Korean Consonants Research Articles

베트남 학습자들의 한국어 읽기에 나타난 자음 발음 오류

The purpose of this paper is to examine pronunciation errors in Vietnamese learners’ reading and analyze their causes. Above all, this paper will identify possible errors through contrastive analysis and language transfer to find out what the errors are and find their causes. Since most errors are fundamentally caused by structural differences between the two languages, this paper will analyze their causes through the differences and similarities between Korean and Vietnamese. Among them, this paper would like to discuss the transfer and difficulties from the perspective of contrastive analysis based on pronunciation errors in the tense consonants and tensified consonants of Korean, liquids and the nasalization of the liquid consonant, and voiced consonants and palatalizations in Korean, which are considered difficult for Vietnamese students. First, liquid nasalization errors turned out to be the most difficult for Vietnamese students. This is especially closely related to transfer and seems to have arisen from the tendency to pronounce the original Vietnamese 'ㄹ' [l] as it is. Second, in the case of tense and tensified consonants, tensified consonant process shows more errors than tense consonants. Third, because the final consonant 'l' is not allowed in Vietnamese, there is an error in pronouncing 'l' as 'n' when pronouncing Korean. Fourth, Korean consonants are basically voiceless. However, voiceless consonants between voiced sounds are pronounced as voiced. However, because Vietnamese has both voiced and voiceless sounds, there is the possibility of Korean voiceless sounds being pronounced as voiced. It was even observed that ‘kyotong’ (traffic) was pronounced [gyodong] or [g’yodong]. In conclusion, this paper shows that the differences between the two languages have a significant influence on language errors. To overcome this, it can be said that it is more efficient for language acquisition to reduce the influence of transfer and allow students to recognize the differences and similarities between the two languages through learning.

Phonological Interference of Indonesian Consonants Into Korean

Learning Korean as a foreign language requires accurate pronunciation. Korean language has 3 characteristics of consonants, namely basic consonants, fortic consonants, and aspirate consonants. This study aims to describe the phonological interference of consonants that occurs from Indonesian to Korean. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research method to find out what phonological transfers are found when Indonesian speakers pronounce words with three types of consonants in Korean. The subjects of this study were 5 Indonesian speakers who studied Korean. The five subjects were given a short story containing words with various consonants to read, and their voices were recorded. Analysis of the data showed that there were differences in the pronunciation of some Korean and Indonesian consonants in the phonological transfer when Korean was spoken by Indonesian speakers. There are 3 weak affirmative consonants in Korean /ㅈ j /, strong affirmative /ㅉc'/ and aspirational affirmative /ㅊ t h /, while in Indonesian there are 2 affirmative consonants, namely voiceless consonants /c/ and affirmative consonants /j/. This causes interference in the pronunciation of Korean by Indonesians. This research leads to the conclusion that factors causing mispronunciation include the application of Indonesian pronunciation rules when pronouncing Korean, because the sound of Korean phonemes are equated with similar Indonesian phonemes, and the lack of student training.

Voice Onset Time of Initial Stops in Najdi Arabic

The voice onset time (VOT), which indicates the durational interval from the stop release to the start of the voicing of the following vowel, has long been a prominent research topic in the field of acoustic phonetics. It has shown to be a reliable universal acoustic parameter in discriminating the stop consonants in numerous languages, like English, German, Korean, and various Arabic varieties. It also has been claimed that other factors, such as place of articulation, gender, and vocalic contexts, may affect the productions of the VOTs of the stop categories. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the VOT values of the Najdi Arabic (NA) stops, particularly the plain stop consonants /b, d, g, t, k/, and the potential effects of the place of articulation, gender, and vocalic contexts on their production. Sixty male and female native NA speakers were recruited in this study. The findings revealed that NA has two types of VOTs: positive VOTs with the voiceless stops and negative VOTs with the voiced stops. They also showed that the VOTs of the NA stops become longer when the articulators move back to the oral cavity and shorter in the front cavity. Lastly, the findings reported that the VOTs with short vowels are significantly shorter than the VOTs with long vowels and that gender does not affect the VOTs of the voiced stops, but does affect the VOTs of their voiceless counterparts. Hopefully, the conclusions reached in this study contribute to a better understanding of this interesting acoustic parameter and to the less acoustic literature on Arabic and its various varieties.

