Conservation Area Management Research Articles

EVALUASI DAN TINGKAT PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PENGELOLAAN KAWASAN KONSERVASI MANGROVE DI DESA MUNTE KECAMATAN TANALILI KABUPATEN LUWU UTARA

Evaluation and level of community participation in the management of mangrove conservation areas in Munte Village, Tanalili District, North Luwu Regency. This study aimed to: 1) Evaluate the level of community participation in the management of mangrove; 2) Determine the direction of the mangrove ecosystem management strategy. In addition, it was expected to provide information to stakeholders as a material consideration in taking mangrove ecosystem management policies in Munte Village, Tanalili District, North Luwu Regency. The research method was done by using a questionnaire. The data on internal factors namely the characteristics of participants' dividends in the management of mangroves of the mangrove tourism area which was done by filling out questionnaires and interviews.The results Community participation in the 75% criterion had a high level of participation by showing that the average value of the linkert scale showed a positive range. 25% of criteria indicated a low level of participation with a negative range value, some people consider that mangroves had unimportant benefits for the farm. The management strategy based on the scale produced for the management of mangrove ecosystems in Munte, namely (1) Organizing training on mangrove management skills (ecotourism and nursery) to increase community income and (2) Making regulations to control the use of community-based mangroves and also violations mangrove management violations.

Anticipating a new conservation bureaucracy? Land and power in Indonesia’s Essential Ecosystem Area policy

As an emerging policy in Indonesia, “Essential Ecosystem Areas” (EEA) is being established as an instrument to expand protections for conservation areas at sites beyond the classical domain of the conservation bureaucracy. The policy impetus is from recent global research identifying high conservation values located outside of formally designated conservation areas. EEA policy provides a foundation for justifying conservation practices at sites based on high biodiversity indicators, but which might not have previously held formal protections. This policy instrument is particularly unique in Indonesia because it is envisioned to support initiatives that emerge voluntarily, even in areas that might not have been historically thought of as conservation areas. This is unusual because it applies to all land categories, including private and public lands. In this article, we introduce the EEA policy and identify the potential applications it might have, considering the possibilities for future conservation area management in Indonesia. In particular, we identify some key principles for researchers and practitioners to follow when assessing EEA implementation. Our organizing framework consists of several elements based on existing land and power characteristics, which we connect to the institutions that might emerge amidst these new policy arrangements. We apply the land and power framework to two emerging EEA sites in Sulawesi to anticipate the extent to which the policy suggests a future trajectory for conservation management, or whether conservation policy will remain tied to existing rigid bureaucratic structures. Findings from the two cases point to the continued primacy of the centralized conservation bureaucracy, indicating that EEA sites are being negotiated through the classical approach for administering conservation areas.

Hukum Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam : Studi Konsep Desa Konservasi Berbasis Kearifan Lokal

The purpose of writing this article is to find out government policies related to the management of conservation areas based on local wisdom and know the concept of conservation villages based on local wisdom. Based on the discussion results it is known that government policies in the management of conservation areas are regulated in Law Number 5 of 1990 concerning Conservation of Natural Resources Its Biodiversity and Ecosystem are aimed at achieving goals in the field of conservation. However, this Law is centralistic, where the role of government is very dominant, ignoring the rights of local / customary communities (there is no recognition and protection of access to conservation areas and the right to control and use of indigenous / local communities over Natural Resources), as well as the role of pseudo. The concept of a conservation village is an approach to a conservation model that provides opportunities for people living around conservation areas to be actively involved in efforts to manage conservation areas and at the same time as an effort to empower communities based on local wisdom. Programs in the concept of conservation villages cover the forestry and non-forestry sectors.

