Market Constraints Research Articles

Marketing Constraints and Price Perspectives for Onion in Khost Province, Afghanistan

The study was undertaken in the three districts of Yaqubi and Sabari, Mando Zayi and Bak of Khost province, Afghanistan, with the aim of evaluating marketing constraints, marketable surplus, intermediaries, and consumer perceptions regarding the price of onions. Despite its substantial influence on the economy and people's livelihoods, Afghanistan's onion marketing system has gotten insufficient attention. Onion prices in Afghanistan were volatile, which has a huge influence on the economy and people's capacity to buy basic foods. Data was collected from 120 farmers, 120 consumers, 30 wholesalers, and 30 retailers across the province. The study's main constraints faced by farmers in marketing onions included the majority of farmers 71.70 percent agreed that storage facilities were perceived to be expensive. 87.5 percent of respondents strongly agree that the lack of storage facilities was a major issue. Price changes were the biggest issue for customers, as 84.20 percent of respondents agreed. Limited market access was cited as a problem by 71.70 percent of respondents. The main constraint for wholesalers was the absence of facilities for grading onions, with 60.70 Lack of storage facilities was another key obstacle, resulting in 63.30 percent and No organizations (Councils) being available; 86.70 percent was a similar result for retailers too. The average onion production per Jerib of land was found to be 2386.16 kg/Jerib. Only 9.96% of the onion yield was used for domestic consumption, leaving the producers with a marketable surplus of 90.03%. Fluctuations in onion prices throughout different seasons were primarily attributed to the absence of proper storage facilities. The study has indicated that consumers tend to perceive the selling price of onions during the off-season as significantly higher than its on-season average price. The average price of onions during the off-season was 66.33 Afghanis per kilogram, whereas it was 22.16 Afghanis during the on-season. This indicated a significant price difference between the two seasons.

STRATEGI PEMASARAN PASTA UBI JALAR PADA PT GALIH ESTETIKA INDONESIA DI KECAMATAN CILIMUS KABUPATEN KUNINGAN JAWA BARAT

PT Galih Estetika Indonesia is the first company in Indonesia engaged in processing sweet potatoes with the main product being pasta. This study aims to describe the STP strategy, marketing mix and marketing constraints of sweet potato paste products at PT Galih Estetika Indonesia. This research was conducted with descriptive method. The research data were obtained through observation and in-depth interviews with the management of PT Galih Estetika Indonesia. Marketing constraint data is processed using fishbone analysis. Based on the results of STP analysis and marketing mix, sweet potato pasta products from PT Galih Estetika Indonesia can compete with competitors and have a broad market such as Korean and Japanese people who adopt a healthy lifestyle and understand the ingredients of sweet potato. However, marketing at PT Galih Estetika Indonesia still has problems at some time in the form of product color specification discrepancies which result in complaints from buyers. These obstacles arise due to the lack of effectiveness of employees at PT Galih Estetika Indonesia

Fish Marketing System in Nepalgunj Sub-Metropolitan City, Banke Lumbini Province, Nepal

The fish market is an active and complex industry that involves the purchasing and marketing of fish and related products. It is a crucial part of the comprehensive food system, providing a valuable source of protein and other essential nutrients to humans. The present study was carried out in the Nepalgunj sub-metropolitan city in Banke district, well known for fish varieties and traditional recipes. A total of 72 respondents including shopkeepers and workers from 25 shops were interviewed based on a semi-structured questionnaire, which included marketing structure, literacy of fish traders, knowledge of fish preservation and sanitation, resource preference, transportation system, demand & trade, and constraints of fish marketing. The study reported 14 fish species and one Penaeus species belonging to arthropods, also considered locally as a fish variety and imported to the Nepalgunj fish market as ‘Jhinggemachha’. The fish marketing system in Nepalgunj was reported poor and unsystematic in the lack of proper market infrastructure and facilities. The local government should develop a proper plan to monitor and improve the market hygiene and quality of products in the current fish marketing system.

Managing Physical and Market Constraints to Make Investment Decision: A Methodological Proposal Programmed in MATLAB

The need to seek a balance between installed capacities and demand is an imperative for all companies. To respond to this demand, various proposals have been formulated, among which the Theory of Constraints stands out, although the application of these methodologies is always limited by financial availability. This research shows the results of the application of a methodological proposal applied in a pharmaceutical laboratory that allows managing the increase in physical or market constraints, as appropriate, also considering the incidence of capacities in supply chain management. To achieve the proposed objective, programming in MATLAB R2019a is used. The systematic application of the methodology allowed an optimal use of financial availability, an increase in the capacity utilization and an increase in the profits generated during the process.