국어의 변(邊)자음

Traditionally, consonants are classified in terms of place and manner of articulation. In this article, it is claimed that a third parameter called mode of articulation is needed in some languages. In Korean the two modes are the mode of occlusive articulation and the mode of centrifugality. The two modes are in a tangential relationship, the latter mode deriving from the former mode. Thus, as the central region in the oral tract is clogged, articulation is pushed toward the peripheral regions, that is, labial and velar areas. In places of articulation then, Korean consonants are divided into two classes: central and peripheral. In this paper, several phonological phenomena showing the preference of the peripheral articulation are presented. (1) In progressive assimilation, central consonants assimilate to peripheral consonants, but not vice versa (e.g., 준비→줌비, but 삼도→*산도). (2) In umlaut, the intervening consonant must be a peripheral one (e.g., 어미→에미, but 언니→*엔니). (3) epenthetic consonants in hiatus and additive consonants in texting are usually peripheral consonants (e.g., 소아지→송아지, 하네요→하네욤, 아닌데→아닌뎁. (4) In consonant cluster simplification, of two coda consonants, it is usually the peripheral consonant that survives and the central consonant that deletes (e.g., 없다→업다, *엇다, but 젊다→점다, *절다). (5) In Chinese characters whose coda is ㄹ, the following central consonant is tensified, but not if it is a peripheral consonant (e.g., 일도(一度)→[일또] [ilt'o]; 일장(一章) [일짱] [ilʧ‘aŋ], *[ilʤaŋ], but 일과(日課)[ilgwa], *[ilk'wa]; 일분(一分) [ilbun], *[ilp'un]. Why this is the case is not yet known.

음향자질 비교를 통한 한국어와 우크라이나어 자음 간 대응 양상 연구

The purpose of this study is to compare the acoustic features of Korean and Ukrainian consonants so as to propose a practical transliteration of Korean consonants for Ukrainian learners. To this end, previous studies were examined concerning how Korean and Ukrainian consonants' pronunciations were written. In order to compare the acoustic features of Korean and Ukrainian consonants, the phonetic characteristics of Korean consonants – which are presented in prior research – have been summarized. Next, the Ukrainian utterance data were analyzed in order to measure the acoustic quality of each consonant. Based on the results of this analysis, phonetic transliterations of Korean consonants in Ukrainian were proposed. 'ㄴ, ㅁ, ㄹ' were similar to Ukrainian ‘Н, М, Р/Л’ with acoustic characteristics. 'ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ' correspond to Ukrainian voiced ‘Ґ, Д, Б’, while 'ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ' correspond to Ukrainian voiceless ‘К, Т, П’. However, there were no Ukrainian consonants that correspond to the pronunciation of the Korean aspirated ' ㅋ, ㅌ, ㅍ' and a tensed fricative 'ㅆ'. The affricative 'ㅈ, ㅉ, ㅊ' corresponded to Ukrainian 'ДЖ, Ц/ДЗ, Ч', respectively.(South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky)

