adoption of nutritional & health criteria, though non-mandatory policies and varying regional targets impede consistent implementation and reveal gaps in promoting healthy and sustainable dietary practices. Environmental criteria are widely used signalling policy priorities within the EU policy framework. In contrast, proximity and social criteria are underutilized due to regulatory constraints and insufficient guidance. Despite these challenges, innovative local procurement strategies are utilized to overcome barriers. At the strategy level, the study reveals diverse approaches to SPFP implementation, highlighting adaptability but underscoring the need for flexible frameworks that accommodate local variations while aligning with broader EU or national goals. This research advocates for a holistic approach to SPFP that addresses both the practical challenges of implementation and the systemic issues present in the earlier stages of policy development.

The Relationship Between ESG Ratings and Digital Technological Innovation in Manufacturing: Insights via Dual Machine Learning Models

In the era of the current scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation, digital technology innovation serves as a critical driver for the high-quality development of manufacturing enterprises. The dual attributes of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) ratings, encompassing "internal governance" and "external support," play a pivotal role in propelling digital technology innovation within these enterprises. This study utilizes a dual machine learning approach to empirically investigate the influence of ESG ratings on the digital technology innovation of manufacturing enterprises and explores the underlying mechanisms. Findings indicate that ESG ratings significantly boost digital technology innovation by alleviating financial market constraints, enhancing customer stability in the product market, elevating human resource levels, and increasing innovation awareness and efficiency. These improvements occur through the mechanisms of "external support" and "internal governance." Moreover, the study reveals that ESG ratings substantially enhance digital technology innovation in state-owned and high-tech manufacturing enterprises, in contrast to their limited impact on non-state-owned and non-high-tech counterparts. Conclusively, the paper proposes policy recommendations focused on heightening enterprise and societal awareness of ESG importance, intensifying supervision and enforcement, and refining the ESG rating system.

Production and marketing of aromatic (katarni) rice cultivation in Bihar : an economic analysis

Bihar has been traditionally an aromatic rice growing state of India, where varieties like Katarni, Tulsi, Manjari, Badshahbhog, Br9 etc. are grown since decades. Among these, the most important katarni rice is being cultivated in about 368 ha, area in district of Bhagalpur, Bhanka and Munger. Due to its aromatic and other qualities this variety has also been awarded G.I. Tag in the year 2016. The present study is based on primary data (kharif 2019) collected from a sample of 90 katarni rice growers selected randomly from the Jagadishpur block of Bhagalpur district to analyzecost of cultivation, resource use efficiency, marketable surplus, price-spread and constraints. The findings show that the average cost of cultivating katarni rice was estimated as Rs. 50326 per ha, including 82.84 and 17.16 per cent of variable and fixed cost, respectively. The yield of katarni rice was estimated as 24.52 q ha-1. The resource use efficiency showed that seed, fertilizer, irrigation and labor were underutilized and therefore their quantity is to be increased to increase the yield of katarni rice. The marketable surplus of katarni rice was estimated as13.70 and 37.17 quintals on two categories of farms, respectively. The higher producers' share in consumers' price (71.79 per cent) was found under Channel II and Channel III while it was 68.33 per cent under Channel I. The major production constraints identified were rainfall pattern (Garrett Score: 65.48) followed by quality seed (GS: 54.27), availability of urea (GS: 55.63) and pest & diseases (GS: 62.50). The important marketing constraints included selling produce at village market (GS: 64.44). The area under this variety is found to be declining due to introduction of other high yielding varieties.The study concludes that in spite of low productivity and various constraints, the farmers of area are traditionally & religiously attached with katarni rice and feel proud to cultivate it. Therefore, to protect this premium rice variety there is need for assured availability of quality seed, irrigation and post-harvest processing including marketing with remunerative price.

