Conditions Of Intoxication Research Articles

Morphological and biochemical indicators of blood of rats poisoned by carbon tetrachloride and subject to action of liposomal preparation

The article gives the results of the research on the influence of a developed complex liposomal preparation on the dynamics of morphological and biochemical indicators of the blood of rats subjected to modeled oxidative stress caused by intermuscular injection of 50% carbon tetrachloride at a dose of 0.25 ml per 100 g of body mass. We found that in conditions of intoxication by carbon tetrachloride, the physiological level of hematological indicators of the researched animals’ body was disrupted. This is indicated by the reduction in the amount of erythrocytes, hemoglobin content, concentration of hemoglobin per erythrocyte, increase in the amount of leucocytes, mass of hemoglobin per erythrocyte and increase of colour indicator. Also, we detected suppression of protein synthesis function of the liver. The levels of total protein and albumin fraction were below the normal physiological level. High indicators were observed in the levels of creatinine, urea and total bilirubin. In order to normalize the functional state of the liver under oxidative stress it is reasonable to use a liposomal preparation which contains butafosfan, interferon, thistle and vitamins. In order to normalize morphological and biochemical indicators of the blood of rats subject to intoxication of carbon tetrachloride it is reasonable to use a liposomal preparation that contains butafosfan, selenium, thistle, methionine and vitamins. Using the liposomal preparation Butaselmevit for rats under oxidative stress the morphological and biochemical indicators in the blood normalized. On the 14th day the indictors of the number of erythrocytes, the hemoglobin content, the white blood cell count and red blood indexes compared to control came within the physiological indicators, indicating a recovery of hematopoietic function of the bone marrow and normalized indicators of the functional state of the liver.

Вплив біомаси Phaffia rhodozyma й антиоксидантів на ензими системи глутатіону у тканинах білих щурів за дії афлатоксину В1

Вплив біомаси Phaffia rhodozyma й антиоксидантів на ензими системи глутатіону у тканинах білих щурів за дії афлатоксину В1

Clinical diagnostic criteria of modern spice addiction

IntroductionPopulations of spice addicts in Ukraine demonstrate distinct tendency for steady spreading, and transitory psychotic episodes, overdosing and fatal cases are being registered in consequence of smoking. “Spice” are synthetic analogues of tetrahydrocannabinol.Aims and objectivesTo develop an average personified clinical portrait of spice addict for more specified therapy.MethodTwelve patients who consumed spices systematically for 1–2 years were observed. Methods of examination: clinical psychopathological, psychological testing, clinical laboratory.ResultsMain spice addiction diagnostic criteria were: Spice smoking, obsessive and uncontrolled anosognosic desire and craving to test on themselves effects of their action, pathognomonic tolerance increase, specific post-intoxication consequences. After the first smoke inspiration heavy intoxication with euphoria and loss of surrounding real perception, sexual disinhibition and craving to repeat smoking manifested after the first smoke inspiration. Then, spice smoking became subjectively pleasant, caused condition of intoxication with increased mood, fussiness, was accompanied with feeling of hunger, thirst, and hoarse voice. In the patients rather quickly (for 2–3 weeks) twice reduced duration of intoxication state from 40 to 20 minutes, loss of situation and quantitative control over smoking was observed. Clinical specifics of addiction for spices smoking is rather quick (from 5 to 10 trials) formation of psychic equivalent of addiction, extremely intensive and emotionally saturated craving for smoking, quick rise of tolerance with loss of situational and quantitative control over smoking.ConclusionsDefinite rules in the development and formation of spice dependence is necessary to be considered while developing programs for therapy and prevention in clinical narcology.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Mechanism of anthracycline cardiotoxicity and analysis of mechanisms of cardioprotective effect of drugs and compounds of various chemical groups