山攝韻의 韓·日 漢字音의 수용양상 및 韓·中·日 漢字音의 대응체계에 관한 연구 -韓·中·日 漢字音의 통합비교분운표 데이터베이스 구축을 중심으로-

본 연구에서는 中古漢語 山攝韻의 <韓·中·日 漢字音 통합비교분운표>를 작성하여, 韓·日 漢字音의 수용양상 및 韓·中日 漢字音의 대응체계를 분석하였다. 지금까지의 논의를 근거로 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1. 開口1等 寒韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -an형, -e형, -a형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -an형, -al형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -an형, -atu형 順으로 반영되었다. 合口1等 桓韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uan형, -an형, -o형, -uo형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -an형, -oan형, -al형, -oal형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -an형, -atu형, -ati형 順으로 반영되었다. 2. 開口2等 刪韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -an형, -a형, -ia형, -ian형 順으로, 現代 韓國漢字音은 -an형, -al형 順으로 반영되었다. 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -an형, -atu형, -ati형 順으로 반영되었다. 合口2等 刪韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uan형, -an형, -ua형, -en형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -an형, -oan형, -oal형, -al형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -an형, -wan형, -watu형, -atu형 順으로 반영되었다. 3. 開口2等 山韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -ian형, -an형, -a형, -ia형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -an형, -al형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -an형, -en형, -atu형, -on형 順으로 반영되었다. 合口2等 山韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uan형, -ua형으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -oan형, -oal형, -oai형으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -atu형, -an형, -en형으로 반영되었다. 4. 開口3等 元韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -ian형, -ie형, -uan형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -ən형, -al형, -əl형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -on형, -etu형, -atu형 順으로 반영되었다. 合口3等 元韻은 現代中國漢字音에서 -yuan(üan)형, -an형, -uan형, -a형, -ue(üe)형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -uən형, -ən형, -an형, -əl형/-al형, -uəl형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -an형, -atu형, -etu형, -on형 順으로 반영되었다. 5. 開口3等 仙韻乙類는 現代 中國漢字音에서 -ian형, -ie형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -jən형, -ən형, -jəl형/-əl형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -etu형 順으로 반영되었다. 開口3等 仙韻甲類는 現代 中國漢字音에서 -ian형, -an형, -ie형, -e형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -ən형, -jən형, -əl형, -jəl형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -etu형 順으로 반영되었다. 6. 合口3等 仙韻乙類는 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uan형, -yuan(üan)형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -uən형으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -an형, -on형으로 반영되었다. 合口3等 仙韻甲類는 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uan형, -ue(üe)형, -ian형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -ən형, -jən형, -jəl형, -əl형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -etu형, -an형 順으로 반영되었다. 7. 開口4等 先韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -ian형, -ie형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -jən형, -ən형, -əl형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -etu형 順으로 반영되었다. 合口4等 先韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -ue(üe)형, -uan형, -ian형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -jən형, -jəl형으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -etu형으로 반영되었다.