An Economic Analysis of Marketing and Disposal Pattern of Groundnut in Surguja District of Chhattisgarh, India

This study is confined to an economic analysis of marketing and constraints of groundnut in the Surguja district of Chhattisgarh, India. The 90 respondents were interviewed for the study during the year 2015-16. The main objective of the study is to analyze marketing cost, price spread and constraints in marketing of groundnut. Major findings of the study revealed that at their place three marketing channels identified for the groundnut marketing in Sarguja district viz., were Channel – I: Producer → Consumer, Channel – II: Producer → Village Merchants/ Retailers → Consumer, Channel – III: Producer → Commission Agents/ Wholesaler → Retailer → Consumer. The total marketing cost was higher in Channel III (Rs. 365.38) Compared to Channel I and Channel II. and the total marketing margin and price spread was also seen higher in Channel III Rs. (1457.22 and 635.00) because in the Channel III there were two intermediates, whereas in channel I and channel II there was only one Intermediates respectively. The producer share in the consumer rupee was higher in the channel I (97.55%). The market efficiency was higher in Channel I (40.98 %).

A Study on Consumer Buying Behaviour of Insecticide in Prayagraj Uttar Pradesh

Insecticides are the substances which are used to kill insects. They have the potential to alter ecosystem components majorly and are toxic to animals as well as humans. Some insecticides become concentrated as they spread in the food chain. Insecticides are insecticides that are formulated to kill, harm, repel or mitigate one or more species of insect. Insecticides work in different ways. Some insecticides disrupt the nervous system, whereas others may damage their exoskeletons, repel them or control them by some other means. They can also be packaged in forms including sprays, dusts, gels, and baits.
 It has been revealed during the study that there is availability factor which are affecting buying behaviour of TAKAF by different categories of respondents are availability at wholesaler shop (29.16%), availability at retailer shop (58.33%) and availability on online platform (12.50%) respectively. It has been revealed during the study that there is quality factor which are affecting buying behaviour of TAKAF by different categories of respondents are preventive (33,33%), curative (37.50%) and Safe to applicator (29.16%) respectively. It has been found during the study that the major constraint in marketing of TAKAF was the high cost of transportation with 30 respondents response ranked I, followed by shortage of trading ranked II, followed by Price fluctuation with 18 respondents response ranked III, followed by High cost storage with 16 respondents response ranked IV, followed by High prices with 15 respondent response ranked V, followed by storage with 14 respondents response ranked VI and lastly delayed sales with 6 respondent response ranked VII.

Investigating PhDs’ early career occupational outcomes in Italy: individual motivations, role of supervisor and gender differences

The paper examines how individual motivations, the role of the supervisor and gender influence the early career path of doctorate holders. We investigate PhD graduates’ occupational outcomes beyond academia in the framework of current literature on the oversupply of PhD holders and labor market constraints. Our analysis relies on two unique datasets. The first, at the national level, includes microdata from the Italian National Institute of Statistics regarding about 41,000 graduates who account for over 70% of the population of 6 cohorts surveyed for the period 2004–2014. The other dataset is from a single university, and resulted from an original survey of 760 PhD holders who earned their doctorates from the University of Turin in 2007–2017. We find that PhD holders’ motivation towards science is associated with their subsequent employment in academia or in other research and non-research jobs. Sponsoring support in early career and the supervisor’s propensity for basic research also play a role in the future academic career path. Gender differences in type of occupation, however, continue to persist even taking motivations and the supervisor’s role into account.