Aim. Research of the main directions of the search of cytoprotectors under anthracycline antibiotics intoxication conditions for the further development and study of new potential cardioprotectors. Methods. The authors used synthesis and analysis method as the general scientific. Structural and functional, logical and semantic methods were used, as well as system and content analysis method. Results. Certain mechanisms of cardiotoxicity development, including oxidative stress development, activation of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants reduction, inhibition of nucleic acids and proteins synthesis, biogenesis disorder and mitochondrial fragmentation, etc., simultaneously causing the death of cardiomyocytes by necrosis and apoptosis activation, were studied. Among the offered potential cardioprotectors, known remedies of different chemical groups (Cardioxan, Carvedilol, Metformin, Telmisartan, Spironolactone, Trimetazidine, Phenytoin, Indole-3-Carbinol, etc.), biologically active substances of animal and plant origin were examined, and mechanisms of their action under anthracycline intoxication were offered. Nevertheless, despite numerous studies of potential cardioprotectors, at present time there is no specific clinical guideline for cardiomyopathy prevention after anthracycline antibiotics application, and cardiovascular diseases take first place among population mortality and disability causes in developed countries. Conclusion. Development and study of substances with optimal pharmacodynamic effects and pharmacokinetic parameters for myocardium structural and functional disorders correction are relevant and promising areas of research

Morphological changes of rat peripheral nerve under chronic micromercurialism and its pharmacological correction in different terms after injury.

Background. Search for new pharmacological agents that activate processes of traumatized nerve regeneration at the condition of mercurial intoxication remains urgent. Objective. The aim of this study was a comparative morphometric analysis of rat peripheral nerve under micromercurialism using antioxidant drug without pharmacotherapy. Methods. Experimental model of sciatic nerve trauma under conditions of chronic micromercurialism was investigated in experiments on two groups of white rats. Micromercurialism was modeled by intraperitoneal injection of mercuric chloride during 10 weeks before sciatic nerve trauma. The rats of the first group received no pharmacological drugs in postoperative period. The second group of animals received 100 μg/kg solution of Thiotriazolinum intraperitoneally daily during 2 weeks after operation. The morphological organization and morphometric data of regenerative neuroma and adjoining parts (proximal and distal) of sciatic nerve were studied in 6 and 12 weeks after damage using morphometric and statistic methods. Results. Basing on the results of the second group of animals the average angle of axon deviation from the axis of the nerve in the neuroma sufficiently decreases and distribution density of neuron fibers in distal part increases comparing with the first group. Conclusion. Taken together these data evidence that Thiotriazolinum improves the process of traumatized nerve regeneration

Solid-state sensing tip for zinc ion with double parallel optical fibers embedded in fluorescent hydrogel

A tip-shaped zinc ion solid-state sensor is made by two parallel optical fibers embedded closely in a sensing hydrogel film. The film is made of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly HEMA)hydrogel mixed with the selective fluorescent probe meso-2,6-Dichlorophenyltripyrrinone (TPN-Cl2) with weight ratio of 0.025wt%. A 405nm laser output is sent from one fiber and the 622nm fluorescence of the doped hydrogel is collected by the second fiber. Each fiber diameter is 370μm (core is 300μm), whose sum is roughly the tip diameter. The 0.4cm by 0.5cm tip has real-time response for zinc ion concentration over 10−6M, with marginal signal for 10−7M. The tip is inserted inside an oyster and successfully detects the zinc ions, showing that the sensor works in complex body fluid and tolerates certain mechanical stress. To show the potential application for medicine, the sensing film is applied for primary neuronal cultures. We report for the first time zinc ions release at concentration levels 10−6–10−7M to the medium under stress conditions of ischemia, inflammation, and intoxication. Furthermore, this correlates with the zinc levels detected by biochemical assay. Such sensing tip has great potential for biomedical monitoring ex vivo or in vivo.