舌音系 漢字의 韓･日 漢字音의 수용양상에 관한 연구 －韓·中·日 常用漢字 漢字音 통합비교분운표 데이터베이스 구축을 중심으로－

본 연구에서는 中古漢語의 舌音系 漢字의 韓·中·日 常用漢字 漢字音 통합비교분 운표를 작성하여 韓․中․日 漢字音의 음운체계에 관한 분석과 韓․日 漢字音의 수용양상을 분석하였다. 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1) 端母는 中國 中古音에서 t로 再構되며, 日本漢字音은 吳音․漢音 모두 タ행(t) 으로 반영되었다. 中世 韓國漢字音 자료에서는 t(ㄷ)/65字, th(ㅌ)/5字로 대부분 t(ㄷ) 로 반영되어 있다. 이러한 반영은 漢字音 유입 당시 古代 韓國語에 有氣音과 無氣音의 대립구조가 확립되어 있지 않았기 때문으로 판단된다. 現代 韓國漢字音에서 는 t(ㄷ), th(ㅌ), c(ㅈ), ch(ㅊ) 順으로 반영되었는데, 中世 韓國漢字音에 나타난 漢字 音보다 c(ㅈ), ch(ㅊ)의 비율이 높아지고 있다. 現代 中國漢字音에서는 d[t], zh[ʦ], t[th] 順으로 반영되며, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 タ행(t)으로 반영되어 있다. 2) 知母는 中國 中古音에서 ṭ로 再構되며, 日本漢字音은 舌頭音과 舌上音의 구별 이 없기 때문에 吳音․漢音 모두 タ행(t)으로 나타난다. 韓國漢字音은 t(ㄷ)로 반영 될 것으로 기대되지만 中世 韓國漢字音 자료에서는 t(ㄷ)/17字, th(ㅌ)/11字, c(ㅈ)1 字, ch(ㅊ)1字로 반영되었다. 現代 中國漢字音에서는 대부분 zh[ʦ]로, 現代 韓國漢字 音에서는 t(ㄷ), th(ㅌ), ch(ㅊ) 順으로 반영되며, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 タ행(t)으로 반영되어 있다. 3) 透母는 中國 中古音에서 th로 再構되며, 日本漢字音에서는 吳音․漢音 모두 タ行(t)으로 반영되었다. 日本漢字音은 有氣音․無氣音의 구별이 없는 日本語의 음 운체계상 端母와 같이 t로 나타난 것이다. 中世 韓國漢字音 자료에서는 th(ㅌ)/45字, t(ㄷ)/9字로 반영되었다. 現代 中國漢字音에서는 t[th], d[t] 順으로, 現代 韓國漢字音 에서는 th(ㅌ), ch(ㅊ), t(ㄷ), c(ㅈ) 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 タ행(t)으로 반영 되어 있다. 4) 徹母는 中國 中古音에서 ṭh로 再構되며, 日本漢字音은 吳音․漢音 모두 タ행 (t)으로 나타난다. 日本語의 음운체계상, 有氣音․無氣音의 구별, 그리고 t․c의 구 별이 없기 때문에 端母와 같이 t로 나타난다. 韓國漢字音은 th(ㅌ)로 반영될 것으로 기대되며 中世 韓國漢字音 자료에서는 th(ㅌ)/9字, t(ㄷ)/1字로 반영되었다. 現代 中 國漢字音에서는 ch[ʦh], zh[ʦ], x[ɕ] 順으로, 現代 韓國漢字音에서는 대부분 ch(ㅊ) 로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 タ행(t)으로 반영되어 있다. 5) 定母는 中國 中古音에서 d로 再構되며, 日本漢字音은 吳音과 漢音에서 タ행 (t)으로 나타난다. 漢音에서의 이러한 반영은 定母가 有氣音화해서 透母化한 秦音 을 반영하고 있기 때문으로 보인다. 日本 常用漢字音에서는 タ행(t), ダ행(d), ザ행 (z)으로 반영되어 있다. 中世 韓國漢字音에서는 t(ㄷ)로 반영될 것으로 기대되지만 t(ㄷ)/69字, th(ㅌ)/17字로 반영되어 있다. 이러한 반영은 漢字音 유입 당시 古代 韓 國語에 유성음과 무성음의 대립구조가 확립되어 있지 않았기 때문으로 보인다. 現代 中國漢字音에서는 t[th], d[t], ch[ʦh], zh[ʦ] 順으로 반영되며, 現代 韓國漢字音에 서는 t(ㄷ), c(ㅈ), th(ㅌ), ch(ㅊ) 順으로 반영되어 있다. 6) 澄母는 中國 中古音에서 ḍ로 再構되며, 日本漢字音에서는 舌頭音과 舌上音의 구별이 없기 때문에 吳音․漢音 모두 定母와 같이 タ行(t)으로 나타난다. 日本 常用 漢字音에서는 タ행(t), ダ행(d), ザ행(z)으로 반영되어 있다. 中世 韓國漢字音은 c (ㅈ)로 반영될 것으로 기대되지만 t(ㄷ)/34字와 th(ㅌ)/17字로 혼재되어 반영되었다. 現代 中國漢字音에서는 zh[ʦ], ch[ʦh] 順으로 혼재되어 반영되며, 現代 韓國漢字音 에서는 t(ㄷ), c(ㅈ), th(ㅌ), ch(ㅊ) 順으로 반영되어 있다.

중국 방언 화자들을 대상으로 한 한국어 발음 교육 연구를 위한 제언 -음절 말 자음 습득 관련 연구를 중심으로-

중국 방언 화자들을 대상으로 한 한국어 발음 교육 연구를 위한 제언 -음절 말 자음 습득 관련 연구를 중심으로-

A Phonetic Study of Korean Heritage Learners’ Production of Korean Word-initial Stops

The current study investigates heritage language (HL) learners’ production of the Korean three-way stop contrast. Korean consonants include a typologically rare distinction among three types of voiceless stops typically described as plain /p, t, k/, aspirated /ph, th, kh/, and tense /p*, t*, k*/. This study examines how this phonological contrast is implemented by HL learners enrolled in a beginning level Korean class at a university. Language-specific (i.e., English and Korean) gender effects in VOT are also explored in HL learners. The results show that voice onset time (VOT) mainly serves to differentiate tense stops from plain and aspirated stops, while f0 plays a significant role in differentiating plain from aspirated and tense stops in HL learners. This finding is consistent with accounts of sound change under way in current Korean stops. The inter- and intraspeaker variations or categorical confusion with Korean plain stops commonly shown in second language (L2) learners is not found in HL learners of this study. Hence, the results of the present study support the view that HL learners preserve the phonological and phonetic benefits in their HL. In terms of gender-based differences, VOT is found to be shorter for males in plain and aspirated stops, while it is longer for males in tense stops. Finally, this study also suggests that controlling the heterogeneity of subjects mitigates the methodological challenges of HL research.

