Conditions For Occurrence Research Articles

Study on the cause of pore defects processed by focused ion beam milling on high roughness surface

Abstract Focused ion beam milling (FIBM) is an effective technique widely used for processing microstructures. To ensure the accuracy of microstructures, it is necessary to explore the cause and improvement methods of defects that may occur during FIBM. This article reports a pore defect when processing a concave spherical structure with a depth of 1 μm and a diameter of 10 μm by FIBM bitmap patterning on a hydrocarbon amorphous polymer (a-C:H), whose roughness factor Rp is up to approximately 1.51 μm. In previous studies on defects of FIBM, there was still a lack of relevant research on cause and improvement methods of pore defects. In this article, experiments of different relative parameters of FIBM are conducted to explore the conditions of occurrence and two-dimensional simulation programs for FIBM are designed to explore the relationship between the defects and morphology of the sample. By combining the analysis of parameters with the simulation results, a conclusion on the cause of pore defects is made in this article. When processing a certain depth close to the roughness factor of surface, ion beam with small diameters and grayscale pixels that influence the movement distance will alter the depth and the size of lower regions of surface while maintaining the original fluctuation features, which ultimately forms a pore structure. Based on the conclusion, effective methods of changing the processing depth or increasing the ion beam diameter and movement distance have been proposed to improve the defects, which is demonstrated through experiments and simulation programs, and further verifies the correctness of the conclusion. The conclusion on cause and improvement methods in this article will provide guidance for precise microstructure processing of surfaces with poor roughness conditions by FIBM.

THE ORIGIN OF ICE MOUNDS NEAR THE ERKATA-YAKHA RIVER, YAMAL PENINSULA, FROM THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN δD AND δ18О ISOTOPE RATIOS

Ice mounds are widespread cryogenic landforms that occur during freezing of water-saturated sediments and in ice segregation or ice injection with the formation of ice cores. Complex mechanisms of occurrence of these landforms have their own characteristics depending on the type of enclosing sediments, water and gas saturation, freezing rate, and other factors. Ice formation processes are often accompanied by explosions of the central part with the occurrence of negative landforms. In response to the widespread occurrence of perennially frozen gas-saturated rocks, these processes are accompanied by gas emissions, gas inflammation. and other, less intense gas shows. It is quite difficult in these conditions to determine the causes of the catastrophic phenomenon, to reconstruct the dynamics of the process, and to understand the role of gas-saturated fluids. In this paper, an attempt has been made to determine the ice formation conditions using isotopic techniques. The isotopic composition of ice can reflect the conditions of ice formation at the time of occurrence of ice mounds and its related possibility of participation of gas-saturated fluids from deep-lying gas-bearing horizons [Buddo et al., 2023, 2024]. The composition of stable isotopes δD and δ18O was determined for three ice mounds in the south of the Yamal Peninsula, where there were catastrophic explosions of ice mounds with the formation of large craters. The results of the study made it possible to reconstruct the conditions of ice mound occurrence and to determine different ice formation modes.

Modeling the Conditions of Occurrence and State of Radial Cracks in Rock Specimens Under Axial Compression with Lateral Pressure

This paper presents a model for predicting the thickness of the cracked surface layer in rock specimens subjected to axial compression with lateral pressure. The study focuses on radial cracks that are most prominently open on the lateral surface, manifesting as axial (or longitudinal) cracks on this surface. The research employs methods for analyzing mechanical and geotechnical systems. The proposed model determines the conditions under which damage to the surface layer decreases depending on Poisson’s ratio and lateral pressure. Radial cracks typically precede spalling, making it crucial to examine the conditions of their initiation and the potential for influencing their development, and this holds significant importance for mining and underground construction practices. A comparison indicated that the predicted values and those reported in the literature for the thickness of the damaged surface layer in rock pillars are within a similar range, varying from 44% to 70% of the initial cross-sectional radius. Although this study focuses on rock materials, the proposed model also offers potential applications in examining crack formation in cement and geopolymer concretes, serving as artificial analogs of rock, thereby helping to mitigate the risk of structural failure in building systems.

