Yield Condition Research Articles

Production of Amylase by Solid State Fermentation Using Agricultural Waste

This study presents a comprehensive investigation into the production of amylase, a crucial enzyme with wide-ranging industrial applications, using locally sourced substrates from Kachchh, Gujarat. The research employed the Bacillus licheniformis strain and substrates such as coconut, rice husk, wheat bran, paddy straw, and maize straw. The study found paddy straw to be the most promising substrate for amylase production. The research also systematically optimized various process parameters for amylase production in Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) using the One Variable at a Time (OVAT) method. These parameters included incubation period, temperature, inoculum level, additional carbon sources, starch concentrations, additional nitrogen sources, initial pH, different mineral salt ions, initial moisture level, and surfactants. The results showed that the optimal conditions for maximum amylase yield were an incubation period of 48 hours, an incubation temperature of 35°C, an inoculum level of 10%, starch as the additional carbon source, a starch concentration of 2.5%, yeast extract as the additional nitrogen source, an initial pH of 7, NaCl as the mineral salt, an initial moisture level of 75%, and Tween 80 as the surfactant. This research provides a reliable and sustainable approach to enzyme production, offering valuable insights for the optimization of the solid-state fermentation process for maximum amylase production.

Global analysis of forest tipping points leading to changing water cycle dynamics

Forest cover loss is increasing at unprecedented rates, affecting the hydrologic systems of major freshwater-producing regions of the world. However, quantification of the tipping points of forest cover loss before hydrologic changes manifest and their impact in water yield and climatic conditions has remained elusive. In this study, we aim to systematically document the critical thresholds of tree cover loss leading to changing hydrologic functioning within regions that experienced extensive drought, fire, or clear-cutting events spanning different climates during the period from 2001 to 2016. Using the Hydrologic Sensitivity Index based on Budyko’s curve, we analyzed the changes in hydrologic responses to climate variability as landcover changes across the affected forests. Critical thresholds were derived by fitting Richard’s Curve function to the observed relationship between growing sensitive area and tree cover loss. Our analysis reveals decrease in water yields and warming trends during the early stages of tree cover loss in tropical forests (c = 16 %), with negative anomalies observed in rainforests of Central Africa and Maritime Southeast Asia. Boreal forests also show low thresholds (c = 18 %) with a strong tendency toward a warmer climate state and no clear tendency in water yields. Mixed forests show moderate thresholds (c = 25 %) with unclear water yield and climate trends. Conversely, Temperate forests exhibit the most resilience to hydrologic regime shifts with high critical thresholds of tree cover loss (c = 46––54 %), but a rapid alteration once their threshold is surpassed resulting primarily in increased water yields and a shift toward cooler climate conditions. As the potential for additional tree cover loss heightens, due to expected increases in the frequency and intensity of droughts and wildfires, the analyses presented provides a quantitative framework to monitor and assess the impacts of changing forest cover conditions on the water cycle behavior of some of the largest freshwater producing regions of the world.

Comparative Analysis of Laboratory-Scale Immunoglobulin G Purification Methods from Human Serum.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) purification is a critical process for evaluating its role in autoimmune diseases, which are defined by the occurrence of autoantibodies. Affinity chromatography with protein G is widely considered to be the optimal technique for laboratory-scale purification. However, this technique has some limitations, including the exposure of IgG to low pH, which can compromise the quality of the purified IgG. Here, we show that alternative methods for IgG purification are possible while maintaining the quality of IgG. Different techniques for IgG purification from serum were evaluated and compared with protein G-based approaches: Melon Gel, caprylic acid-ammonium sulfate (CAAS) precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography with diethylamino ethyl (DEAE) following ammonium sulfate (AS) precipitation, and AS precipitation alone. The results demonstrated that the purification yield of these techniques surpassed that of protein G. However, differences in the purity of IgG were observed using GeLC-MS/MS. The avidity of purified IgG against selected targets (SARS-CoV-2 and topoisomerase-I) was similar between purified IgG obtained using all techniques and unpurified sera. Our work provides valuable insights for future studies of IgG function by recommending alternative purification methods that offer advantages in terms of yield, time efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and milder pH conditions than protein G.