Sustainable Supply Chain Management for Business Competitiveness: A Systematic Literature Review

The goal of this systematic literature review (SLR) is to present a thorough examination of the connection between corporate competitiveness and sustainable supply chain management (SSCM). Based on 74 publications from reliable sources, including Science Direct, JSTOR, IEEE Xplore, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, this review combines data to highlight important concepts, conceptual frameworks, and research findings. According to the review, supply chain strategies that incorporate sustainability principles can improve social responsibility, environmental performance, and economic viability—all of which support long-term competitiveness. The analysis reveals that among the key success factors within SSC that are related to social and environmental impacts, operational resilience and continuity, financial performance, technological innovation, technological innovation, differentiation, regulatory compliance and industry standards, customer satisfaction and loyalty, and resource efficiency and cost savings. Transparency and traceability, market and reputation benefits, risk management techniques, and circular economy ideas are some of the best ways that SSC practices boost company competitiveness. However, some of the biggest obstacles to supply chain management (SSCM) that undermine firm competitiveness are high beginning costs, complexity, supply chain interruptions, and market constraints. The review expands on our knowledge of the ways in which SSCM boosts corporate competitiveness. Discussions are held regarding conclusions, suggestions for additional study, and theoretical and practical ramifications.

Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Farming Systems

Sustainable intensification of smallholder farming systems has emerged as a crucial strategy for addressing the dual challenges of food security and environmental sustainability in developing regions. This approach seeks to increase agricultural productivity on existing farmland while minimizing negative environmental impacts and ensuring the social and economic well-being of smallholder farmers. This article explores the principles, practices, and potential benefits of sustainable intensification within smallholder farming systems. By integrating improved agricultural techniques, such as agroecology, precision farming, and integrated pest management, with local knowledge and resources, sustainable intensification aims to enhance crop yields, soil health, and resource efficiency. The study also examines the barriers to adopting these practices, including limited access to technology, market constraints, and policy gaps, while highlighting the role of community engagement, education, and supportive policies in overcoming these challenges. Furthermore, the article discusses the implications of sustainable intensification for climate resilience and biodiversity conservation, emphasizing its potential to contribute to global efforts to achieve sustainable development goals. The findings suggest that with the right support and adaptation to local conditions, sustainable intensification can play a vital role in transforming smallholder farming systems into more productive, resilient, and sustainable sources of food and livelihoods.

Constraints in Production and Marketing of Ginger in state of Telangana, India

Constraints in Production and Marketing of Ginger in state of Telangana, India

SOCIOPRENEUR IN DIGITAL MARKETING: EMPOWERING THE MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (MSMES) IN BOJONGPICUNG VILLAGES

The Indonesian economy is largely derived from Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The MSME sector has a strategic role in the Indonesian economy because it is significant in contributing to the formation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). However, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) tend to not keep up with the development of digital technology, mainly due to a lack of knowledge about digital marketing. Therefore, the Postgraduate Muslim Student Association (HIMMPAS) of Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia conducted training through social entrepreneurship activity in Bojongpicung Village and Jati Village, Cianjur Regency, West Java. This training aimed to provide insight to MSME practitioners by optimizing the potential of MSMEs through digital marketing to improve the economy of the local community in Bojongpicung Village and Jati Village, Bojongpicung District, Cianjur Regency, West Java. The MSME participants involved in this training totaled 11 people from various industries. This program applied direct training and mentoring methods. The discussion in this article aimed to identify constraints or problems experienced by the MSMEs and evaluate the participants' level of satisfaction with the implementation of the training activities. The results showed that MSME participants have constraints in product marketing, funding, and traditional production equipment. After being trained, MSME participants found several relevant solutions for the development of their MSME businesses through digital marketing. In addition, the material provided was in accordance with the needs of MSME participants. MSME participants also realized that they still need more similar training in the future.