이집트 한국어 학습자들의 한국어 음소 학습용이성*

This paper examines the perception of Korean phonemes by Egyptian learners of Korean and presents the learnability gradient of Korean consonants and vowels through High Variability Phonetic Training (HVPT). 50 Egyptian learners of Korean (27 low proficiency learners and 23 high proficiency learners) participated in 10 sessions of HVPT for Korean vowels, word initial and final consonants. Participants were tested on their identification ability of Korean vowels, word initial consonants, and syllable codas before and after the training. The results showed that both low and high proficiency groups did benefit from the training. Low proficiency learners showed a higher improvement rate than high proficiency learners. Based on the HVPT results, a learnability gradient was established to give insights into priorities in teaching Korean sounds to Egyptian learners.

초급 중국인 학습자의 한국어 자음 발음 유형 분석 -음절 경계의 자음을 중심으로 -

The goal of this study is to analyze articulatory errors of Korean consonants in the pronunciations of Chinese learners in Korean. In articulating Korean words, to enunciate any consonant sequence of a syllable boundary means to vocalize a final consonant by overlapping it with the subsequent initial consonant. This paper investigates these Korean phonological phenomena through the findings of Chinese students’ Korean pronunciations. There are three basic types of errors in phonetics at the consonantal sequences of syllable boundaries when Chinese students phonate Korean. Firstly, the syllable final deletion which is considered as the most typical error from Chinese learners occurs in various types of consonantal sequences. Although Chinese /n, ŋ/ can be distributed in syllable final positions, the Chinese students tend to delete Korean syllable finals such as ‘ㄴ,ㅇ’ due to their both distributional restrictions and characteristics of deleting convention of their native language. Secondly, the syllable initial alternation occurred in an isolated syllables can happen due to pronunciation errors of Korean obstruents. In this case, any syllable final consonants do not have any specific roles concerned with this progress. Lastly, the syllable final alteration attempted to the consonants has low sonority. The altered syllable final consonants tend to maintain their inherent places of articulations.

The Voice Notes and Arrangement in the Chinese Textbooks in Korea from the Consonants Comparison between Chinese and Korean : Taking Chinese initial teaching of Korean mainstream Chinese textbooks as an Example

The research scope of the thesis is limited to the initial stage of Chinese consonant teaching. Based on the research and development of Korean local textbooks and the comparison of Korean and Chinese consonants, the thesis combines Korean Learners’ pronunciation difficulties in Chinese learning, which examines the pronunciation arrangement and annotation of Korean mainstream adult Chinese textbooks.BR Firstly, the thesis investigates the consonant system and characteristics of Chinese and Korean consonants, and comprehensively describes the differences between Korean and Chinese consonants. For example, from the size of consonant catalogues in Korean, English and Chinese, Chinese consonants are more difficult than English consonants; at the same time, the Korean and Chinese consonants are contrasted around the pronunciation position and pronunciation method that some Chinese consonants are identical with Korean consonants in terms of pronunciation position and pronunciation method. In case of this, these consonants are taught in the same pronunciation of the mother tongue, which can improve the teaching efficiency. In addition, some Korean and Chinese consonants have similar pronunciation methods, but their pronunciation parts are different which will cause negative transfer when they are taught by the method of similar pronunciation in their mother tongue.BR Secondly, after investigating four mainstream adult Chinese textbooks widely used in Korea, there are two questions found by the author. On one hand, Korean learners’ recognition of Chinese pronunciation has been neglected. On the other hand, the arrangement of textbooks basically follows the arrangement order of the Chinese phonetic scheme, which is difficult to find a reasonable reason. Based on the comparative analysis and textbook survey results, and according to Prator

베트남인 화자의 한국어 자음 발음 오류 - 결혼이주여성의 자유발화를 대상으로 -

This study analyzed Vietnamese speakers’ production of Korean consonants and the pronunciation errors that occurred. For this study, I collected natural utterances from 26 Vietnamese marriage immigrant women in Korea. The results of this study indicate that Vietnamese speakers have difficulty distinguishing lax from tense consonants at word-initial onset position and aspirated consonants from others at word-medial onset position. At coda position, the most frequent occurrence was that the lateral /l/ was replaced with the nasal /n/. This is mainly due to the difference between phonemic systems of the speaker’s native tongue and Korean. Because there is no discrimination between lax and tense consonants, and the lateral /l/ is not allowed at coda position in the phonemic system of Vietnamese. However, phonemic correspondence between first language and second language can not account for all the observed errors. For example, /n, m, ŋ/ at coda positions were often confused in place of articulation even though the phonemic system of their native tongue has the consonants corresponding to each nasal.