Development strategy of apparatuses performance in the management of conservation area of South Sulawesi natural resource conservation

This study aims: (1) to analyze the implementation of performance management in the management of conservation areas at the South Sulawesi Natural Resources Conservation Center; (2) formulating a strategy for developing apparatus performance in the management of conservation areas at the South Sulawesi Natural Resources Conservation Center. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach conducted at the Central Office for Conservation of Natural Resources in South Sulawesi. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis techniques and SWOT analysis. The results showed that the implementation of performance management conducted at the South Sulawesi KSDA Center was not optimal. This is due to the limited number of State Civil Apparatus Office of South Sulawesi KSDA, the lack of training and education for the State Civil Apparatus, as well as facing Problems in the management of conservation areas (encroachment, illegal logging, and forest fires). However, the performance management process at the South Sulawesi KSDA Center has already proceeded from performance planning, performance implementation, and performance evaluation. Based on the SWOT analysis the priority strategies for developing the performance of the South Sulawesi KSDA Office personnel are: (1) Improving employee performance by implementing the ASN Management merit system, (2) Improving effective performance management by increasing the quality and quantity of employees, (3) Providing education and training for conservation area managers, and (4) Organizing staff according to education and competence.

Participation of Bussiness Actors in Conservation Activity at Gunung Tangkuban Perahu Nature Tourism Park

Partisipasi masyarakat selaku pelaku usaha di Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Tangkuban Perahu (TWAGTP) merupakan kunci pengelolaan kawasan konservasi yang berkelanjutan melalui kegiatan konservasi. Kegiatan konservasi di TWAGTP belum maksimal sehingga perlu adanya dukungan dari berbagai pihak. Penelitian bertujuan menentukan tingkat partisipasi pelaku usaha dalam kegiatan konservasi di TWAGTP dengan mengkaji manfaat ekonomi yang didapatkan pelaku usaha dari kegiatan wisata dan kesediaannya berkontribusi dalam kegiatan konservasi maupun membayar dana konservasi. Metode yang digunakan adalah observasi, kuesioner, wawancara, dan studi pustaka. Responden berjumlah 58 pelaku usaha dengan teknik stratified random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan secara umum pelaku usaha mendapatkan manfaat ekonomi dari pendapatan wisata dengan kontribusi tinggi pada share (78,59%) dan sangat tinggi pada covering (120,46%). Sebagian besar tingkat partisipasi pelaku usaha masuk ke dalam kategori sangat rendah sebesar 88,33% dan kategori rendah sebesar 11,67%. Secara umum pelaku usaha sudah berkontribusi dalam kegiatan konservasi di TWAGTP dan sebanyak 60% yang bersedia membayar dana konservasi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kesediaan pelaku usaha berkontibusi dalam kegiatan konservasi cukup tinggi.
 
 Kata kunci: pelaku usaha, kegiatan konservasi, manfaat ekonomi, Taman Wisata Alam Gunung Tangkuban Perahu, partisipasi

Controlling invasive Argentine ants, Linepithema humile, in conservation areas using horizontal insecticide transfer

Invasive ants are major agricultural and urban pests and a significant concern in conservation areas. Despite long history of control and eradication efforts, invasive ants continue to spread around the globe driven by a multitude of synergistic factors. Lack of effective management tools is one of the biggest challenges in controlling invasive ants. The goal of the current study was to improve the efficacy and safety of ant management and to develop effective control strategies for sensitive conservation areas. We utilized the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) as a model system to evaluate a target-specific pesticide delivery system that exploits the interconnected nature of social insect colonies to distribute a toxicant effectively within the colony. The approach, based entirely on horizontal transfer, takes advantage of various levels of social interactions in ant colonies to disseminate a toxicant throughout the colony. Results of laboratory studies coupled with LC/MS/MS analysis demonstrate that fipronil is toxic to Argentine ants in extremely small (nanogram) quantities and is efficiently transferred from a single treated donor to multiple recipients, causing significant secondary mortality. A field study was conducted in native fynbos plots invaded by Argentine ants. The study consisted of collecting naïve workers, treating them with fipronil, and releasing them within invaded plots. Results show that the release of fipronil-treated ants reduced Argentine ant abundance by >90% within 24 h. The horizontal transfer approach offers environmental benefits with regard to pesticide use in ecologically sensitive environments and appears ideally suited for ant management in conservation areas.