Turmeric Cultivation in Erode District: An Analysis of Farmer Constraints

Turmeric farming is a key agricultural activity in the Erode District of Tamil Nadu, contributing significantly to the region's economy. However, farmers in this area face a myriad of constraints that hinder their productivity and economic stability. This study investigates the specific challenges encountered by turmeric growers, focusing on technical, economic, marketing, storage, and general constraints. In terms of production, consumption, and exports, India leads the world in turmeric usage. India is estimated to produce 11.7 lakh metric tonnes of turmeric in 2022–2023. Telangana, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal are the main states in India that produce turmeric. In Tamil Nadu, 96,000 metric tons of turmeric are grown around 20,000 hectares. An ex-post facto research design was employed, with Kodumudi Block selected due to its prominence in turmeric cultivation in Erode district. A proportionate random sampling technique was used to select 120 respondents from five villages: Vengampur, Punjai Kollanali, Unjalur, Kollathupalayam, and Kodumudi. The inclusion of an interview schedule as the data collection tool adds depth to the study, as it allows for a structured approach to gathering information directly from the respondents, ensuring the reliability and validity of the findings. The data that were gathered was compiled and subjected to suitable statistical analysis like cumulative frequency method, percentage analysis and ranking method. The findings reveal that the most critical issues include high fluctuations in market prices, pest and disease outbreaks, inadequate storage facilities, and a lack of technical guidance. Economic challenges such as high input costs, difficulty in securing loans, and insufficient subsidies further exacerbate the situation. Marketing constraints, including poor transportation infrastructure and the absence of regulated markets, force farmers into distress sales. General issues like labor shortages and inadequate irrigation facilities add to the farmer burdens. To address these challenges, the study suggests implementing efficient irrigation systems, promoting integrated pest management (IPM) programs, establishing community-based storage facilities, and strengthening farmer cooperatives to enhance their bargaining power. Additionally, introducing government-backed procurement systems with minimum support prices (MSP) and improving access to financial services are recommended as the solutions. By tackling these constraints, the study aims to enhance the sustainability and profitability of turmeric farming in Erode District, ensuring a stable livelihood for the farmers.

Carbon pricing under electricity market constraints: analyzing rent management dynamics in the Republic of Korea

ABSTRACT How do policymakers manage the tension between enforcing a carbon price and ensuring low-cost electricity provision? This paper answers this question in two steps. First, it combines literature on electricity market design and rent management to arrive at a novel analytical framework. Carbon pricing can disrupt longstanding rent transfers between the state and electricity consumers by making it more expensive to produce and/or consume fossil fuel-based electricity. We theorize that policymakers respond to this dilemma by making incremental policy design adjustments to gradually enforce rent losses across the electricity production value chain. We apply this framework to study the implementation of the Korean emissions trading scheme (ETS) policy 2015–2022. Drawing on 20 expert interviews and policy documents we identify an initial sequence of policy design adjustments which enable, but also delay, the enforcement of the carbon price signal in the electricity system. This incremental and politically contentious process reduces the ETS policy’s ability to abate greenhouse gas emissions from the Korean electricity sector in the short term. The findings suggest that the effectiveness of carbon pricing in the electricity sector hinge on the parallel construction of supportive institutions to permit meaningful carbon cost pass-through.

Original Research Article Analyzing Price Behaviour and Constraints in Marketing of Small Onion in Tamil Nadu, India