PARAMETERS OF FREE-RADICAL OXIDATION AND ANTIOXIDANT DEFENCE SYSTEM IN RATS OF BOTH SEXES WITH SODIUM NITRITE INTOXICATION

<p>Long-term influence of sodium nitrite on rats causes an increase in lipid peroxidation products in blood and myocardial tissue in animals of both sexes and is accompanied by a decrease in activity of enzymic and non-enzymic components of antioxidant defence system. Under the conditions of intoxication, the process of LPO is less aggressive in females in the comparison with males.</p>

СТАТИСТИЧНЕ ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ КОМПЕНСАТОРНИХ МЕХАНІЗМІВ ЕПІТЕЛІЮ ЯСЕН В УМОВАХ НІКОТИНОВОЇ ІНТОКСИКАЦІЇ

<p>In the article the results of a comprehensive statistical study of compensatory mechanisms of restructuring epithelium nicotine gum under conditions of intoxication. The results make it possible to characterize changes сytospecific described as a tendency to develop incomplete keratinization, as evidenced virohidnene increase in the number of surface cells on the background of reduction of horny scales. The appearance in cytohrams parabasal epithelial cells ch aracterizes activation<br />of compensatory mechanisms in epithelial conditions nicotine intoxication.</p>

Peculiarities of methemoglobin recovery system in erythrocytes of sterlet under nitrite intoxication

The content of methemoglobin and the functional status of its recovery system in erythrocytes have been studied for the sterlet Acipenser ruthenus L. exposed to a sodium nitrite concentration ranging from 7.25 to 217.5 mmol/L. The functional features of methemoglobin reductase system form the basis of the specific accumulation of methemoglobin. High concentrations of nitrite in plasma inhibit hemo-containing enzymes (methemoglobin reductase and catalase) that normally prevent the excessive accumulation of methemoglobin. Under the conditions of nitrite intoxication, the leading role in the functioning of the methemoglobin reduction system belongs to its nonenzymatic components (reduced glutathione and ascorbate).

Binge drinking: conductas sexuales de riesgo y drogas facilitadoras del asalto sexual en jóvenes españoles

Drug use (alcohol included) as a sexual-assault facilitator and risky sexual behavior are two important issues from a social and health perspective. This study aims to compare the attitudes towards these variables in a sample of 164 young people in conditions of intoxication vs sobriety. The sample consisted of 82 men and 82 women. Their mean age was 27.50 (SD = 3.72). Participants answered a sociodemographic questionnaire, a drug information questionnaire, and the Sexual Behaviors Scale. and moreover, Several Zaphir Deluxe Digital breathalyzers were also used to monitor alcohol level. This is a quasi-experimental study conducted using a within-subject design. Non-probabilistic snowball sampling was used. The results showed more positive attitudes and greater intentions towards the use of drugs as facilitators of sexual assault and risky sexual behaviors in those who are under the influence of alcohol in recreational contexts, regardless of the sex of the sample. These results showed, on the one hand, the importance of studies into the use of drug facilitated sexual assault –a largely ignored issue in Spain– and to determine how drug use affects the use of contraceptive methods. On the other hand, the results show the need to include information in preventive programs about the way alcohol (and other drugs) use is related to sexual activity.

Western Europe, State Formation, and Genetic Pacification

Through its monopoly on violence, the State tends to pacify social relations. Such pacification proceeded slowly in Western Europe between the 5th and 11th centuries, being hindered by the rudimentary nature of law enforcement, the belief in a man's right to settle personal disputes as he saw fit, and the Church's opposition to the death penalty. These hindrances began to dissolve in the 11th century with a consensus by Church and State that the wicked should be punished so that the good may live in peace. Courts imposed the death penalty more and more often and, by the late Middle Ages, were condemning to death between 0.5 and 1.0% of all men of each generation, with perhaps just as many offenders dying at the scene of the crime or in prison while awaiting trial. Meanwhile, the homicide rate plummeted from the 14th century to the 20th. The pool of violent men dried up until most murders occurred under conditions of jealousy, intoxication, or extreme stress. The decline in personal violence is usually attributed to harsher punishment and the longer-term effects of cultural conditioning. It may also be, however, that this new cultural environment selected against propensities for violence.