Отработка угольных целиков унифицированными выемочными модулями локальными забоями

Almost all of the applied technologies of underground coal mining are associated with formation of coal pillars within the limits of the operating mines. These pillars have different purposes, geometrical parameters, occurrence conditions and the functions they perform. Significant coal reserves suitable for excavation are located in the pillars. Improvement of the mining process of the coal pillars that are in favourable conditions and have already fulfilled their main and subsidiary designated functions, is urgent because these reserves are unrecoverable. Most processes in mining technologies are structured and interconnected. The system approach to identification of these relationships allows to form requirements to the process of pillar mining by local faces and controlled coal breaking. The article considers the structure and parameters of the coal pillars as mining objects; it analyses the mechanical method of their mining with coal breaking using the heading-and-bench technology. The main competing methods of coal breaking are analysed, instead of cutting, shearing of coal off the pillars using structural blocks of the given sizes is accepted. The concept of the ‘local face’ for coal pillars extraction is defined. A scheme of the local face is proposed and described. The structure of the technological process and technical means in the form of a unified excavation module for extraction of pillars with coal breaking using structural blocks is described based on the analysis of the pillar mining process using local faces. There proposed the ‘a’ multiplication parameter that reflects the significance and correlation between the strength, technological and technical factors and the size of the separated blocks. The ‘a’ parameter characterises the correlation between the sizes of the coal lumps separated from the coal mass and the parameters of the local face, namely the technological process and technical means.

Анализ залежей нефти методом материального баланса с целью качественной оценки запасов

Analysis of commercial estimation of oil reservoirs using the material balance method nowadays plays an important role in the oil and gas industry, as the process of oil recovery is improving and steadily increasing, while the oil quantity, quality, occurrence conditions and spatial distribution significantly affect the efficiency of resource utilization and the ability to make informed decisions on field development. The purpose of this research is to study the method of commercial estimation of oil reservoirs using the material balance. As a result of the study, it was found that this method allows a more accurate estimation of the initial oil reserves in the reservoirs, as well as efficient improvement of the recovery processes, which is of great importance for the rational management of hydrocarbon reserves and for ensuring the economic potential of the oil industry development. The results of the analysis proved that the material balance method can be efficiently applied when analyzing the development of a reservoir to determine the share of each type of energy involved in oil production.

MAPPING THE VALUE STREAM OF THE DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE PROCESS

The article presents the results of an empirical study on the characteristics of the material and information flows of the process of servicing diagnostic medical equipment. The insufficient quantitative and qualitative efficiency of the process of identifying malfunctions of medical equipment and creating a request for its service has been established. The current state map allowed us to identify all unproductive activities and operations in the value stream. The analysis determined the level, period and conditions of occurrence of each problem, its localization, as well as the amount of information sufficient in depth and completeness to make a management decision and develop an improvement plan.

Identification of Fracture Extension Modes During Hydraulic Fracturing in Coalbed Methane Vertical Wells: A Case Study From the Southern Shizhuang Area of the Qinshui Basin, China

ABSTRACTThe accurate identification of fracture extension patterns in hydraulic fracturing can provide important guidance for the optimisation of fracturing parameters. In this paper, factors such as effective hole friction and wellbore flow friction during fracturing are fully considered, and a calculation model of net bottom‐hole pressure of fracturing is constructed. By introducing the change rate of net bottom‐hole pressure and the changing characteristics of the fracturing curve, seven fracture extension modes during hydraulic fracturing in coalbed methane vertical wells are established. The accuracy of the identification method is verified by the fracture monitoring and production results in Shizhuang South Block. The results show that fracture elongation is mainly controlled by in situ stress difference, angle between natural fracture and maximum principal stress, coal tensile strength, fracturing time, proppant and angle between other factors. When the fracture construction parameters are fixed, the smaller the difference between maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses and the smaller the natural fractures and maximum horizontal principal stresses. When the reservoir potential is similar, the effective extension index is positively correlated with the gas production effect, and the effective extension index can effectively judge the fracturing effect. The higher the proportion of effective extension mode, the longer the extension time and the higher the stable daily gas production. The research results provide a method and reference for clearly identifying the fracture extension and the occurrence conditions of different extension modes in the hydraulic fracturing process.