This study examines market trends and seasonal patterns in small onion Markets in Tamil Nadu, while also investigating challenges faced by various stakeholders in the onion supply chain. The various analyses have made use of secondary data that has been gathered from different sources. The NHRDF office in Coimbatore, NHB website and AGMARKNET website are the sources of the monthly data on wholesale market prices and arrivals of small onions f markets of Dindigul, Chennai, Coimbatore and Idukki from 2014 to 2023. Primary data also obtained to fulfill the one of the research objectives by surveying the sample of respondents. Two districts were selected purposefully: Perambalur and Trichy districts, based on the top onion producing districts in Tamil Nadu. The sample size constitutes 180 respondents (80 farmers, 40 retailers, 20 wholesalers and 40 consumers) were randomly interviewed with help of pre structured interview schedule. Trend analysis revealed increasing price trends across all markets, with Idukki experiencing the highest rate of increase. Seasonal index analysis indicated that prices in Tamil Nadu markets are influenced by arrivals, with lower prices during peak arrival periods., while Idukki market in Kerala prices less influenced by arrivals. Farmers struggle primarily with high labor costs (78%) and high cost of fertilizers pesticides and machineries (68.7%), while consumers face problems with price fluctuations (68.8%) and quality concerns (68.6%), retailers face problems with lack of storage facilities (76.27%) and absence of facilities for grading (64.85%), and wholesalers struggle with financial risks (79.2%). The study's findings will aid policymakers to focus on improving market infrastructure, regulating intermediaries, and supporting farmers in managing costs. Leveraging existing labor schemes could help alleviate workforce shortages. Furthermore, customers would gain from initiatives to maintain price stability and raise quality standards.

Clients’ Perceptions of Authentic Intimate Connection on Erotic Webcam Modeling Sites

ABSTRACT While early uses of technology in the sex industry centered on increasing accessibility to pornography or expanding advertising opportunities for direct service sex workers, the growing prevalence of personalized, platform-based sexual technologies reflects the postindustrial paradigm of sexual labor in which “authentic” emotional and physical connection is increasingly prioritized. In this study, we explored how erotic webcam modeling platforms (e.g. LiveJasmin) exemplify “bounded authenticity” by offering clients an experience of “genuine” intimacy that is nevertheless constrained by both its transactional nature and technological reality. We conducted a web-based survey of LiveJasmin clients (N = 2,047) in 2020. We assessed participants’ perceptions of the authenticity of their emotional bonds with models – and the boundaries that potentially constrain these relationships – via quantitative and qualitative measures. Quantitative results revealed that 65% of participants reported having ever experienced an emotional bond with a model, with over half of participants (51.6%) reporting that they believed the models cared about their lives outside the platform. Providing nuance to these findings, qualitative results illustrated the ways in which participants’ perceptions of the emotional authenticity and boundaries of these relationships varied, with participants reporting a range of experiences that extended from perceived “real” connections to those that feel transactional and hollow, but nevertheless shaped by the platform. Our findings ultimately underscore how camsite clients’ perceptions of these relationships mirror the tension between desiring genuine feelings of emotional intimacy from the models and the market and technological constraints of these experiences.

Constraints in Production and Marketing in Perception of Fish Farmers and Market Intermediaries of Inland Fisheries in Khammam District of Telangana State, India

The study focuses on Khammam district in Telangana, a significant region for fish farming. Using primary data collected through personal interviews with fish farmers (60) and market intermediaries. The present study aims to identify the constraints in fish production and status of marketing using Garrett’s ranking technique. The major constraints in fish production were identified include high feed costs (Garrett score- 71.41), lack of market facilities (68.55), and inadequate capital (68.15). For marketing, addressing the key issues include high price fluctuation (60.4) in the fishes, high transportation costs (56.13), and lack of market infrastructure (53.53).These results point to important issues that must be resolved in order to increase the productivity and sustainability of fish farming and marketing. The most significant difficulties are those concerning infrastructure, such as lack of market facilities and high transportation costs, along with financial limitations like high feed costs and insufficient money. Addressing these challenges is essential for enhancing the fisheries sector contribution to food security and economic development, particularly in the regions of Khammam District in Telangana

Navigating Challenges: Groundnut Cropping Systems Realities in Tumkur District, Karnataka, India