IMPRESSIONS OF THE COURSE PROJECT "MEASUREMENTS OF ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENT" AND MEASURING AND DESIGN PRACTICE IN NATIONAL CONSERVATION AREA ''SOPHIA OF KYIV"

The article describes the methodical sequence and impressions of the participants from architectural design classes with the first-year students which took place in the National Conservation Area of in 2016 under the guidance of the head of the Department of architecture fundamentals and architectural design of KNUCA professor O. Sleptsov. Problem statement: the need to improve the organization of practice for first-year students through immersed study of eminent monuments of national architecture and psychological training teamworking and the ability to publicly defend the project. Objective of the article: to substantiate the stages of organization of measurement and design practice and term project for first-year students with immersed studying real architectural monuments. Besides making the drawings and measurements, the students performed a landscape design project on the territory of the conservation area. During the exhibition on the territory of Sophya of Kyiv the results of the practice were summarized in front of the conservation area management and the students felt confidence in their abilities to create, which is important for the architect. Working as part of a group, making drawings outside classroom directly at the object, being close to masterpieces of national architecture – all of this provided high quality of this practice. The basis for the possibility of organizing student learning in conditions of real architectural monuments is the cooperation agreement and the subsequent program of cooperation with the administrations of the large protective zones of Ukraine. An example of such cooperation is the joint activity of the Department of architecture fundamentals and architectural design of KNUCA with the administration of the National Conservation Area of and its head N.Kukovalska. Students gain practical architectural and historical experience also project proposals and measuring drawings are useful for the conservation area. Here are given examples of graphic works of three student teams. The main feature of the described methodology is the organization of the exhibition of student work results at the end of the practice, which is an important motivation and necessary training for architectural activity and project presentations. Each student involved in a making project report. The article can be used as a training and methodological guide for a measuring and design practice in the conditions inside the historical zone of the national importance.

Migration, forest management and traditional institutions: Acceptance of and resistance to community forestry models in Nepal

Although studies on Community Forestry (CF) have been focused on what makes a CF model sustainable and how it can achieve success, CF lacks study on why a community accepts or resists a model. This study explores the reason why some CF models are accepted and others are resisted by communities by studying two different types of CF model in Nepal – Community Forestry User Groups and Conservation Area Management Committees. Based on household surveys, semi-structured interviews and historical analysis, such variations in local acceptance have been examined on the basis of the following three hypotheses: the variation in local acceptance is due to increasing out-migration and the subsequent decreasing use of community-managed forests for livelihoods, the variation is due to the management arrangements of the CF models themselves, and the variation is due to the persistence of traditional practices of forest use. The article ultimately finds that an acceptance of or resistance to a CF model cannot be explained solely by relying on the migration of users and their decreasing dependency on the forests. Rather, in addition to reducing active leadership, out-migration prevents local participation in the design and implementation of new forestry institutions, and therefore makes an institution vulnerable and increases the risk of accepting a CF model. Moreover, a CF model that has wider institutional flexibility in terms of rules and rights can succeed in incorporating villagers’ priorities, and can thus enjoy enhanced local acceptance. Finally, the persistence of traditional institutions with the ability to impose sanctions on forest uses can resist to a formally designed CF model. As the government of Nepal is revising forestry legislation in the context of climate change and REDD+, the findings may provide knowledge for the sustainability of emerging forestry governance practices.

Campesino hunting and conservation in Latin America.