The Life Course of Unemployment: The Timing and Relative Degree of Risk

We use the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 to identify group-based trajectories of unemployment risk as workers age in the United States. Our novel methodological approach reveals 73% of full-time workers spend much of their 20, 30, and 40 s with a relatively low risk of unemployment. The remaining sizable minority varies in the timing and relative degree of their unemployment risk. Eighteen percent experience early career unemployment risk into their early thirties, well after the transition to adulthood. Chronic unemployment characterizes the labor market experiences of the remaining 9%. When expanding the sample to all workers, we find two key differences: the overall prevalence of unemployment is greater each year for all groups and the distribution of respondents across groups differs, with fewer workers experiencing Lower unemployment and more workers experiencing Early Career or Higher unemployment. Unemployment risk is shaped by experiences of long-term unemployment in young adulthood and early labor market constraints. Moreover, while men and women appear equally at risk of Early career unemployment, men are particularly at risk of Higher unemployment. Black workers were significantly more likely to be at risk of Higher unemployment, but only slightly more likely to be at risk of Early career unemployment. Since Early career unemployment risk gives way to steadier work for most, this suggests that some men and some Black workers face disproportionately high levels of employment precarity. Our findings point to the importance of a life course approach for understanding the relationship between unemployment and labor market precarity.

Digital Marketing Strategy to Increase Sales of SHIBIRU MSME Products

Social media is used as a digital marketing strategy by many companies. This strategy is also implemented by SHIBIRU, a MSME which is engaged in the production of natural dyes. The purpose of this study is to find a digital marketing strategy as an effort to improve product marketing performance, analyze the inhibiting and driving factors in the application of digital marketing, and find solutions to the obstacles in the application of digital marketing of SHIBIRU products. The research was conducted using qualitative methods. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with 11 informants consisting of owners and buyers of SHIBIRU. The data were coded using the NVivo 12 application. The results showed that the digital marketing strategy implemented by SHIBIRU included the initiation stage with the important elements of target audience and channel choice. The main inhibiting factor stems from the unavailability of specialized personnel in the field of digital marketing. The main driving factor comes from the existence of a fairly strong communication in the community between craftsmen who use natural dyes. The solution to overcome SHIBIRU's digital marketing constraints is to use specialized personnel with adequate and relevant capabilities to handle digital marketing.

Assessment of (hybrid)-electric drive-train architectures for future aircraft applications

Future regional aircraft and propulsion systems will have to address both a growing market and stricter environmental constraints. Besides the increase of component efficiencies, the technological transformation from conventional to (hybrid)-electric propulsion systems represents a paradigm shift with great potential for the aviation industry. In this context, economic, market-relevant as well as technological boundary conditions for the electrical and mechanical components are developed in this paper for a reference regional aircraft and are based on current research results from different institutions. The propulsion performance analysis of a conventional turboprop is compared and evaluated with a serial-hybrid and a fully-electric configuration (both battery-electric), status today as well as status ~2035, as an example, whereby the presented process can also be applied to other hybrid configurations too. An energy-optimised propulsion and operating concept is derived with regard to minimum resulting system weight. The results of this analysis help to define necessary boundary conditions for future subsystem investigations and identify key research items, especially in the field of the battery.

An Economic Analysis of Marketing of Maize and Constraints Faced by the Maize Growers in Production and Marketing in Ariyalur District of Tamil Nadu in India

The present study was conducted in Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu. Totally 100 respondents were randomly selected and interviewed from the district. The data was gathered in the form of pre-structured interview schedule. The study shows that different marketing channels with their marketing efficiency and major constraints faced by the maize growers in production and marketing of maize in the district. Totally three channels are shown in the study channel I with marketing efficiency 10.15, channel II with marketing efficiency 6.72 and channel III with marketing efficiency 3.84. For production the major constraints were eccentric rainfall, high input cost required for cultivation, high wage rate for labours, drastic pest occurrence and birds that eats the crop in budding stage, especially peacocks. From the above constraints, disturbance of birds was a major constraint. While discussing about marketing constraints, price fluctuation, distant market location, commission for middlemen, lack of timely credits and high transport cost. From the above marketing constraints, price fluctuations were a major constraint identified in Ariyalur district.

Characterization of indigenous chicken production and related constraints: Insights from smallholder households in rural Kenya

