Consequences Of Emergency Situations Research Articles

ОСОБЕННОСТИ АДАПТАЦИИ КУРСАНТОВ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ К ДЕЙСТВИЯМ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЧРЕЗВЫЧАЙНЫХ СИТУАЦИЙ

Цель. Выявление особенностей адаптации курсантов, принимавших участие в мероприятиях по ведению аварийно-спасательных работ, к условиям чрезвычайных ситуаций.Материалы и методы. Исследование проводилось в период с 2012 года по 2015 год. В исследовании приняли участие 348 курсантов 4 года обучения образовательной организации высшего образования МЧС России. В ходе исследования применялся комплекс психологических исследований с помощью опросника травматического стресса И.О. Котенева и метода интервьюирования.Результаты. Деятельность курсантов образовательных организаций высшего образования МЧС России связанная с ведением аварийно-спасательных работ в зоне ЧС характеризуется опасностью и высоким риском, значительными психическими и энергетическими затратами. В представленной работе рассматриваются результаты исследования адаптации курсантов, принимавших участие в мероприятиях по ликвидации последствий ЧС.Заключение. В процессе ведения аварийно-спасательных работ в зоне ЧС курсанты получили реальный опыт действий по ликвидации последствий чрезвычайных ситуаций. Курсанты на практике увидели последовательность и этапность проведённых мероприятий, планы и возможные варианты ликвидации крупномасштабных ЧС. Увидели, как осуществля­ется работа и взаимодействие различных структур и подразделений МЧС. Курсанты получили возможность проверить себя и свою готовность к экстремальной ситуации и повысить свою стрессоустойчивость.Полученные данные в целом демонстрируют положительную динамику развития профессионально-значимых качеств личности, необходимых сотруднику ФПС ГПС в условиях чрезвычайных, экстремальных ситуациях.

Прогнозирование разливов нефтепродуктов при железнодорожных авариях

Objective: To scientifically substantiate and develop forecasting basis of emergency situations consequences on railway transport. Methods: Theoretical generalization and analysis of the current knowledge and understanding of oil spills forecasting, a geographic information system. Results: In accordance with the analysis of statistical data, the emergency situation during the transportation of oil and oil products by rail are associated more with mechanical damage to special tanks and release of petroleum products into the environment with subsequent ignition, or by contamination of land or water areas. One of the key safety components on rail transport of petroleum products is the prediction of possible emergency situations, modelling of development processes of the strait of petroleum products and risk assessment. Based on the analysis of existing methods of calculation of the consequences strait of petroleum products, as well as features of the simulation of the expiry with use of modern software such as Autodesk Inventor, ArcGIS, Surfer, the proposed methodological framework for prediction of consequences of emergency situations on objects of railway transport. The paper shows the opportunity on the basis of threedimensional models of the terrain in the zone of emergency, by means of geographic information modeling to determine the shape of the spill of petroleum product of a multifactorial consideration of the different parameters determining the quantitative and qualitative sides of the processes of the strait of oil products will allow to improve the accuracy of predictive assessments, and the use of modern IT-technologies to provide efficiency calculations. Practical importance: Applicationof the proposed approach will determine the quality of any system of support of decision-making, especially when planning rescue operations, including in the justification of the choice of those or other technologies of their conducting and use of various rescue equipment.

Simulation model of delivering health care to the wounded in a special purpose medical unit at elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of emergency situations

Relevance. The scientific research conducted in the field of medical support at elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of the emergency situations (ES) is inseparably linked with process of modeling of complex systems. Modeling is a study of objects, processes and the phenomena for definition (specification) of the studied characteristics of the surveyed system or specification (improvement) of the offered new elements of this system. Simulation modeling is one option to study medical support system experimentally. Intention. Simulation modeling is necessary for developing respective models of special purpose medical group functioning, describing the main components of health care delivery to the wounded at ES taking into account their medical and evacuation characteristics. Methodology. For experiments, discrete and event simulation models were used which represented the system under study, its states changing with specific events in discrete time points. During research, the behavior of separate elements of the modelled system (a special purpose medical group) is described via Python programming algorithms and using the SimPy library. The following data were used as model parameters: victim in-flow structure with time-frames of various medical procedures and manipulations / surgeries as well as time-frames of non-transportability of victims with various lesions. For model simplification, in-flows of victims with penetrating and non-penetrating wounds of various severity were simulated. For modeling, averaged in-flow structures by severity grade in various ESs were used: 29.1 % – mild, 27.2 % – moderate, 42.1 % – severe and 1.6 % – extremely severe. Time-frames of medical manipulations and procedures, time-frames of nontransportability were described as random variables with triangular distribution (Simpson); its parameters were estimated by military-medical experts (surgeons, therapists). A simple Poisson process with various parameters was used for modeling the victim in-flow. During modeling, group work was assessed with victim in-flow of 40, 60, 80, 100 persons a day. Results and Discussion. Results of modeling indicated some potential bottlenecks of a special purpose medical group, i.e. surgical unit and intensive care unit. It was shown, for example, increased number of surgical teams can enlarge considerably the capacity of a special purpose surgical unit and medical group in general, but at the same time will demand augmentation of capacity of the intensive care unit due to increased flow of the postoperative wounded. Possible effects of such advanced technologies as Celox GauzeR bandage and maintaining wounds with low pressure bandages were studied (vacuum assistant closure – VAC, negative pressure wound therapy – NPWT). Preliminary conclusions were made on appreciable effectiveness of the specified technologies in work of a special purpose medical group. Conclusion. Simulation modeling is one of the most popular types of mathematical modeling and is used for research of complex systems. Therefore, it can be successfully used when modeling work of a special purpose medical group at elimination of medical and sanitary consequences of ESs. The developed simulation model helps analyze the changing workload of the group with various in-flows of wounded as a result of natural, technogenic and social ESs.

