Market Constraints Research Articles

Decisions on subnational locations in China during the early years of WTO membership: evidence from the experience of Taiwanese affiliates

ABSTRACTFew prior studies have addressed how subnational differences within a country affect a firmʻs decision on location. We propose that two market constraints, product market constraints and factor market constraints reflect subnational differences in emerging markets, such as China. In addition, the effect of the investment experience of business group affiliated firms (BGAFs) has been neglected in prior studies on location. We propose that learning from the investment experience of other BGAFs in a specific subnational location could reduce the negative relationship between decision on a location and the extent to which they invest in it. Our data consists of Taiwanese firms doing business in China during the emergence of the new WTO institution in China.

Constraints of inland fish production and marketing in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka: A descriptive study

Constraints of inland fish production and marketing in Northern Dry Zone of Karnataka: A descriptive study

Stable allocations for choice-based collaborative price setting

Horizontal price agreements can fall within the scope of exemptions to antitrust competition if they are expected to create pro-consumer benefits. Inspired by such horizontal agreements, we introduce a cooperative game in which a set of transport operators can collectively decide at what price to offer sustainable urban mobility services to a pool of travelers. The travelers choose amongst the mobility services according to a multinomial logit model, and the operators aim at maximizing their joint profit under a constant market share constraint. After showing that various well-known allocation rules (i.e., proportional rules and the Shapley value) do not always generate core allocations, we present a core-guaranteeing allocation rule, the market share exchange rule. This rule first allocates to each transport operator the profit he or she generates under collaboration, and then subsequently compensates those transport operators that lose part of their market share, which is paid by the ones that receive some extra market share. This exchange of market share is facilitated by a unique price, which can be expressed as the additional return by cooperating per unit of market share. Finally, we show that, under some natural conditions, the market share exchange rule still sustains the collaboration when the transport operators need to pay back part of the joint profit to society.

MARKETING ANALYSIS OF CHILLI PEPPER IN KANO STATE MARKETS, NIGERIA

The study analyzed the marketing of chilli pepper in selected markets in Sumaila local government Kano State, Nigeria. The study focused on the socioeconomic characteristics of the chilli pepper marketers, profitability and marketing efficiency of chilli pepper as well as constraints of chilli pepper marketing. The result of socioeconomic characteristics showed that majority of the chilli pepper marketers (96.2%) were male and 46.2% were between the ages of 30-39years, and the majority of the marketers had attended various level of education in the study area which means they can read and write. The results showed that 69.8% of the sampled marketers have less than 10 people in their household. The result further revealed that 49.1% of the marketer’s haves less 10 years’ experience in the marketing of chilli pepper in the study area. Chilli pepper marketing was profitable venture with a net margin of 2,520.74 per 30kg of bag. Marketing of chilli pepper was found to be efficient in view of the high marketing efficiency obtained. The result revealed that the constraints faced by chilli pepper marketers were lack of uniform measure, poor credit facilities, transportation, inadequate storage facilities and poor market infrastructures. It can be concluded that pineapple marketing was profitable and efficient in the study area despite the constraints faced by the marketers. And therefore can be recommended that Construction of good road network to reduce damage of pineapple during transportation and plastics trays should be provided

Marketing management of cut flowers under protected cultivation

Pune and Satara districts ofWestern Maharashtra are the important districts cultivating rose and gerbera flowers.Markets are impulses for improved farm production and quality produce.Marketing management is useful for decision making regarding viability. Hence, an attempt has been made to study the marketing management and constraints in marketing of cut flowers under polyhouses in the Pune and Satara districts of Maharashtra by estimating thecost of marketing and price spread with the information on packaging, transportation and selling pattern of cut flowers. For the present study a sample of 30 rose and 30 gerberacut flowers growers was drawn from Pune and Satara districts. The primary data requiredon the various aspects were collected through pre tested questionnaire by personnel interview of respondents pertained to the agriculture year 2018-19.The data were analyzed with simple statistical tools viz., percentages and averages. Garrett’s ranking technique was employed to rank the constraints in marketing of cut flowers.The results revealed that, about 85 per cent of the rose produce and 82 per cent of gerbera produce sold in Pune and Mumbai market.On an average 74 per cent rose growers and 62 per cent gerbera growers sold their produce at a predetermined price.Commission of commission agents shared more than 50 per cent in cost of marketing of rose and gerbera cut flowers.The margins of wholesalers and retailers were higher in the marketing of gerbera than rose cut flowers. Producers share in consumers’ rupee was higher in rose cut flowersthan gerbera.Price fluctuations followed by increasing demand of dummy/artificial flowers was the major constraintin marketing of cut flowers.