Indigenous chickens (IC) contribute significantly to nutrition and socioeconomic wellbeing of rural households. However, despite their potential, production remains low. Attempts to improve IC production among smallholder farmers in Makueni county, Eastern Kenya have achieved little success due to a variety of constraints. This paper explores IC production characteristics and compares the ranks assigned to production and marketing constraints across geographic regions and in male and female-headed households. A descriptive quantitative household survey of 1217 respondents drawn from IC rearing households was conducted and the results integrated with qualitative findings from 22 informants. Results showed an average flock size of 14.9 ± 15.94 IC per household, with female- headed households having relatively fewer chicken than male-headed households. However, relatively more chicken (15.9 ± 18.9) were lost per household during the last disease outbreak compared to the number kept at the time of study. Production system was largely free-range in nature with minimal provision of supplementary feeds. Disease (1.13±0.5), predation (3.16±1.9) and low market prices (3.89±1.9) were three top ranked (Mean Rank±SD) constraints in that order. Lack of capital, high cost of inputs, poor access to extension services and poor access to knowledge ranked significantly higher in female-headed households and in remote areas, while low market price ranked higher in male-headed households. Failure to agree on the selling price was the major constraint to marketing, while rejection of IC due to diseases, inability to agree on selling price and rejection due to size ranked higher in female-headed households compared to male-headed households. Interventions modeled towards improving biosecurity measures to curb diseases, financial empowerment and facilitating access to markets for smallholder farmers should be prioritized.

Mobile financial service-enabled micro-businesses driving sustainable value creation in emerging markets

Financial service innovations open avenues for the financial inclusion and empowerment of micro-businesses in emerging economies. While there is a growing debate about the impact of such information and communication technology-driven business model innovations, this has not been studied on a supply chain (SC) level. Accordingly, this paper adopts a case study approach to analyze how mobile financial services (MFSs) enable sustainable value creation in emerging economy SCs. Semi-structured interviews conducted in Pakistan and four selected countries in Sub-Saharan Africa show how MFSs impact local micro-businesses' information, financial, and physical SC flows. This research demonstrates that value creation processes are driven by mobile business transactions that address market, regulatory, and socio-cultural constraints faced by micro-entrepreneurs in emerging markets. Thereby, we strengthen the understanding of the interplay between local conditions and the application of technological innovations promoting sustainable value creation along SCs. Various challenges and hidden consequences threatening value creation were identified. Further, this study provides a theoretical framework that merges constructs from the field of technology-driven innovations, (sustainable) business models, and (sustainable) SC management. This allows analyzing with and for whom value is created from an SC perspective.

A safety check method to maximize the effective reserve by optimizing the power of the tie-line in the power market

To ensure the stability of the electricity spot market and the safety of the provincial and regional power systems, a safety check method is proposed to maximize the effective reserve resources in the power system by optimizing the power of each tie-line. This safety check method accurately models the tie-line equipment and the effective reserve resources and is coupled with each constraint of the electricity spot market clearing model to form a safety check algorithm to optimize the power of tie-line power. The model involved in this paper is a linear model, which has a clear implementation method in practical dispatching applications. Through this method, the power configuration scheme of each tie-line to meet the electricity spot market constraints can be obtained, and the safety check results have the executability of the power market. The rationality and feasibility of the safety check algorithm results are verified by simulating the provincial-scale electricity spot market. According to the simulation results, this method can release effective reserve resources and provide more guarantees for the safe operation of the power grid. In addition, this method can save up to 4.9% of the total operation cost of the power system and improve the dispatching economy of the power system. This method is of great significance to ensure the safe operation of the power system and the day-ahead market and real-time market scheduling in the actual power spot system. In addition, this method also has great guiding significance for the analysis of the actual reserve situation of the power market after the event.

A study on marketing practices and constraints perceived by goat rearers in Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh

A total of 240 goat rearers, selected at random from three animal husbandry divisions of the district, were interviewed by a pretested schedule and required data were collected, analysed and presented in the present study. Majority of respondents (52.50%) marketed the male kids at the age of 3-4 months, followed by 5-6 months (47.50%). Most of the rearers marketed bucks (63.75%) and does (81.25%) at the age of 5-6 years. Majority of respondents (68.75%) sold goats to middle men and disposed them in their villages (85.42%). The body weight of the animals is the main criteria for selling of goats (59.58%) and the goat rearers perceived the enterprise as remunerative (99.58%). The sale price (Rs.) of buck, doe and kid in the study area was 8662.50±198.87, 6022.92±75.63 and 2237.50±27.68, respectively whereas goat meat was sold for 473.96±2.07 per kg. Majority of the goat rearers perceived shrinkage of grazing and browsing area for goats, lack of financial assistance from banks/ government agencies for the purchase of goats, high cost of feed and fodder, lack of scientific knowledge about feeding and management of goats, feed and fodder shortage and lack of willingness of young generation to take up the goat rearing profession as major constraints in the study area.