Zeolites versus Lead Toxicity

The workers in metal industry as well as the people inhabiting industrially polluted regions are Health hazard groups regarding the development of chronic heavy metal intoxication. Different means could be used to correct, at least partly, the consequences of such intoxication. However, the best substances for treatment are those that can prevent the metals entering in the blood. In case, metals enter in the organism through the digestive tract, zeolites are the most suitable means for trapping of metal ions. The substantial role of the clinoptilolite as a factor essentially reducing Pb bioaccumulation is considered in an experiment with small mammals chronically exposed to lead. As a feed additive, clinoptilolites have been used so far in poultry and livestock to positively influence feces consistency, reduce diarrhea, bound mycotoxins and aflatoxins, and allow better performance of intestinal microflora. The present work is the first study of the effect of clinoptilolite, used as a food supplement, in conditions of Pb intoxication. Modified clinoptilolite KLS-10-MA was prepared and applied as food-additive in laboratory inbred ICR line mice, chosen as experimental animals. In the experiment the degree of the positive effect of this sorbent in the reduction of Pb bioaccumulation was explored. Evidences that clinoptilolite is practically non-toxic substance were presented. A mathematical model of Pb bioaccumulation in exposed and exposed-supplemented animals was proposed. Such investigations are important for human and veterinary medicine, pharmacy and for the explanation of some biological and chemical problems. The authors hope that the obtained results could help in further efforts to create drugs based on clinoptilolite sorbents. An application of such drugs could be of great importance for human and animals in regions that are industrially polluted with heavy metals, and particularly with Pb, in order to protect the organisms as well as the quality of the environment.

Fractal dimension and neurotoxicity in rats intoxicated by aluminium

We used animal model of neurotoxicity in rats, which provided the possibility of studying biological pathophysiological phenomena in vivo and afterwards in vitro conditions. The analysis of electrocortical brain activity using mathematical methods can describe the changes induced by aluminum intoxication in rat as an animal model. In physiological and pathophysiological conditions, on experimental models, mechanisms related to changes in behavior, plasticity and accumulation of aluminum in nervous tissue of the rat brain were observed. Animal models of rats used in the experiments described changes in the group of neuronal activity in the brain of rats in different modes of intoxication aluminum. This study describes ECoG activity in the brain of rats under anesthesia in both the control and aluminum treated animals. Fractal and spectral analysis was used to present qualitative and quantitative changes in the conditions of neurotoxicity. Changes in neurotransmission, as well as the structure and function of the neural network are connected to the molecular-physiological mechanisms of neurotoxicity. Aluminium toxicity was monitored through changes in glutamatergic activity and calcium channel activity. By spectrum analysis neurotoxicity was described through changes in spectral power in the corresponding frequency ranges. By comparing the FD of intoxicated and control individuals there was obtained the range of the change in correlation with the corresponding pathophysiological conditions of intoxication. The shange in FD might be an indication of neurotoxicity.

Содержание NCAM в головном мозге и поджелудочной железе крыс в условиях эндогенной интоксикации при экспериментальном хроническом панкреатите

В эксперименте на лабораторных крысах воспроизведена модель хронического панкреатита. Окклюзия панкреатического про-тока привела к значительной атрофии ацинарных клеток, развитию фиброза поджелудочной железы, нарушению функции данного органа и снижению антиоксидантной защиты организма животных. У экспериментальных крыс развивалась эндогенная интоксикация, проявившаяся достоверным увеличением в плазме крови животных концентрации молекул средней массы вследствие активации процессов липопероксидации. В результате развития моделируемой патологии поджелудочной железы происходит достоверное перераспределение содержания растворимой и мембранной форм нейрональной молекулы клеточной адгезии(NCAM), наиболее выраженное в мозжечке и таламусе экспериментальных животных, что влечет за собой изменение межклеточной адгезии в указанных отделах мозга. Разнонаправленный характер распределенияNCAM в мозжечке и таламусе свидетельствует о специфической адаптации нейропластичности в условиях эндотоксикации при развитии хронического панкреатита в зависимости от функциональной нагрузки отделов мозга.