Proper fund size: a perspective from both investors and fund managers

This paper proposes the notion of the proper size interval for funds and the market redemption return in fund markets. We establish a model to determine the proper size interval that accounts for the interests of both investors and fund managers as well as market constraints. We then propose a method to analyze fund managers’ abilities and fund sizes compared to the market averages. Using data on Chinese equity and hybrid funds for the sample period from 2009 to 2019, we find that there is a negative log-linear relationship between fund net excess return and fund size. Our model shows that both equity and hybrid funds experience the transition from being over-sized to properly- and under-sized. Under-sized and over-sized funds account for about 60% and 30% of the total sample, respectively, while less than 10% of funds have a proper size. Compared with over- or under-sized funds, funds with a proper size can generate higher returns and higher capital inflow. Our empirical results confirm that funds with higher managerial ability indeed outperform those funds with lower managerial ability, regardless of the category of fund size. Overall, our model provides a new method for fund investors, managers, and regulators to classify and evaluate funds.

Perceived Constraints in Marketing of Milk during Normality and Due to Lockdown in West Bengal

The study was undertaken with an objective to assess the perceived constraints in marketing of milk during normality and due to lockdown in West Bengal. In all, 120 dairy farmers were randomly selected using two marketing channels such as (i) Producer – Consumer (ii) Producer – Milkman -Consumer having equal proportion from both the channels from two blocks of Malda district. The perceived constraints faced and suggestions in improving the marketing of milk were analyzed through Garrett ranking techniques. The study showed that the major perceived constraints in marketing of milk during normality were less remunerative price for milk followed by high seasonal fluctuation in demand and price of milk. But during the lockdown, the major perceived constraints were no market opportunities to sell their milk followed by problem of transportation and small opening hours of market. The suggestive measures recommended by the milk producer were to stable market and market rate of milk followed by proper marketing channel and higher opportunities in dairy product marketing. Further, creation of basic infrastructure needs to be done to strengthen the marketing of milk in the region.

Marketing of Mango: Perceived Constraints During Normality and due to Lockdown in West Bengal

The study was undertaken to assess the perceived constraints in marketing of mango duringnormality and due to lockdown in West Bengal. In all, 90 respondents were randomlyconsidered for the study with equal proportionate of small, medium and large farmers.The perceived constraints faced and suggestions in improving the marketing of mangoeswere analyzed through Garrett ranking techniques. The study shows that the majorperceived constraints in marketing of mangoes during normality were high fluctuation inmarket price during season followed by inadequate marketing channel and exploitation bymiddlemen. But during the lockdown, the major perceived constraints were no market tosell their mangoes followed by exploitation by middlemen and small opening hours ofmarket. The suggestive measures recommended by the mango growers to improve marketingopportunities were stable market rate according to grade of mangoes followed by propermarketing channel and elimination of middlemen. The mangoes growers had not felt needfor cooperative marketing network or formation of Farmer Producer Company for itsmarketing.

Unconnected to global network: Infrastructural deficit in Africa

AbstractSmall‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) are constrained and hindered from connecting to the global value chain. Specifically, we examine how domestic firms mobilize their innovative capabilities to respond to firm‐level and market constraints. Drawing on a sample of 29 managers and owners of manufacturing SMEs in Nigeria, we uncovered that frequent power outages impose difficult additional cost and operational challenges, impeding their operational competitiveness for regional and global competition. We shed light on how resource‐deficits and infrastructural impediments impact SMEs' operational activities and curtail their market competitiveness on the global stage. Further theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Web and social media approach to marketing of engineering courses in India