Pelatihan Pemasaran Produk Melalui Instagram Di Kelurahan Pasar Bengkulu

Internet use in Indonesia is increasing from time to time. The online marketplace provides convenience for businesses to expand their product market more cheaply and effectively. The Pasar Bengkulu Village does not have any shopping complexes or markets with permanent, semi-permanent or non-building buildings. So this is a problem for the residents of the Pasar Bengkulu Village because of market constraints to market their products. To sell their products on the market will require additional costs for transportation thereby reducing potential income. Therefore, this community service activity aims to provide a better understanding for the people of Pasar Bengkulu Village regarding the optimal use of Instagram to increase business income.

"Assessment of Efficiency of Marketing Channels and Constraints in Marketing of Jute in Cooch Behar District, West Bengal"

"Jute is an important commercial crop with multiple uses. The present study looks into the marketing channels, price spread, marketing efficiency and marketing related problems of jute growing farmers in Cooch Behar district of West Bengal. A sample of 80 farmers and 10 market intermediaries each (faria or small traders and big traders) and two FPO were taken randomly. Three marketing channels were identified. Majority of the jute producers marketed their jute in channel I followed by channel II and channel III. Producers’ share in consumer rupee and marketing efficiency was highest in channel III followed by channel II and I. Major marketing problems faced by jute producers were involvement of more number of middlemen, lack of organized marketing system and high marketing cost."

Research on the Applications of Neural Network Algorithms in Deep Hedging

Under market completeness assumptions, hedging a portfolio of derivatives is straightforward. In view of friction, transaction costs, liquidity and other factors, a framework is presented to extend the pricing and hedging with the hedging strategy treated as a neural network. We study the deep hedging model under incomplete market constraints such as frictions, traction cost, permanent impacts on the market and illiquidity. We discuss the limitations of certain models concerning the applications in deep hedging with constraints. After which, we analyse the advantages of different models and their joint models and find that the hedging strategy is close to the Black-Scholes delta hedging strategy. An example is also given when training after designing two hedging models. The Black-Scholes delta hedging is indeed approximated by unsupervised learning.

Comparative analysis of production and marketing constraints of tomato growers inKarnataka - with special reference to Kolar and Belagavi districts

The present study was conducted to identify the constraints in production and marketing of tomato in the studydistricts.The study was conducted during the agricultural year 2020-21. The multi-stage purposive sampling procedure wasadopted to select the tomato growing farmers in the study districts. The study was purely based on primary data related toboth production and marketing constraints, were identified based on the opinion survey from 96 sample respondents.Garett’s rankingtechnique was used to evaluate the problems encountered by respondents of tomato growers. In thismethod, the farmers were asked to rank the given constraint according to the magnitude of the problem. In Belagavi district,major production constraints were requirement of better management practices (I) followed by high expenditure on plantprotection chemicals (II) and severe incidence of pest and disease (III). While, in case of Kolar district severe incidence ofpest and disease ranked first with mean garret score of 66.64 followed by high expenditure on plant protection chemicalswith mean garret score of 60.79 and timely non-availability of labours and high wage rates with mean garret score of 57.79.Whereas, in case of marketing constraints high price fluctuations stood first in both the districts.

Economic Analysis of Cucumber Market Performance and their Constraints in Sultanpur District of Uttar Pradesh

In this paper examine the marketing efficiency, marketing cost, market margin, price spread and marketing constraints in Sultanpur district of Uttar Pradesh. A multistage stratified purposive cum random sampling technique was applied for the selection of district, block, villages and respondents. Total 100 growers were selected randomly through proportionate allocation method in the population during 2021-22. The primary data were collected through survey schedule with the help of personal interviews. The objectives were achieved by using shephered's formula for marketing efficiency and Garrett ranking technique for the identify the major marketing constraints. There are three types of marketing channels were observed in cucumber marketing i.e., Channel-I (producer → consumer), Channel-II (producer → retailer → consumer) and Channel-III (producer → wholesaler → retailer → consumer). Overall maximum produce of cucumber was sold by different group of farms through channel-III. Moreover, cucumber growers were also faced different types of marketing constraints. Major three marketing constraints faced by the growers were perishability nature of commodity, lack of storage facilities and grading problems, respectively. Suggestions of cucumber farmers to overcome these constraints are storage facilities in mandi should be provided to the farmers for their perishable products and entrusting government representatives with marketing duties in exchange for a fair fee.