India is the fourth largest oilseed producer in the world, contributing 20.80 % of the total global cultivation area and accounting for 10 per cent of the global production. Inspite of this India is one of the largest importers of vegetable oil in order to meet the growing needs of the population by bridging the demand and supply gap. This scenario is due to climatic factor and decrease in area under groundnut cultivation as well as in productivity. Adoption of cutting-edge crop production technologies in our nation led to a significant improvement in the output of oilseeds. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is called as ‘King’ of oilseeds a key oil seed crop in India, and it plays a significant part in bridging the country's vegetable oil deficit. The present study was conducted during 2023 in Tumkur district of Karnataka to know the constraints faced by the farmers practicing groundnut based cropping systems and suggestions given to overcome the problems. Sixty farmer of each CS-Ⅰ (Groundnut alone) and CS-Ⅱ (Groundnut + Redgram) were selected respectively thus, the total sample size was 120. An ex post facto research design was adopted. Data was collected using a pre-tested personnel interview method. The study revealed the major production, marketing, technical and financial constraints by the faced by the groundnut growers like high wage rate, price fluctuation, low price for the produce, exploitation by the middleman and non-availability of quality inputs at reasonable rate. The majority of these farmers advocate for a reasonable minimum support price for groundnut and seeds and fertilizers availability at affordable rates in time.

Analisis Strategi Pemasaran Syariah dalam Meningkatkan Penjualan pada Depot Air Minum Isi Ulang Water Zone

Drinking water according to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 492/Menkes/per/IV/2010 is water that has been processed or unprocessed, which meets health requirements and can be directly consumed by humans. In simple terms, drinking water goes through a gradual process to become drinkable. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research design. Qualitative methods, according to Meleong, are research techniques that produce descriptive data from people and actions that can be seen from written or spoken language. According to Kountur, this type of research focuses on describing a condition or situation as clearly as possible without assessing the research subjects. The results of this study are a description of information from the findings of researchers in the field that are real and factual. Researchers conducted a survey to the research location by means of interviews, documentation and observation of research subjects that had been determined by informants in this study. In its implementation, the Water Zone Refill Drinking Water Depot is a characteristic of Sharia Marketing, including. Theistic, Ethical, Realistic, HumanisticBased on the results of the research that has been conducted on the sharia marketing strategy carried out by the Water Zone Refill Drinking Water Depot, it can be concluded that: The Sharia Marketing Strategy that has been carried out by the Drinking Water Depot turns out to include sharia marketing, namely Theistic, Ethical, Realistic, Humanistic. Sharia marketing constraints include less than optimal marketing strategies, Tight competition among businesses, Low human resources. Solutions to sharia marketing constraints that have implications for increasing sales Changing the way of thinking from negative to positive. This is done in order to always be confident and optimistic in facing problems.

The constraints of production and marketing of farm produce in different farming system

The constraints of production and marketing of farm produce in different farming system

Constraints in production, marketing and processing of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Kurukshetra district of Haryana

Constraints in production, marketing and processing of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Kurukshetra district of Haryana

Constraints in production and marketing of indigenous Assam lemon farming: Insights from Assam

Constraints in production and marketing of indigenous Assam lemon farming: Insights from Assam

Value Chain Dynamics in Farmer Producer Organizations: A Review

Farmer Producer Organization (FPOs) plays a crucial role in organizing farmers to improve farming efficiency and market access. FPOs allow collective marketing and negotiating by uniting the produce of smallholder farmers. The value chain includes all processes that take a farm product from production to final consumption, such as manufacturing, processing, distribution, and selling. This study sought to investigate value chain dynamics, including FPOs, and identify success factors and obstacles. It applied a systematic methodology to examine market linkages and constraints faced by FPOs. The literature reviews available research highlights gaps and makes recommendations for future studies and policies. The report emphasizes FPOs' importance in enhancing value chains and assisting smallholder farmers, which is critical for agriculture sector resilience and growth.

INDEPENDENT DIRECTORS AND FIRM VALUE: NEW EVIDENCE FROM THE 2023 REGULATORY REFORM IN CHINA

This paper explores the “Measures for the Management of Independent Directors of Listed Companies” announced on August 4, 2023, for Chinese listed firms. We find that firms failing to meet the criteria in the Measures suffer losses in the stock market. The 2023 Measures exogenously increase the demand for qualified independent directors and incur high search costs for firms facing more labor market constraints.