Synthesis and Aggregation-Induced Emission Properties of New Carbazole-Based Pyranones and their Ring-Transformed Derivatives

AbstractA new series of N-phenyl-carbazole (N-phCbz) appended pyranones were designed and synthesized using α-oxo-ketene-S,S-acetal under mild reaction conditions in good yields. The reactivity of donor-acceptor (D-A)-based 2H-pyranones was utilized to develop their ring-transformed benzene-cored N-phenyl-carbazole derivatives. All the synthesized carbazole-based pyranones showed aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics in 80–99% water fraction (f w) in DMSO. Among all the synthesized compounds, 6-(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)-4-(methylthio)-2-oxo-2H-pyran-3-carbonitrile exhibited excellent AIE behavior with ca. 70-fold increase in fluorescence in 80% fw at 550nm. Furthermore, this compound showed exceptionally high fluorescence in nonpolar solvent (THF) as compared to polar solvents such as DMSO (ca. 200-fold increase in fluorescence). The DFT, DSC, and TGA analyses of the synthesized D-π-A compounds suggested the strong electron-donor ability of N-phCbz, with good thermal stability in the range of 231–393 °C. These N-phenyl-carbazole-appended pyranones with interesting AIE properties have great potential as probes for bioimaging applications as well as for optoelectronic materials.

Description and Assessment of an Antimicrobial Substance from Marine Actinobacteria

Streptomyces is thought to be the primary source of bacteria for the synthesis of bioactive substances, such as naturally occurring antibiotics. Finding and identifying the actinomycetes exhibiting antagonistic activity was the primary goal of the current investigation. A strain of actinomycetes that was isolated from marine sand samples that were collected off the Indian coast of Vedharanyam exhibited antimicrobial activity against a number of microbial pathogens. The nutritional requirements and cultural conditions for maximal growth and yield of bioactive compounds have been optimized under shake flask condition. Analyze the compound characterization of the sample such as UV, FT-IR, GC-MS and sequencing 16S rRNA for species identification. The actinomycetes isolates which are isolated from sediment sample can be further used as antimicrobial activity agents against bacterial and fungal pathogens and their compound characterization.

Photocatalytic Three-Component Acylcarboxylation of Alkenes with CO2.

γ-Keto acid is a valuable chemical motif in a wide range of fields including organic, biological, and medicinal chemistry. However, its single-step synthesis is challenging because of the mismatch of the carbonyl polarity and low tolerance of carboxylic acids. Herein, we report the single-step syntheses of γ-keto acids using alkenes and CO2. Our photocatalytic system enabled the transformation of alkenes under mild conditions in high yields (up to 95%) with broad substrate generality (35 examples).

Process Optimization for Biosurfactant Production by Bacillus aryabhattai SPS1001 using Taguchi Method.

This study employs Taguchi design of experiments (DOE) to optimize biosurfactant yield by analyzing the impact of various input parameters. Signal-to-noise ratio analysis was utilized for optimization, corroborated by ANOVA findings. Regression equations depicted response behaviour and are validated through a confirmation test. Taguchi methodology identified optimal conditions for maximum biosurfactant yield: agitation (180rpm), inoculum size (2%), beef extract (5g/L), diesel (20ml/L), peptone (5g/L), NaCl (7g/L), incubation time (4days), pH (7.9), and yeast extract (6g/L). This yielded an 8.33% increase to 1.53g/L, with initial optimum parameters projecting 1.41g/L. ANOVA ranked and quantified control factor contributions, revealing agitation's significant (31.41%) impact on yield. The study underscores the viability of Taguchi's optimal conditions for substantial yield improvement within specific ranges. The strong alignment between expected and experimental yields affirmed the reliability of developed models for optimal yield selection. This study underscores the power of statistical techniques like Taguchi DOE and ANOVA in systematically enhancing biosurfactant production by Bacillus aryabhattai SPS1001 and paves the way for future advancements in bioprocess optimization.