Hunting presents a paradox for biodiversity conservation. It is both a problem and a solution to species declines and poverty. Yet, conservation scientists hold different assumptions about the significance and sustainability of hunting based on the cultures and identities of hunters. In Latin America, conservationists largely sort hunters as either indigenous or campesino. Indigenous hunters are often characterized as culturally driven stewards of wildlife sustainability. Campesino hunters, by contrast, are described as peasants-cultureless, uneducated, and uncaring toward wildlife sustainability. Although such ethnically fueled hunting discourse promotes hunting research, campesino hunters remain underrepresented in most comparative hunting reviews. Moreover, there are no targeted syntheses on the current state of knowledge about campesino hunting, nothing to guide conservation research and practice with and for the largest group of hunters in Latin America. We reviewed 334 articles published from 1937 to 2018 in English (55%) and Spanish (45%)-mostly published in 145 peer-reviewed journals-on the meanings, motivations, and sustainability of campesino hunting in Latin America. Although studies spanned 17 countries, 7 ecosystems, and >75 indigenous and nonindigenous demographics in 30 research contexts, they predominantly focused on nonindigenous campesinos for species-specific conservation and protected area management in tropical broadleaf forests of Mexico, Peru, and Colombia. Authors used 12 methods to collect campesino hunting data, primarily interviews, surveys, and questionnaires, and drew from 10 local and traditional knowledge themes about wildlife trends and uses. Eighteen drivers, 14 constraints, and 10 conflicts-mainly subsistence, income, ethics, regulations, and crop or livestock protection-shaped whether campesino hunters pursued 799 species, 70% of which were least concern species. Yet, only 25 studies (8%) empirically assessed sustainability. Our results show the need for increased interdisciplinary and geographic engagement with campesino hunting across Latin America.

Environmental area conservation through urban planning: case study in Dhaka

Purpose There are some environmentally critical areas (ECAs) in cities such as flood flow areas, agricultural land, canals, rivers, water bodies, forests and hills that need to be conserved from land transformation. The purpose of this paper is to review the compliance, challenges and significance of urban planning, and to develop a contextual framework of urban planning for environmental area conservation to improve the urban environment in case study city Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Design/methodology/approach This research is based on a qualitative thematic analysis of the available relevant literature. Findings This research identified non-compliance of the contemporary urban plans such as indiscriminate land conversion activities in the ECAs. Conflicting interests between the urban plans concerning protection of the conservation areas and business interests of the community people and the real estate development companies are identified as the major challenges. Dhaka faces several environmental problems such as loss of biodiversity and ecosystem, waterlogging, flooding, pollution, reduction of vegetation, groundwater depletion, temperature increase and a reduction in agriculture and fishing because of land conversion in the ECAs. Practical implications Urban planning with effective conservation area management, conflict resolution through communication and participation, creation of economic opportunity to generate income from the ECAs and assessment of the conservation strategies and interventions might ensure environmental conservation in Dhaka. Originality/value The conceptual framework of urban planning for environmental conservation is innovative as this could be a basis for other cities in Bangladesh and in other developing countries.

Review on Avian Diversity in Johor State, Malaysia

Johor, the 3rd largest state in peninsular Malaysia after Pahang and Perak, has various forest vegetations accommodating a diverse array of avian species. With this endowment, Johor attracts birders all around the globe to come see them closed up. This paper provides review on avian diversity in Johor state with highlighting areas that accommodate importance species and high species richness. Data on bird diversity were extracted from published journals and online resources (Avibase and Birdlife Internaional). To date, a total of 292 species of birds documented in Johor which are representing 41% of birds recorded in Peninsular Malaysia. The highest species richness recorded at Panti Forest Reserve with a total of 248 species recorded dating as early as 2002. Remarkably, 23% of bird recorded classified as Near Threatened and another 7% listed as Threatened under IUCN Redlist. It is hoped that this review would facilitate future planning and management of conservation areas in Johor.

Beyond “Success”: Community, Governance, and the Future of Cabo Pulmo National Park

This paper uses Cabo Pulmo National Park (CPNP) as a case study to examine the successes and challenges of Marine Protected Area (MPA) design, conception, and long-term governance. Drawing from literature in environmental anthropology, political ecology, and conservation, the author argues for a renewed examination of the ‘success’ of CPNP that pays greater attention to the relationship between socio-political factors (e.g. access, ownership, participation, and rights) and protected area governance. Ultimately, the paper calls for a reconsideration of Marine Protected Area design and implementation that explicitly acknowledges the politics of conservation and protected area management, and seeks to explicitly create and support more effective platforms for participation and conflict resolution.