Characterization and Modeling of Gravity-Driven Flashing of Superheated Water in a Pool Heated from Below

Gravity-driven flashing of superheated water, the topic of this paper, is a phase change phenomenon that is tightly linked with some of the safety issues of a spent-fuel-pool loss-of-cooling accident. As detailed in this article, the phenomenon has been empirically studied and characterized within the Aquarius laboratory-scale experimental device. Primarily, the performed tests unveil the occurrence conditions of the gravity-driven flashing phenomenon in a pool heated from below and its coupling with the degassing of dissolved gases that may take place within the liquid. Next, a set of dimensionless correlations describing the studied heat and mass transfers is derived from the data and presented for both the single-phase and the two-phase regimes of any conducted test. Then, a lumped-parameter model, relying on those correlations and describing the studied physics, is introduced. The model resolves the coupled mass and energy balance equations of the heated liquid pool. Last, this model is used to simulate a selected reference test. The performed simulations are successfully compared with the available empirical data, with moderate discrepancies, thereby verifying the adequateness of the proposed model.

Hydrodynamic heat conduction based on eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the normal collision operator

Abstract Although the Guyer-Krumhansl equations has opened up the study of phonon hydrodynamics in ultra-low temperature and low dimensional non-metallic crystals, it still cannot explain the high thermal conductivity of low dimensional non-metallic materials in adiabatic environments. In this work, the analytical solution of the linear Boltzmann transport equation with the Callaway approximation is obtained by expanding the nonequilibrium distribution function into a series of the orthogonal eigenvectors of the normal-process collision operator. By assuming the normal scatterings dominate the heat conduction in an anisotropic non-metallic crystal allowing the different branches of the phonon frequency spectrum having different group velocity, the macroscopic energy and momentum balance equations are developed for describing the phonon hydrodynamic transport. For an isotropic and dispersionless system, these balance equations reduce to the improved Guyer-Krumhansl equations. The thermal conductivity in these balance equations includes not only the contribution of the resistive scatterings, but also the contribution of the normal scatterings. Therefore, the improved Guyer-Krumhansl equations is capable for explaining the high thermal conductivity of suspended graphene, which is validated by the experimental results. Finally, the improved Guyer-Krumhansl equations is employed to derive the occurrence condition of the second sound in suspended single-layer graphene.

Стохастический резонанс при определении оценки характеристической функции Ляпунова

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the phenomenon of stochastic resonance in a digital filter under the conditions of exposure to an additive mixture of a quasi-deterministic signal and a concentrated interference. The phenomenon of stochastic resonance in a digital filter based on the Lyapunov characteristic function is considered. In the process of modelling of the digital filter the effect and indices of stochastic resonance at filtering of additive mixture of quasi-deterministic signal and concentrated noise are established. The spectral characteristics of the output signal of the digital filter under the conditions of stochastic resonance occurrence are investigated. The results of modelling of a digital filter under the influence of an additive mixture of a useful signal and a concentrated noise are given. Modelling of the digital filter is carried out for cases when the frequency of the interference is equal to the frequency of the useful signal, the frequency of the interference is in the frequency band of the useful signal, as well as when the frequency of the interference is outside the frequency band of the useful signal. The presence of the phenomenon of stochastic resonance under the influence of concentrated interference is shown. The positive influence of the concentrated noise on the characteristics of the digital filter is shown. The improvement of signal/noise ratio at the output of the system in more than 180 times in comparison with the signal/noise ratio at its input is obtained. A comparison of the results of the study of the phenomenon of stochastic resonance in the case of the effects of concentrated noise and «white» noise is given.

Radiation adaptive response for constant dose-rate irradiation in high background radiation areas

AbstractThe presented paper describes the problem of human health in regions with high level of natural ionizing radiation in various places in the world. The radiation adaptive response biophysical model was presented and calibrated for the special case of constant dose-rate irradiation. The calibration was performed for the data of residents of several high background radiation areas, like Ramsar in Iran, Kerala in India or Yangjiang in China. Studied end-points were: chromosomal aberrations, cancer incidence and cancer mortality. For the case of aberrations, among collected publications about 45% have shown the existence of adaptive response. Average reduction of chromosomal aberrations was ∼ 10%, while for the case of cancer incidence it was ∼ 15% and ∼ 17% for cancer mortality (each taking into account only results showing adaptive response). Results of the other 55% of data regarding chromosomal aberrations have been tested with the LNT (linear no-threshold) hypothesis, but results were inconsistent with the linear model. The conditions for adaptive response occurrence are still unknown, but it is postulated to correlate with the distribution of individual radiosensitivity among members of surveyed populations.