Protective Effect of Mildronate against Toxic Influence of Mercury(II) Chloride on Cultured Neuroblastoma Cells

We examined toxic action of 10.9 μM mercury(II) chloride on cultured IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells and possible protective effects of a cardioprotector, mildronate (tested concentrations 0.01 to 10.0 mg/ml of culture medium) under such experimental conditions. Isolated addition of mildronate to the medium did not induce considerable negative effects (number of dead cells did not exceed 8-10% of their total number at all concentrations used). In the case of isolated action of HgCl2, about half of cultured IMR- 32 cells died (on average, 55.8 ± 1.6% of the cells remained viable). Mildronate in a 0.01 mg/ml concentration did not manifest a significant protective action, but at doses 1.0 and 10.0 mg/ml the mean number of living cells in the presence of HgCl2 reached nearly 80%. Thus, mildronate demonstrated relative safety in vitro and a significant protective effect under conditions of intoxication by low doses of mercury.

Molluscicidal and antischistosomal activities of methanol extracts and isolated compounds from Eucalyptus globulus and Melaleuca styphelioides

Context: Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that results in severe organ damage. Snail control is the best measure to control schistosomiasis. Plant-derived molluscicides have gained increasing attention for the control of schistosomiasis because they have low toxicity towards non-target organisms. Tannins are particularly suitable for snail control because they are less toxic than saponins to non-target organisms.Objective: To identify the most toxic components of two plants belonging to the family Myrtaceae, namely Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Melaleuca styphelioides Sm against the different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni and its snail host.Materials and methods: The 80% MeOH leaf extracts of the tested plants and their isolated compounds were screened for their molluscicidal activity (expressed as LC50 and LC90 after 24 h exposure) against the snail Biomphalaria alexandrina. The anti-schistosomal activity of the tested samples was determined at 20 ppm (after 1 or 2 h exposure) against the different developmental stages of S. mansoni, including the miracidia, cercariae and worms. Biochemical parameters were measured to determine the toxicity mechanisms of the treated snails. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on NMR, UV and HRESI-MS/MS data.Results: Potent molluscicidal activity was observed for the ellagitannin dimer eucalbanin B (12), with an LC50 value of 55 ppm. Treatment of the snails with the LC25 of eucalbanin B (30.8 ppm) resulted in a significant decrease in the protein level by 22.7% and 25.8% in the snail tissues and hemolymph, respectively. The decreased protein content was attributed to destruction of the snail tissue and impairment in protein synthesis under stress conditions of intoxication with eucalbanin B. Alterations in the activities of the transaminases and phosphatases in the treated snails indicated destruction and intoxication of the snail tissues. A significant increase in the levels of the transaminases alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (57.8%) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (113.2%) in the snail hemolymph and a significant decrease in their tissue levels to 7.4 and 48.6%, respectively, were attributed to their release from the damaged tissue into the hemolymph. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was significantly increased by 38.5 and 181.4% in the hemolymph and tissues, respectively. Acid phosphatase (ACP) was also significantly increased by 48.4 and 21.2% in the hemolymph and tissues, respectively. The 80% MeOH extract of E. globulus together with mallophenol B (3), 2,2,8-trimethyl-6-formyl-chrom-3-ene-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (5) and benzyl alcohol 7-O-(3′,4′,6′-tri-O-galloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside (10) exhibited miracidicidal activity with almost 100% toxicity at 20 ppm for the three compounds and 80% toxicity for the extract. Moreover, E. globulus extract showed cercaricidal and schistosomicidal activity with 100 and 40% mortality, respectively.Conclusion: E. globulus is a potential source for biocidal compounds against S. mansoni and its snail host. This is the first study to test the biocidal activity of the isolated compounds.