Promoting community forestry to reduce deforestation surrounding Gunung Rinjani National Park in Central Lombok, Indonesia

Illegal logging and encroachment are the main drivers of deforestation in Lombok Island. However, recent increases in the frequency of floods and landslides has enhanced local awareness of ecosystem restoration. This study confirms that community participation is an important factor for protecting forests, among others through involvement in ecotourism activities at Gunung Rinjani National Park and participation in agroforestry program in the park’s buffer zone. Since 2010, Community Forestry Program in Central Lombok has been integrated with a scheme of reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). Although Community Forestry has been successfully implemented in several areas of production forests and protection forests, this scheme is a newly introduced government policy for reforming the management of conservation areas in Indonesia. Through this scheme, local communities have a bundle of rights to manage a parcel of forestland around Gunung Rinjani National Park. In addition to giving access to manage forestland, this scheme also supports the empowerment of local communities to manage forests in more sustainable ways, e.g. through the utilization of non-timber forest products, the cultivation of crops on land under the forest stand, and the rehabilitation of degraded forest lands. This study investigates the trajectories of deforestation, identifies direct and underlying causes of deforestation, and describes the role of Community Forestry to reduce deforestation in Central Lombok.

Influence of environmental governance regimes on the capacity of Indigenous Peoples to participate in conservation management

A range of international, national and local policy instruments and governance regimes acknowledge Indigenous and local people’s knowledge as a key platform for managing biodiversity and ecosystems, but translation of these commitments into negotiation of conservation priorities with appropriately empowered local communities remains inconsistent. Drawing on a review of conservation area management plans in Australian bioregions identified as having high potential for Indigenous engagement in threatened species management, we examined how the potential for local Indigenous communities to pursue their conservation objectives and the extent to which they are involved in management of significant species, cultural heritage and fire is influenced by different environmental governance regimes. We found that there is currently more scope for Indigenous communities to participate in cultural heritage management than in species or fire management, despite evidence that Indigenous communities seek to engage in managing all aspects of their traditional estates. Species management priorities in Indigenous-driven co-governance regime plans centre on culturally significant species rather than threatened species. We conclude that the current potential for local Indigenous communities to participate in conservation management on equitable terms depends upon the establishment of Indigenous-driven co-governance regimes, and argue that improving levels of engagement of Indigenous Peoples in agency governance regimes requires agencies to better recognise Indigenous worldviews in planning conservation approaches..

Ecosystem services’ values and improved revenue collection for regional protected areas

The management of conservation areas is a costly enterprise, especially vulnerable to budget cutting when austerity measures are being considered. Optimal spatial taxation dictates that tax-payers contribute proportionally to the benefits they receive. This paper provides a framework to derive spatially varied benefit estimates for ecosystem services produced in Natura 2000 protected areas of Lombardy (Italy). These may be used as a framework for spatially optimised taxation to improve the efficiency of public funding. In the process we used non-market valuation techniques, as well as benefit functions’ transfer.

Assessing Local Indigenous Knowledge and Information Sources on Biodiversity, Conservation and Protected Area Management at Khuvsgol Lake National Park, Mongolia

Indigenous knowledge about biodiversity and conservation is valuable and can be used to sustainably manage protected areas; however, indigenous communities continue to be marginalized due to the belief that their values and behaviors do not align with the overarching mission of conservation. This paper explores the extent of local knowledge and awareness of biodiversity, conservation and protected area management of indigenous communities at Khuvsgol Lake National Park, Mongolia. We investigate current levels of biodiversity awareness and explore perceptions toward conservation values and park management governance. Most respondents had a high awareness of existing biodiversity and held positive attitudes toward nature conservation and protected areas; however, insufficient knowledge of park rules and low levels of trust between local residents and park authorities may undermine conservation objectives in the long run. We identify an unequal share of economic benefits from tourism and preferential treatment toward elite business owners as a source of conflict. Limited information channels and poor communication between local residents and park authorities are also a source for low-level participation in conservation activities. Leveraging the increasing use of information communication technology, such as mobile phones, can serve as a new mechanism for improved information sharing and transparent reporting between local communities, conservationists and protected area authorities.