Step-by-step silicon carbide graphitisation process study in terms of time and temperature parameters

This work investigates the temperature and time as key parameters for graphene formation on the silicon carbide surface during the high thermal decomposition process. Measurements were performed using various experimental techniques under ultra-high vacuum conditions. The graphitisation process was divided into various stages, after which the surface chemical composition and atomic structures were analysed in detail. It has been shown that despite the known theory of graphitisation mechanism and initial condition for occurrence of this process, the application of different temperatures and heating times affect the quality and quantity of formed graphene layers. Applying a temperature too low or annealing the sample for a too short time led to an inefficient silicon sublimation process. On the other hand, too high temperature during flashing modifies the visibility of surface structures, which may be crucial for other investigations and potential applications of such systems.

Exploration of the Conditions for Occurrence of Photoplethysmographic Signal Inversion above the Dorsalis Pedis Artery.

Inversion of the photoplethysmographic (PPG) signal is a rarely reported case. This signal anomaly can have implications for PPG-based cardiovascular assessments. The conditions for PPG signal inversion in the vicinity of the dorsalis pedis (DPA) artery of the foot were investigated. Wireless multi-wavelength PPG sensing with skin-probe contact pressure and local skin temperature were studied at different sensor positions, and the occurrence of inversion (OOI) was investigated. Twelve healthy adult volunteers were studied over four LED wavelengths at three levels of contact pressure for 11 probe positions. A novel algorithm quantified the proportion of inverted samples with respect to the abovementioned variables. Our algorithm classifying inverted vs. non-inverted pulses achieved 98.3% accuracy. Ten of the participants had at least one inverted signal identified. The impact of interindividual variation on inversion prevalence was large, but different LEDs, relative position to the DPA and sensor contact pressure also affected OOI. Skin surface and room temperatures showed no impact on OOI. Lateral measurements showed 39.6% more inversion at maximum compared to minimum contact pressure. Mechanical capillary bed variations and arterial reflections during venous engorgement are considered viable explanations for our observations. These findings motivate an expanded study of the occurrence of PPG signal inversion.

Reclaiming Calcicoles: New Insights into Lime Lovers

Calcicoles are never new to the evolutionary life forms in the ecological world. The ramifications of environmental extremes always facilitate the emergence of the functional and structural integrity of plants and calcicoles, which have been exuding through this. The word “calcicole” finds its roots in the writings of Nathaniel Colgan, “The Orchids of Country Dublin,” published in August 1895 in “The Irish Naturalist.” Calcicoles are likely to flourish under calcium-rich soil having a pH of more than five, which otherwise hinders the growth of plant species, causing detrimental effects on their physiology. They are often regarded as lime lovers or acidofuges and are classified based on Ca2+ stress resistance, soluble and insoluble Ca2+ and Mg2+, pH conditions of soil, occurrence, and habitat. There are various variables used to evaluate the calcicoles described in this review, such as the Index of calcifugy, Ellenberg’s indicator values, and Landolt indicator values to predict the influence of environmental factors in determining flora along with changes in vegetation in a particular area considering the ecophysiological or morphological features. Calcicoles have specific in-built mechanisms to cope with stress conditions by producing phytosiderophores (PS) and by involving ecto and ericoid mycorrhizal associations for the absorption of iron and phosphorus, and high control over cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. Calcicoles are markedly distributed in various plant families like Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Ericaceae, Primulaceae, Fabaceae, Gentianaceae, Rubiaceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Saxifragaceae, etc. The current review focuses on the ecological perspectives, special adaptive features, and phytopharmacological aspects of calcicoles.

Integrating hydrological parameters in wildfire risk assessment: a machine learning approach for mapping wildfire probability