The Indian software industry is competing with the developed world counterparts and the same is true for other sectors like civil, chemical, mechanical and electronic equipment, etc. This success of the Indian industry is attributed by the vital input of the engineering education. The engineering education sector in India generates a storing pool of engineers for the industry. On the other hand, the higher education sector is taking a paradigm shift in India with many private universities and colleges coming into existence. These colleges are having a tough challenge to satisfy student's interest, while maintaining good infrastructure, good number of students, superior faculty profiles and excellent linkages with industry. The present work illustrates the current scenario of engineering education in India including the closure of a number of courses and colleges due to industry and market constraints. Creative skills used by private colleges to improve their marketing and advertising efforts include the analysis of their own websites and social media, tracking third party websites and then planning the content accordingly. All these web and social media trends have been presented in this paper considering the present day engineering education scenario. Challenges and opportunities available for this web and data analytics approach have also been presented in this work.

Swine Husbandry Practices in Ethiopia: A Review

In Ethiopia, swine are mainly raised under small scale production systems of urban and peri-urban areas. The swine sector has got very little attention compared to other livestock components. This happened mainly due to religious and social reasons. Swine breeds in Ethiopia consist of exotic breeds and their crosses. The indigenous pig is an animal which has been very neglected and wild. Although smallholder swine farmers make a contribution to the livestock sector, they are discouraged and constrained by issues relevant to culture and religion, in addition to feed shortage, disease, inaccessible market, lack of clear pig and pork marketing system, lack of transport, poor extension and veterinary services, lack of market and shortage of land as the major constraints of swine production and marketing in Ethiopia. This paper highlights the Ethiopian swine industry, the role played by the smallholder swine farmers, the constraints and recommendations to the policy makers and stakeholders on the way of promoting smallholder swine farmers. Keywords: constraints, government, swine production DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/12-1-03 Publication date: January 31 st 2022

Перспективы развития российской нефтегазодобывающей отрасли в контексте энергетического перехода и формирования модели низкоуглеродной экономики

The article analyzes the prospects for the development of the Russian oil and gas industry in the context of the energy transition and the formation of a low-carbon economy model. The paper considers the main prerequisites, factors and trends contributing to the transformation of global energy and challenges for the Russian oil and gas industry against this background. A comparative analysis of the energy paradigm of the present time and its evolution in the near future is carried out. The modern energy paradigm is characterized by the dominant influence of the use of hydrocarbons, unidirectional movement of energy flows from producer to consumer, a high degree of vertical integration of supply in the energy market, poor energy efficiency, simultaneous production and consumption of energy. The key factors in the development of the energy of the future are the decentralization of energy production, its intellectualization, the increase in the efficiency and scale of the use of renewable energy technologies, and the increase in energy efficiency in consumption. Against this background, the influence of the oil and gas industry remains unchanged for a number of strategically important areas: sea and air transport for civil and military purposes, energy in remote and hard-to-reach regions. The authors conclude that the strategic importance of the Russian oil and gas industry remains unchanged in the next 100-150 years in the competitive conditions of a volatile market and environmental constraints.

The obstacles facing Riyada- financed projects – A field study from the perspective of an entrepreneur in Asir region –: المعوقات التي تواجه المشاريع الممولة من ريادة – دراسة ميدانية من منظور ريادةً بمنطقة عسير –

The present research aimed to identify constraints facing projects funded by Riyadah: a field study from Riyadah's perspective in Assir region. And to study the hypotheses of the study represented in the presence of a statistically significant impact of the financing obstacles facing Riyada- financed projects in Aseer region The research was based on the descriptive and analytical approach, and the research population included all owners of the projects funded by Reyadah in Asir region, and a simple random sample consisted of (150) respondents was selected. The study concluded that the funding constraints facing projects funded by Riyadah in Assir region were of a average ratio, that the marketing constraints facing projects funded by Riyadah in Assir region were of high ratio, and that the administrative and organizational constraints facing projects funded by Riyadah in Assir region were of high ratio. Also, it was concluded that there is a statistically significant impact on each of (funding constraints, marketing constraints, and administrative & organizational constraints) facing projects funded by Riyadah in Assir region. The research recommended the necessity for Riyadah Institution to give the owners of the funded projects specialized courses in management and organization that help them in carrying out the tasks assigned to them, and the necessity to follow up the funded projects periodically so that the performance is evaluated on an ongoing basis and the mistakes are corrected. As well, Riyadah Institution has to provide help and assistance for various categories in order to create different job opportunities for many people.