Harvesting energy horizons: Bifacial PV and reversible fuel cells unite for sustainable building solutions

This study explores the integration of bifacial photovoltaic (PV) panels with proton exchange membrane (PEM) reversible fuel cells (RFC) to enhance renewable energy storage across various U.S. climates. It assesses the impact of environmental variables like sunlight exposure, climate fluctuations, and energy demands on system efficiency and resilience. The cities considered in the study were Tucson, Los Angeles, Denver, Dallas, and Minneapolis. Each city was chosen for its unique climatic characteristics, ranging from the arid heat of Tucson to the cold temperatures of Minneapolis. This diverse selection helps to evaluate the system's performance and economic viability across a broad spectrum of environmental conditions. Economic analysis focuses on metrics such as the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE), Levelized Cost of Hydrogen (LCOH), and Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS). Findings indicate significant economic benefits through varying bifacial PV gains from 0 to 20% yield with reductions in LCOE by 16%, LCOH by 14%, LCOS by 13%, and overall system LCOE by 18%. The results highlight the potential of bifacial PV and PEM-RFC systems to boost energy yield and economic efficiency amid dynamic environmental conditions. This analytical framework offers detailed insights into the economic viability and advantages of these systems in different climatic zones in the United States.

Recent advances in gellan gum production and modification for enhanced applicability in food printing and bioactive delivery applications

The importance of Gellan gum has been increasing gradually and its unique characteristics are suitable for various advanced food technologies. This review outlines recent developments in gellan gum production, modification, and newer applications focusing on food printing and bioactive delivery applications, in the last three years. The yield and production condition of gellan gum is a major factor that affects the cost and its applications. Moreover, modified Gellan gum has been shown to have superior characteristics and functionality as compared to native one. The viscosifying, thermosensitive, gelling etc. characteristics of gellan gum makes it an crucial ingredient in case of preparation of 3D printing ink. Further, gellan gum is also found to be important wall material in case of bioactive delivery application through encapsulation. Optimized methods of production, sustainable feedstock, and stress conditions are critical for the desired functionality and yield of the Gellan gum.

Soybean seed yield, protein, and oil concentration for a modern and old genotype under varying row spacings

Progress in soybean (Glycine max L.) breeding has led to a reduction in optimal seeding rates due to enhanced branching capacity over time. However, less is known about the changes in canopy architecture between old and modern soybean genotypes at varying row spacing and their impact on yield and seed quality through the main stem and branches. Therefore, this study aimed to i) evaluate yield and seed quality responses of an old and modern soybean genotype at different row spacings and ii) examine the yield and seed quality of branches and the main stem. Trials were conducted in Kansas (United States, US) during 2020 and 2021, comparing two genotypes (old, released in 1980, and modern, released in 2013) at four row spacings (0.19, 0.38, 0.76, and 1.52 m) under rainfed conditions. Seed yield and quality (protein and oil concentrations, %) were assessed at the end of each growing season. In 2021, both genotypes had low and similar yields at all row spacings (averaging 2481 kg ha−1) with 2.5 % less protein on branches compared to the main stem. However, 2022 resulted in a high-yielding environment, with the modern yielding 50 % more (3584 kg ha−1) than the old (2315 kg ha−1) genotype in narrow row spacings (<0.38 m). Additionally, the modern genotype showed a three-fold greater contribution to yield from branches (1113 kg ha−1) relative to the old genotype (379 kg ha−1). Despite the high yields observed in narrow rows, the modern genotype maintained protein levels. These results highlight the importance of row spacing as a key management practice for improving yield while maintaining protein levels in high yield conditions.