Ethnoecology of Mandailing Tribe in Batang Gadis National Park

Mandailing tribe is an Indonesian ethnic group who lives around the Batang Gadis National Park (BGNP), North Sumatra. This community have local knowledge about the environment including taxonomy of topography and water flow. This study aimed to reveal the ethnoecology knowledge of Mandailing tribe. The study was conducted in November 2015 in four villages around the BGNP, Sibanggor Jae, Hutabaringin Julu, Pastap Jae and Botung Village. Data was obtained through interviewing to informants in every village as well as survey in the field through emic and ethic approaches. The results showed that Mandailing tribe classified their environment into 6 lanscaps, harangan (forest), kobun (garden), saba (rice field), alaman (yard), huta (settlement) and aek (springs). There were 98 plant species in harangan, 93 plant species in kobun, 105 plant species in saba and 126 plant species in alaman that are utilized by Mandailing Tribe. Knowledge in environmental management including the implementation of terracing system in rice fields in areas of hills and the implementation of agroforestry systems on agricultural lands. The environmental knowledge of Mandailing tribe can be used as a recommendation in developing a policy around TNBG area that was mainly related to the management of conservation areas in the region.

What's a picture really worth? On the use of drone aerial imagery to estimate intertidal rocky shore mussel demographic parameters

Describing distribution patterns of organisms on the rocky intertidal zone is crucial to generate ecological models of broad scope and validity. Our aim was to combine 3D photogrammetric models and spectral analysis derived from aerial images, with ground-based quadrat sampling to provide realistic measurements of mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) density, size and reproductive output. A remotely piloted aircraft (drone) was used to conduct intertidal photographic surveys during low tides (<0.4 m) over 8 study sites along the Portuguese central west coast. At each site, high pixel resolution photographs were collected at 30 m altitude (82–247 photographs, 80% overlap, with a ground spatial resolution of approximately 0.8 cm/pixel), encompassing an average intertidal area of 15200 m2 per survey location. A mosaic was created from the images and these were georeferenced and a 3D photogrammetric model was constructed for each location. An analysis of the spectral signature for the different ground cover types was used to perform a maximum likelihood supervised classification with overall high classification accuracy (86.5% ± 4.3%, mean ± SD). Additionally, we analysed the effect of environmental variables (substrate complexity and wave exposure) on mussel density on rocky substrate and size. Maximum mussel density occurred at intermediate values of wave exposure while smaller sized mussels were found at high values of wave exposure. Density, size and reproductive output maps were predicted for the study region. This information allows the validation of metapopulation models dealing with the persistence of spatially-structured populations within patchy habitats and so enables the management of pivotal conservation areas.

Camouflaging economic development agendas with forest conservation narratives: A strategy of lower governments for gaining authority in the re-centralising Indonesia

The government of Indonesia has recently recentralised the authority over forest resources. This paper analyses the bureaucratic politics and power struggles between central and local governments concerning the re-centralisation policy. This paper analyses the local initiative by Tambrauw District of West Papua in integrating management of conservation areas into district governance through so-called “conservation district” policy. We asked what are the specific real interests of the local government in implementing the environmentally-minded policy? How does the accumulation of power by the local government help it pursue its interests? We found that by using the environmentally-minded policy narrative, the district masks its true interests of economic gains from the forests. We further identified the power sources and strategies employed by the district government of Tambrauw in achieving its interests. The district successfully used the issue of local wisdom, customary rights and communities. Nuancing the narrative importance of specific socio-cultural realities, customary rights, and tenurial systems of indigenous people has paid off; the district successfully built coalitions with an array of actors, i.e. NGOs, higher bureaucracies, and indigenous groups. The coalitions provide opportunities for actors to realise their goals.

Review management policy marine conservation area of Wakatobi National Park

Marine conservation areas have an important role in the protection of species and biodiversity. This paper aims to review policy issues in the management of marine conservation areas in Wakatobi National Park (WNP). The research is located in WNP Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The method used in this research is qualitative method, Technique of data collecting done through, interview and observation beside study of policy document. Policies are reviewed based on text analysis. Marine conservation areas have an important role in the protection of species and biodiversity. The results of the Wakatobi national park management policy review, there are two authorities that have a role in the management of the area. Coordination and cooperation are required in the management so that the sustainability of conservation areas can run well.