Honey Marketing Systems and Market Constraints in Horo District Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Honey Marketing Systems and Market Constraints in Horo District Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Explaining transhumance-related violence: Fulani Ethnic Militia in rural Nigeria

The growing incidence of farmer-herder conflicts in Sub-Saharan Africa raises questions about its underlying causes. In Nigeria, for example, where both terrorism and farmer-herder conflicts have increased, questions arise about the roles of Boko Haram, vis-à-vis climate, natural disaster, grazing resources, market and policy-related constraints to grazing. To explain the causes of transhumance-related violence, we conceptualize push factors, which increase the spread of pastoral activities away from historical grazing areas; pull factors, which attract pastoralists to previously less-grazed areas; and escalating factors which explain increased pastoral violence in the latter. We further develop a theoretical location choice model to explain the grazing location decisions of herdsmen and violence resulting from resistance from destination communities. Using the Nigerian Fulani Herdsmen situation as a case study, we confirm the expected influences of hypothesized resource-related causal factors and the escalating roles of some economic, policy, market and land use challenges. Specifically, we empirically find that Boko Haram attacks escalate farmer-herder conflicts by intensifying the effects of drought, natural disasters, high temperature and other grazing constraints on herdsmen. We also explore possible policy solutions to the growing human casualty from violent attacks.

A kind of new time-weighted nonnegative lasso index-tracking model and its application

This study describes improved index-tracking methods to replicate the target index’s market performance in a high-dimensional sparse linear regression with nonnegative constraints on the coefficients. The main objective of this study is to construct a sparse portfolio with a better prediction effect and robustness. Considering the influence of time factors on index tracking, we propose a time-weighted nonnegative lasso index tracking model under different market constraints and define two new time-weighted construction methods. This index tracking model is an extension of Lasso and has variable selection consistency and estimation consistency under time-weighted nonnegative irrepresentable conditions similar to the irrepresentable condition in Lasso. We use the multiplicative updates algorithm to obtain the model’s solution since it is faster and simpler. The constrained index tracking problem in the stock market without short sales is studied in the latter part. The empirical results indicate that the optimized time-weighted nonnegative lasso index tracking model can obtain a smaller out-of-sample tracking error. The constructed portfolio has a better prediction effect and robustness, and we find that the exponential time-weighted method is better than the linear time-weighted method in capturing time information.

ANALISIS PENENTUAN STRATEGI PEMASRAN YANG TEPAT GUNA MENINGKATKAN POSISI PERSAINGAN PASAR PRODUK PAKAN IKAN PADA PT CENTRAL PROTEINA PRIMA TBK KIM II MABAR DELI SERDANG

Marketing strategy is important to measure the success of a business. This study aims to determine the marketing strategy and constraints in increasing the competitive position of the market for fish feed products at PT. Central Proteina Prima Tbk KIM II Mabar Deli Serdang. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research.the informants in this study were marketing and consumers from PT. Central Proteina Prima Tbk KIM II Mabar Deli Serdang The results of this study indicate that PT. Central Proteina Prima Tbk KIM II Mabar Deli Serdang has implemented a marketing mix strategy that uses 4P variables, namely Product, Price, Place and Promotion which is able to increase the sales volume of PT. Central Proteina Prima Tbk KIM II Mabar Deli Serdang. In this study, there are also supporting and inhibiting factors for implementing marketing strategies on the sale of fish feed products at PT. Central Proteina Prima Tbk KIM II Mabar Deli Serdang. The supporting factors are quality products, strategic locations and technology used. While the inhibiting factors for marketing strategies for fish feed products at PT. Central Proteina Prima Tbk KIM II Mabar Deli Serdang, namely promotions that have not been maximized and illegal fees often occur by irresponsible elements to suppliers.