Abstract The increasing occurrence of catastrophic wildfire across the globe threatens public health, community safety, ecosystem functioning, and biodiversity resilience. Wildfire risk is closely connected to shifting climatic trends and their impacts on fuel availability and flammability. Although previous research has explored the connection between meteorological conditions and wildfire probabilities, there remains a substantial gap in understanding the influence of hydrologic drivers, such as groundwater recharge, on wildfire dynamics. Both short- and long-term variations in these variables are crucial in shaping fuel conditions, and significant changes can create environments more prone to severe wildfires. This study focuses on Santa Barbara County to examine the connection between wildfire probability and various environmental factors, including meteorological and hydrological data from 1994 to 2021, topography, vegetation, and proximity to road. Using a random forest (RF) machine learning model and fine-scale data (270 m resolution) we achieved high predictive accuracy in identifying wildfire probability. Our findings confirm the important roles of short-term meteorological conditions, such as mean precipitation 12 months and relative humidity 1 month before a wildfire event, in predicting wildfire occurrence. In addition, our results emphasize the critical contribution of long-term hydrological components, such as mean deviation from the historical normal in actual evapotranspiration and recharge in the years preceding the fire, in influencing wildfire probability. Partial dependence plots from our RF model revealed that both positive and negative deviations of these hydrological variables can increase the likelihood of wildfire by controlling fuel water availability and productivity. These findings are particularly relevant given the increasing extreme weather patterns in southern California, significantly affecting water availability and fuel conditions. This study provides valuable insights into the complex interactions between wildfire occurrence and hydrometeorological conditions. Additionally, the resulting wildfire probability map, can aid in identifying high-risk areas, contributing to enhanced mitigation planning and prevention strategies.

Increasing the reliability of oil and gas well fastening with polycomponent plugging systems

Purpose. Development of effective composite plugging systems for reliable fastening of oil and gas wells in difficult mining-geological conditions of deposits of Ukraine. Methods. The proposed research is based on an analytical and industrial study of the problems of the well construction and fastening in the conditions of chemogenic deposit occurrence when applying the analysis of geophysical research materials. The research of tamponage solutions and buffer liquids was carried out using standard devices and methods that meet the set of requirements for testing cements and technological systems for well construction. Processing of research results was carried out in MATHSAD and EXCEL. Composite cement CEM V according to the European standard EN 197-1, tamponage cement 1-G, krents - high-basic C2F CaSO4 and low-basic 3(CF) CaSO4 calcium sulfoferites were used for the research. Findings. It was established that the basic plugging material, as well as technological solutions for fastening wells in difficult mining-geological conditions, do not ensure compliance of the well as an engineering structure with operational reliability indicators. As a result, violations in the fastening system are quite often recorded, which require significant time and financial costs for their elimination, and sometimes lead to well liquidation. In order to increase the reliability of fastening wells, it is necessary to use multi-component tamponade systems modified by krents. Calcium sulfoferrite admixtures have been proved to accelerate the kinetics of early strength and contribute to the formation of cement stone with improved characteristics. The need to use effective buffer systems to improve the quality of fastening is substantiated. Originality. On the basis of assessment, systematization and detailed study of geophysical material and features of well fastening under the conditions of exposure to chemogenic sediments, the necessity of using composite plugging material was established. The conducted studies have proved that to ensure reliable fastening of wells in difficult mining-geological conditions, it is necessary to use multicomponent composite plugging material modified by calcium sulfoferites with accelerated kinetics of early strength, which form cement stone with a densely packed structure. Practical implications. Based on the industrial material evaluation and detailed laboratory studies, technological solutions have been developed to increase the reliability of well fastening due to the introduction of multi-component composite plugging material modified by krents and buffer liquids.

The clinical characteristics and risk factors analysis within one week before the onset of necrotizing enterocolitis

There are considerable researches on risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), focusing primarily on the entire course before onset. However, fewer studies address risk factors within the brief period before NEC occurrence. The current study aims to retrospectively analyze the clinical data of NEC patients while focusing on relevant risk factors in the preceding week of NEC onset. Infants born between January 2019 and December 2021 at Suzhou Municipal Hospital and Suzhou University Children’s Hospital with a birth weight < 1500 g or a gestational age < 32 weeks were included. Around 54 NEC patients and 180 controls were recruited in the study. NEC patients satisfying the inclusion criteria formed the case group, while a 1:4 matching principle helped select the control group based on gestational age and birth weight. A statistically significant difference was observed between groups when red blood cell transfusions were compared the week before NEC onset (adjusted OR and 95% CI 2.16 (1.10, 4.24)). Broad-spectrum antibiotic usage before NEC occurrence was significantly lower in the NEC group than in the control group (adjusted OR and 95% CI 0.95 (0.91, 0.99)). A statistically significant difference was observed between groups while comparing patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (adjusted OR and 95% CI 2.45 (1.23, 4.91)). The indication for packed red blood cell transfusion should be strictly controlled. Moreover, close monitoring of the patient’s condition for NEC occurrence should be conducted within one-week post-transfusion. Accurately identifying infections and using broad-spectrum antibiotics can reduce the incidence of NEC.