Development of fricative sound perception in Korean infants: The role of language experience and infants’ initial sensitivity

In this paper, we report data on the development of Korean infants’ perception of a rare fricative phoneme distinction. Korean fricative consonants have received much interest in the linguistic community due to the language’s distinct categorization of sounds. Unlike many fricative contrasts utilized in most of the world’s languages, Korean fricatives (/s*/-/s/) are all voiceless. Moreover, compared with other sound categories, fricatives have received very little attention in the speech perception development field and no studies thus far have examined Korean infants’ development of native phonology in this domain. Using a visual habituation paradigm, we tested 4‒6-month-old and 7‒9-month-old Korean infants on their abilities to discriminate the Korean fricative pair in the [a] vowel context, /s*a/-/sa/, which can be distinguished based on acoustic cues, such as the durations of aspiration and frication noise. Korean infants older than 7 months were able to reliably discriminate the fricative pair but younger infants did not show clear signs of such discrimination. These results add to the growing evidence that there are native sound contrasts infants cannot discriminate early on without a certain amount of language exposure, providing further data to help delineate the specific nature of early perceptual capacity.

On the Interrelationship of Palatalization between Korean Chinese Characters and Chinesee

It is a discussion about the Palatalization between Korean and Chinese, which are same pronunciations of Korean traditional Chinese characters, such as ‘jeong (精)·cheong(淸)·jongmo(從母)’. The purpose is to find out the Interrelationship of Palatalization by the analyzing Korean and Chinese. In other words, the a dental consonants such as ‘jeong(精)·cheong(淸)·jongmo(從母)’ had been developed the palatal consonants. It is to establish the cause of sound changes whether are influenced by Chinese or Korean. As the Korean Chinese characters ‘jeong(精)·cheong(淸)·jongmo(從母)’, which are based on the middle archaic chinese, they had the same phonological environment ‘ㅈ[ch]’+[i, j]’ as the Chinese characters when they were accepted in korean chinese characters. The palatalization of ‘jeong(精)·cheong (淸)·jongmo(從母)’ happened in the internal factors of Korean language. The reasons are found in the timing of palatalization, glide-deletion, antipalatalization, overcorrection, etc. First, given the timing of palatalization, it was not very likely that the Korean chinese characters was influenced by the Chinese language. The Korean palatalization of ‘jeong(精)·cheong(淸)·jongmo(從母)’ happened in the 15th century and completed in the 17th century but the chinese palatalization started in the south China in the 15th century and in the north of China 18th century, completed it in the modern time. Second, [i], [j] had been existed from middle archaic China but the palatalization didn t occur. The cause of these differences was related to the Korea-Chinese consonant system. As a result, it was discovered that there are only in Korean caused by [i, j], is not related in modern chinese [y], [&#613;]. Third, considering the glide deletion during palatalization, it is hard to say that was influenced by the Chinese language. The reason is that the glide deletion has a different range of characteristics. In other words, the glide deletion of Chinese was antipalatalization not Korean case. Fourth, when we looked at the antipalatalization, Korean consonants ‘ㅈ[j], ㅊ[ch]’ had palatalized to ‘/&#678;/>/&#680;/, /&#678;&#699;/>/&#680;&#699;/’ in 17th century regardless of Chinses. However Chinese had antipalatalized dued to the of ‘[i]>[&#639;]’. Fifth, when Korean Chinese characters of ‘jeong(精)·cheong(淸)·jongmo(從 母)’, were over corrected, they appeared in ‘d/e/, t/ㅌ/’ in some cases but Chinses didn t. In the end, the Korean palatalization was based on the Korean inner changes. To conclude, ‘eong(精)·cheong(淸)·jongmo(從母)’ are based on middle archaic Chinese. Even though they had the same phonological environments as Chinese at that time, the Korean palatalization occurred in the inner factors.