Многофункциональный грузоподъемный кран кабельного типа на базе большегрузного автомобиля

A new cable crane on the basis of heavy vehicles for construction, repair of roads, tunnels, overpasses, cleaning inaccessible areas, the movement of raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products and participation in liquidation of consequences of emergency situations. Considered object-oriented structure of the design based on the resources of computer simulation.

THE ANALYSIS OF DANGERS, ASSESSMENT OF RISK OF ACCIDENTS ON HAZARDOUS PRODUCTION FACILITY AND THE RECOMMENDATION ABOUT THE CHOICE OF METHODS OF THE ANALYSIS OF RISK

High level of threat of emergency situations of natural and technogenic nature and tendency of growth of quantity and scales of consequences of emergency situations require to expect future threats, risks and dangers, to apply methods of their forecast and prevention. In article the main questions connected with the analysis of dangers, a risk assessment are considered. It is shown that a main objective of risk analysis of accidents is establishment of degree of emergency danger of hazardous production facilities and (or) its components for the advance prevention of threats of damnification of life, to human health, harm to animals, plants, environment, safety of the state, property of physical persons and legal entities, the state-owned or municipal property, threats of emergence of accidents and (or) emergency situations of technogenic nature, development, planned implementation and timely adjustment of reasonable recommendations about decrease in risk of accidents Methodical the basics on carrying out the analysis of dangers and risk assessments of accidents on hazardous production facilities are covered. Methods of risk analysis of accidents are described and analysed. Recommendations about the choice of methods for different types of activities and the main stages of lifecycle of dangerous production process are provided. The quantitative risk assessment of accidents is characterized by calculation of several indicators of risk and can also include one or several above-mentioned methods (or to use their results) and allows to estimate and compare various dangers and hazardous production facilities on single indicators and is most effective.

THE DEVICE CONTROL PARAMETERS OF WORKING CONDITIONS

Labour activity of people in industrial enterprises refers to such types of work where a distinctive feature is the constant collision with danger. The activities of people actively used flammable, explosive, toxic and radioactive substances. The use of sophisticated and efficient equipment, as well as modern technological processes accompanied by an increase in the number and increase the level of negative factors working environment. With the increased levels of negative factors in people having chronic and acute diseases and occurs in injury and loss of life. Safety - is the level of protective measures and means of providing real risk reduction to an acceptable risk when negative factors do not exceed the permissible value. The issues of industrial safety in industrial plants - one of the most important tasks of human society at the present stage of development. This problem arises especially in the present stage of development of the productive forces, when, due to difficult to predict the social, technological and environmental consequences of emergency situations there is a risk of human society. The decision of health and safety problems in industrial plants is impossible without the creation of normal conditions for human activities. For the implementation of protective measures and means are currently used various security systems. The authors consider ways of ensuring safety in industrial plants. The authors argue that to check the parameters of working conditions and control degrees of factors of production environment, you can use the device that is related to the field of control parameters of working conditions, and can be used to control the levels of the factors of production environment, entitled Device control parameters of working conditions. This method of control parameters of working conditions allows you to control the actual levels of factors of working conditions, such as temperature, noise, illumination, electric field intensity in the working areas of industrial enterprises. The article focused on a wide range of readers interested in this issue.

THEORETICAL BASICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE USE OF EDUCATIONAL-METHODICAL COMPLEX OF THE DISCIPLINE "FIRST AID BASICS "

The transition to a three-level system of higher education in the Russian Federation involves a number of tasks and functions related to the design, creation and organization of educational process, as well as implementation of new educational programs and the formation of a common educational space. Studies of the discipline "Basics of First Aid" as part of the basic educational program on specialty 280705 "Fire Safety" and the development of educational and methodical complex on this discipline are determined by the necessity to train highly qualified personnel in the field of elimination of consequences of emergency situations. Many-year experience in training shows that the teaching methods used for the training of medical staff (medical assistants, nurses, and especially doctors) is unsuitable for training non-medical personnel. It is impossible to form a medical thinking within a short period of training, therefore, according to experts, the learning process in a technical college should be based on the principles of algorithmization, standardization and perfection of practical skills to automatic level. The article highlights the issues which determine the place and the role of the educational-methodical complex of the discipline "First Aid Basics" in the learning process, its structure and main functions.