A Case of Ethanol Intoxication in an Alcoholic Abuser under LongTerm Treatment with GHB

A Case of Ethanol Intoxication in an Alcoholic Abuser under LongTerm Treatment with GHB Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a naturally occurring short-chained fatty acid produced endogenously within the mammalian brain. This drug has found legal uses as an anesthetic agent and in the treatment of narcolepsy. GHB has been used for alcohol withdrawal syndrome and long term treatment of alcohol addiction. In Italy this drug can be used for the treatment of alcoholism under the supervision of a physician. Research into the nature of these interactions is incomplete and often contradictory. There is evidence that the mechanism in which the 2 drugs interact may be synergistic in nature, such that, when low doses of GHB and alcohol are combined, the resulting effects of the drug combination are markedly greater than the predicted effects based upon each drug administered alone. We present the case of a patient under long-term treatment with GHB for alcohol addiction who was found dead for choking. The toxicological analysis showed a blood alcohol concentration of 2.6 g/L indicating a condition of acute intoxication and GHB concentration in peripheral blood as 9.85 μg/ml. We show autopsy and toxicological data and briefly discuss the possible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the interaction.

The renal effects of vanadate exposure: potential biomarkers and oxidative stress as a mechanism of functional renal disorders--preliminary studies.

The alterations in the levels/activities of selected biomarkers for detecting kidney toxicity and in the levels of some oxidative stress (OS) markers and elements were studied in male rats to evaluate biochemically the degree of kidney damage, investigate the role of OS in the mechanism of functional renal disorders, reveal potential biomarkers of renal function, and assess the renal mineral changes in the conditions of a 12-week sodium metavanadate (SMV, 0.125 mg V/mL) exposure. The results showed that OS is involved in the mechanism underlying the development of SMV-induced functional renal disturbances. They also suggest that the urinary cystatin C (CysCu) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1u) could be the most appropriate to evaluate renal function at the conditions of SMV intoxication when the fluid intake, excreted urinary volume (EUV), body weight (BW), and the urinary creatinine excretion (Creu) decreased. The use of such tests as the urinary lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (LDHu, ALPu, GGTPu, and NAGu) seems not to be valid given their reduced activities. The use of only traditional biomarkers of renal function in these conditions may, in turn, be insufficient because their alterations are greatly influenced by the changes in the fluid intake and/or BW.

Bioprotective effect of zinc in macro- and nanoaquachelate form on embryonal development of rats in conditions of lead intoxication

В статье представлены результаты изучения воздействия низких доз свинца и цинка (наноцинка) на эмбриональное развитие в условиях лабораторного эксперимента на крысах. Установлено негативное вли ­ яние свинца на протекание беременности у лабораторных животных, что проявляется в нарушении физио ­ логической динамики ректальной температуры и снижении прироста массы тела. Эмбриотоксический эффект низких доз свинца проявляется в увеличении эмбриональной смертности в 2,16 раз а по сравнению с кон ­ трольной группой животных, ухудшении морфометрических показателей плодов, нарушении плацен ­ тогенеза. Одновременное введение препаратов цинка при свинцовой интоксикации оказывает протекторное действие на организм беременных крыс и эмбриональное развитие потомства, более выраженное для цит ­ рата цинка, полученного с использованием аквананотехнологии по сравнению с хлоридом цинка. При этом по морфометрическим показателям плоды мужского пола оказались более чувствительны к пренатальному воз ­ действию свинца по сравнению с плодами женского пола.

A Case Study of Drug Abuse

There has been increasing the incidence of addiction to certain drugs amongst people belonging to various strata of society particularly amongst young people in our country as well as western countries. Our patient is a 24 year old male with a history of phensidyl addiction for 4.5 years. Without having it he can’t do anything. If he cannot take it, peevish temperament occurs and he doesn’t wish to work or even talk. He collects drugs from the local spots or a particular person. This condition is very much dangerous both to the individual and socio-economic condition of a country. Drugs addiction is a condition of periodic or chronic intoxication produced by the repeated consumption of a drug or drugs by and individual effect of which is detrimental to the individual or to the society. A more intensive research, action program, and social movement are needed. It is also needed to strengthen family and social values and religious ethics in order to maintain a stable and drug-free society.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v24i2.15014 Medicine Today 2012 Vol.24(2): 82-84