Mechanism of Instantaneous High-Strength Sand–Water Inrush in Steeply Inclined Mining of Soft Coal Seam under Disturbed Rock–Soil Overburden

Abstract Water and sand inrush pose significant threats to underground geotechnical engineering, including shallow buried resource extraction and tunnel construction. To understand the mechanisms behind these phenomena, a mud collapse accident in Chaider Coal Mine was comprehensively investigated through field exploration and laboratory-based testings. Using numerical simulation experiments, we analyzed the failure patterns and seepage characteristics of overlying strata in steeply inclined coal seam mining under various working conditions. We established a structural instability model for water and sand inrush and identified the critical conditions for sand collapse occurrence. Our research indicates that the backfill in the surface mining pit provided a substantial material source for the accident. The overall destabilization of the top coal, due to its insufficient thickness and strength, created a pathway for sand collapse. Furthermore, frequent rainfall during the flood season and the inadequate arrangement of pumping equipment acted as triggers for the sudden water collapse. Preventative measures, such as limiting the mining height, enhancing the shear strength of the top coal, and altering the working face layout, can effectively control the development height of the water-conducting fracture zone. Additionally, timely evacuation and lowering of the aquifer water level, weakening its seepage effect in the top coal area, reducing the moisture content of the bottom soil, and improving its shear strength can mitigate water and sand inrush accidents in the backfill areas of open-pit mines.

METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF GEOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY ON OIL SATURATION DISTRIBUTION

This article examines a method for assessing the impact of reservoir heterogeneity on the distribution of oil saturation in pay zones using the example of the Bajossian and Bathonian stages of the Jurassic system of the Kalamkas field. Within this field, the Jurassic oil and gas stratum under consideration lies on the eroded surface of various horizons of the Middle and Lower Triassic and is represented by uneven alternation of sand-siltstone and clay rocks, as a result of which these deposits have a complex geological structure, due in the lithological plan to uneven alternation of sand-siltstone and clay rocks. As a result, a rather complex distribution of oil (water) saturation may occur in the formation, which differs from the standard ideas about the geological structure of the object under study, i.e. the presence of such «unconventional» reservoir boundaries (oil-bearing contour) as capillary barriers of the first kind is possible. As a result of this approach, the following is obtained. For the conditions of occurrence of productive formations of the Bajossian stage of the field in question, in order to ensure that the dimensions of the capillary barrier in the reservoir do not exceed the height of 1 m at an average value of the porosity coefficient Kп = 27,6 % it is necessary to fulfill the inequality of Kпр ≥ 6,1∙10−3 μm2. For the conditions of occurrence of productive formations of the Bathonian stage, in order for the dimensions of the capillary barrier in the reservoir not to exceed the height of 1 m with an average value of the porosity coefficient Kп = 28,0 % it is necessary to Kпр ≥ 7,5∙10−3 μm2. Also, on the basis of this method, various ratios of Kпр permeability coefficients and porosity were obtained Kп at which the dimensions of the capillary barrier in the deposit will exceed the heights of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m above the level of the accepted oil-water contact (OWC) for the conditions of occurrence of the Kalamkas field in question. It was noted that this approach makes it possible to assess uncertainties in the position of fluid contacts when justifying the boundaries of the oil potential contour and the distribution of oil reserves in formations with a wide range of reservoir properties.

Sufficient condition for reliable logic operations in an over damped bistable system driven by Gaussian white noise.

In this paper, we investigate an overdamped bistable system subject to Gaussian white noise and logical inputs. By solving and estimating the steady distribution of the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation and considering the two essential features of the reliable logic operations (RLOs)-initial value independence and sign invariance-we establish the sufficient condition for RLO occurrence and identify parametric resonance phenomena in the system. Our numerical simulations confirm the reliability and accuracy of the theoretical results. This work offers insights into enhancing the accuracy of stochastic systems, particularly in the realm of logical stochastic resonance, thereby contributing to advancements in understanding and controlling stochastic dynamical systems.