Microfuel Behavior Under the Action of Neutron Pulses in the BIGR Reactor

The results of experimental and computational investigations of microfuel behavior under the action of neutron pulses in the BIGR reactor are presented. The methods used in the present work made it possible to determine the change in the structure of the irradiated samples, specifically, to record interlayer gap formation in the microfuel and the actual fracture of the microfuel. The results of this work could be helpful for evaluating the service life of microfuel and the consequences of emergency situations in HTGR as well as for developing and perfecting the corresponding computational software. The foundation for developing the HTGR was created back in mid-1990s by advances made in our and other countries in the technology of gas turbines and high-efficiency heat exchangers. It was assumed that an energy conversion system based on the high-efficiency Brayton gas-turbine cycle with efficiency ~50% will be implemented in this reactor [1]. The fuel considered for HTGR was comprised of microfuel: fuel particles with a multilayer protective coating which are homogeneously distributed in a graphite matrix, forming a fuel compact with a prescribed shape [2]. As a rule, microfuel consists of spherical uranium-dioxide particles (kernels) confined in a strong, multilayer, high-temperature shell consisting of layers of pyrocarbon and silicon carbide capable of effectively containing the fission products. The use of microfuel opens up prospects for substantially increasing the fuel temperature in reactors and thereby the efficiency with which atomic energy is converted into electricity. The aim of the present work is to investigate the serviceability of microfuel under the conditions of pulsed nuclear heating. The results of experimental and computational studies of the behavior of samples of microfuel under the action of neutron pulses in the BIGR reactor are presented below. In the experiments, the surface temperature of the microfuel and the energy released in the kernel were determined and possible fracture of the microfuel was recorded. The experiments with fracture of the microfuel approximately reproduced the processes occurring in design-base and unanticipated emergency regimes under conditions characteristic for HTGR. The experiments were accompanied by careful temperature and thermomechanical calculations. Two reasons were proposed for the appearance and development of possible accidents in HTGR: 1) sharp increase in the reactivity, one consequence of which is an increase in the neutron flux density, energy release and temperature of the fuel elements; 2) reduction in or cessation of the coolant flow in the core, directly resulting in an increase in the fuel temperature. An increase in the temperature of the kernels can result in their melting, undesirable chemical reactions and local thermal stresses, i.e., damage to and even destruction of the fuel elements. In addition, this can cause a reduction in the tem

Rigorous dynamic models for distillation safety analysis

Dynamic simulations of distillation columns are widely used to develop effective control structures. The normal distillation models assume instantaneous heat transfer in the condenser and reboiler. However, when dynamic simulations are used in the analysis of safety problems in the event of emergency situations, the basic model does not accurately represent the dynamic response. Accurate response times are essential in the design of safety systems for the column. For example, a failure of the supply of cooling water will lead to rapid increases in pressures and temperatures that occur in seconds. Accurately determining the rates of increase in these important variables and the time period to reach critical limits (safety response time) permits the engineer to quantitatively design effective safety systems.This paper illustrates how rigorous condenser and reboiler models can be developed in Aspen Plus and their dynamics evaluated in Aspen Dynamics.

Use of dynamic simulation for reactor safety analysis

Dynamic simulations of chemical processes are widely used to develop effective plantwide control structures that provide stable regulatory control at some desired operating condition. This paper illustrates that they can also serve a very useful role in the analysis of safety problems in the event of emergency situations. The dynamic response of the process when various failures occur is critical to the design of safety systems for the process (alarms, overrides, interlocks, safety valves and rupture disks). For example, a failure of the supply of cooling water will lead to rapid increases in pressures and temperatures in the process. Determining the rates of increase in these important variables and the time period to reach critical limits (safety response time) permits the engineer to quantitatively design effective safety systems.Chemical reactors are typically the most sensitive and potentially the most dangerous units in many processes, particularly when exothermic reactions and low per-pass reactant conversions are involved. This paper illustrates how Aspen Dynamic simulation can be used for predicting the dynamic changes in critical variables. Dynamic emergency safety simulations are presented for five processes with several types of cooled reactors (CSTR and tubular) and residence times varying from 0.16 to 60min. Safety response times vary from several seconds to several minutes, depending on both the reactor, the system in which it is installed and the level of reactant conversion.

Operation of a child injury prevention program in connection with local medical institutes: Safety Doctor

ObjectivesThis program is designed to designate a dedicated doctor for each childcare facility, together with local medical institutes, childcare facilities and the public health centre. It also involves medical institutes...

Techniques of planning sets of measures for preventing and overcoming reasons and consequences of emergency situations

AbstractGeneral technology of planning comprehensive programs and measures for preventing and overcoming reasons and consequences of emergency situations (ES) is proposed, which is based on objective approach and aimed in a first instance at formulating goal set and implementing programs and planned decisions into specific procedures and activities which provide achieving and feasibility of formulated goals. This technology includes a sequential statement of goals, their supporting subgoals (tasks), standard sets of measures for their fulfillment, performance criteria and constraints, as well as their using to synthesize the optimal (rational) strategic plan for implementation of required sets of measures.