Export Performance of MSMEs in India: Is Credit Constraint an Invisible Gorilla?

We examine the effects of foreign currency borrowings (FCBs) and domestic market constraints on the performance of the export of the micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) during the period 1988–2019. Our results show that access to the FCBs improved the performance of the MSME exports, indicating the importance of credit accessibility. MSMEs effectively utilise the grants when accompanied by credit facilities such as FCBs. We find that the high cost of debt and lack of financial development adversely affect the exports, as MSMEs are unable to borrow. The rupee depreciation alone does not help the MSMEs reap such depreciation benefits due to the lack of domestic credit. The recent policy stance of emphasis on MSMEs is expected to improve export performance. This study calls for the specialised window for the MSMEs to meet low cost and easy credit. The findings suggest stepping up grants to the MSMEs to improve the export performance. JEL Codes: F14, F34, F2, F31

A Study of Various Constraints in Lentil Production and Marketing in District Lakhimpur (Kheri) of Uttar Pradesh

Background: Lentil pulse crop on account of their vital role in nutritional security and soil ameliorative properties have been an integral part of sustainable agriculture since ages. The decrease in production and shrinkage in the area of pulse crops in Lakhimpur (Kheri), Uttar Pradesh is a cause of great concern. Keeping in view the importance of lentils, the study was carried out to examine the various constraints faced by the different groups of farmers.
 Aims: To study the various Constraints in lentil production and marketing.
 Place and Duration of Study: Lakhimpur (kheri) district of Uttar Pradesh, between year 2020 and 2021.
 Methodology: A total of 100 respondents were selected randomly from the Mitauli block of Lakhimpur (kheri) district, Uttar Pradesh and a pre-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data from the farmers. Respondents were classified into three ccategories based on their size of land holdings.
 Results: It is revealed by the Garrett scores that the major production constraint faced by most of the farmers was unfavorable weather condition (score of 66.39) and major marketing constraint faced was small quantity of marketable surplus (score of 61.98).
 Conclusion: From the findings of the study, it has been stated that there was a high level of constraints associated with production and marketing of lentils. Highly responded constraints for production were unfavorable weather condition(rank I), non-availability of quality water for irrigation(rank II),inadequate knowledge of recommended packages and practices (rank III).Similarly small quantity of marketable surplus(rank I),availability of reliable market information system (rank II) and price fluctuation(rank III)were the major constraints in case of marketing of lentils. Due to having these constraints, farmers faced a lot of troubles which hampered agricultural activities, increased quantum of credit assistance and led to selling of agricultural crops at low prices.

Market Survey of Fresh and Marine Water Fishes and Socioeconomic Conditions of Fish Retailers in Three Markets of Chattagram City

The study was carried out to survey the fresh and marine water fishes sold out in three markets of Chattagram city and socioeconomic condition of the fish retailers. Overall 29 fresh water and 24 marine water fish species were found to be sold in the three markets. Prices of fishes were higher in Kazirdewri Bazar followed by Riazuddin Bazar and Bohaddarhat Bazar. Data of fish retailers were collected through questionnaires in terms of age, income source, living standards, family size, financial facilities, literacy and education. Sole income came from fish business for 97% of the fish retailers, whilst 3% of the retailers did other business as well. Among 45 retailers interviewed, 40% were below 45 years, 53% were between 45-55 years and remaining 7% were above 55 years age. For coping with the business, 15% of the retailers were self-sufficient, 53% took loan from bank, whilst 32% took loan from local money lenders. Of the fish retailers, 34% was illiterate and 66% was literate, where 36% received up to primary level, 16% secondary level, 10% S.S.C and 4% H.S.C levels of education. In comparison with their education status their children were more educated (93%). Although their income was low, they tried to make their children educated, which is a good sign for our education sector. Transport cost, unhygienic market place, lack of sanitary facilities, poor ice-supply, exploitation by the middlemen, lack of proper management, lack of capital and the political disturbances were the common constraints of fish marketing. Necessary measures were recommended to overcome these problems. Bangladesh J. Zool. 49 (2): 277-288, 2021