한국어 평음 경음 격음의 지각과 산출-중국어권 학습자를 중심으로-

This study investigates how Chinese learners of Korean perceive and produce Korean lax, tense and aspirated consonants and how the perception and production are related. For this purpose an experiment was conducted in production and perception of Korean consonants with ten Chinese participants who were learning the Korean language for less than six months. According to the result, the Chinese participants had difficulties in perceiving Korean lax, aspirated, tense consonants in order and difficulties in producing Korean lax, tense and aspirated consonants in order. However, it is certain that there is correlation in perceiving and producing Korean tense consonants. In the experiment, most Chinese learners perceive Korean lax consonants as Korean aspirated consonants and produced them as Korean tense consonants. They mostly perceived Korean tense consonants as Korean lax consonants and produced them as Korean aspirated consonants. They perceived Korean aspirated consonants as Korean lax consonants and produce them as Korean lax consonants or as tense consonants.

A Study on the teaching contents of ‘Korean Alphabet’ in KSL textbook for school-aged children and youth - Focusing on the comparison of Standard Korean (for KSL learners) and Korean (for native speakers) -

This study aims to suggest improvements by analyzing teaching contents of `Korean alphabet(Korean consonants and vowels)` in Korean textbook, 「Standard Korean」 (which were developed by the curriculum of KSL for the elementary school, middle-school, high-school students of the multi-cultural background). In chapter 2, this study defines students who need to learn Korean as a foreign language, and the Korean alphabet(Korean consonants and vowels) in school. And it identify their characteristics of learners. They should learn not only Korean as a second language but also Korean as a first language. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the relation between `teaching contents of Korean as a foreign language` and `teaching contents of Korean as a first language` In chapter 3, this study attempts to check whether `the Korean alphabet unit of 『Standard Korean』 ` reflects the characteristics of learners. Therefore, this study analyze `2012 KSL Curriculum` and `2009 Revised Korean studies Curriculum`. And it compare the textbooks of 「Standard Korean」 and 「Korean」, critically describe the appropriateness of 「Standard Korean」. And it suggests the direction of the teaching contents of Korean alphabet for children and youth learners.

Tensification of English Loanwords in Korean

There have been no satisfactory analyses of tensification phenomena in explaining the behavior of word-initial tensification of English loanwords in Korean. The purpose of this paper is to examine tensification phenomena of English loanwords used by Korean speakers focusing on word-initial stop consonants. For this purpose, we propose the notion of strong and weak vowels, and argue that English /b, d, g/ are perceived by Korean speakers as the tense stops /p’, t’, k’/ before the strong vowels, /a, ae, ʌ, o/. Meanwhile, they become the lenis stops /p, t, k/ before the weak vowels, /i, e, ɯ, u/. This tendency can be interpreted as a hyperbolic perceptual strategy to enhance the distinctiveness of Korean stop consonants from English in the word-initial position. This matching of strong with strong and weak with weak between consonants and vowels constitutes another kind of co-articulation process. Thus we suggest a new vowel classification (i.e. strong and weak) is necessary in Korean phonology in addition to the Light and Dark vowel classification used for explaining vowel harmony and ideophones.

Phonological acquisition of Korean consonants in conversational speech produced by young Korean children.

This study investigates the phonological acquisition of Korean consonants using conversational speech samples collected from sixty monolingual typically developing Korean children aged two, three, and four years. Phonemic acquisition was examined for syllable-initial and syllable-final consonants. Results showed that Korean children acquired stops and nasals followed by affricates, fricatives, and the liquid. In general, Korean consonants were acquired earlier in syllable-initial position compared to syllable-final position, except for the liquid /l/. The findings are compared with previous research based on single-word assessments, and differences that appear to be associated with the unique morphological system of Korean are noted.

구개열 환자 발음 판별을 위한 특징 추출 방법 분석

This paper presents an analysis of feature extraction methods used for distinguishing the speech of patients with cleft palates and people with normal palates. This research is a basic study on the development of a software system for automatic recognition and restoration of speech disorders, in pursuit of improving the welfare of speech disabled persons. Monosyllable voice data for experiments were collected for three groups: normal speech, cleft palate speech, and simulated clef palate speech. The data consists of 14 basic Korean consonants, 5 complex consonants, and 7 vowels. Feature extractions are performed using three well-known methods: LPC, MFCC, and PLP. The pattern recognition process is executed using the acoustic model GMM. From our experiments, we concluded that the MFCC method is generally the most effective way to identify speech distortions. These results may contribute to the automatic detection and correction of the distorted speech of cleft palate patients, along with the development of an identification tool for levels of speech distortion.