Cost‐efficiency potential of solar energy on a global scale: Case studies for Si solar modules with PERC and heterojunction structures

AbstractLevelized cost of electricity (LCOE) is a crucial metric for assessing the socio‐economic cost‐efficiency potential of various energy sources including solar photovoltaics. Nevertheless, accurate LCOE estimations for commercialized high‐efficiency Si solar modules with passivated emitter and rear cell (PERC) and silicon heterojunction (SHJ) structures have been lacking. In this study, we present the first global LCOE estimates for a PERC module (20% cell efficiency) and a SHJ module (23% cell efficiency), which have been derived by (i) performing rigorous energy‐yield calculations with full‐spectral and temperature‐dependent simulations that incorporate all essential meteorological effects and (ii) considering country‐specific capital costs and discount rates. Moreover, to determine the universal global LCOE, the LCOEs for three distinct installation capacities (100 MW for a utility, 500 kW for a commercial, and 5 kW for a residential system) have been unified by selecting an appropriate system size at each location based on a population density. We find that the LCOEs of both PERC and SHJ systems are below 3 cents/kWh in 2020 US dollar in many areas of China, Saudi Arabia, the United States, Australia, Chile, and Botswana, where the conditions of a high energy yield, low population density, low capital cost, and low country‐risk premium are satisfied simultaneously. In contrast, many European countries exhibit a moderate LCOE of 3~5 cents/kWh. Notably, Japan and Russia exhibit quite high LCOEs (6~10 cents/kWh) primarily due to significantly higher installation costs and moderate energy yields. Importantly, the global LCOEs of the PERC and SHJ modules are quite similar, with the SHJ module showing a slightly better cost performance in the regions near the equator due to its low temperature coefficient. Conversely, the PERC module demonstrates a cost advantage in the Northern Hemisphere due to a lower module cost.

Dissimilar subalgebras of symmetry algebra of plasticity equations

In this paper we construct the optimal sets of dissimilar subalgebras up to dimension three for the Lie algebra of point symmetries of the system of three-dimensional stationary equations of perfect plasticity with the Huber–von Mises yield condition. The obtained results can be used to solve the problem of determining all invariant solutions of this system. It was necessary to design algorithms to facilitate some steps of the classification of subalgebras. The computational algebraic system SageMath was chosen to implement these algorithms. The most used functions and procedures are listed. The developed algorithms can be adapted to classify subalgebras of higher dimensions.

Tomato yield and soil chemical properties influenced by low–molecular–weight organic acids in calcareous soil

&lt;p&gt;Calcareous soils have restrictive characteristics that limit and pose a challenge for crop production; in this environment, plants can exude low-molecular-weight organic acids (LMWOAs). This study aimed to verify the influence of exogenously applied LMWOAs in calcareous soils on tomato yield and the chemical characteristics of soil and leachate. &lt;em&gt;Solanum lycopersicum&lt;/em&gt; L. seedlings were grown in pots containing calcareous soil in a greenhouse, fertilized by drip irrigation with Steiner nutrient solution in which the treatments 0.1 mM citric acid (CA), 0.1 mM oxalic acid (OA), 0.01 mM salicylic acid (SA) and a control without LMWOAs (T0) were prepared, applied during the whole growth cycle. The experiment was repeated four times, with twenty replicates per treatment, under a completely randomized design. The yield per plant was quantified, while pH and microbial respiration (RMS) were measured in the soil. The pH, electrical conductivity (EC), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), carbonate (CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt;), and bicarbonate (HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt;) contents were quantified in the leachates. SA application reduced the soil pH (8.75). SA and CA improved the fruit yield per plant by 11% and 33%, respectively (p &amp;lt; 0.05). CA induced a 1.7% reduction in leachate pH (p &amp;lt; 0.05) and a 15.9% increase in HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; content (p &amp;lt; 0.05). SA decreased EC and CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2–&lt;/sup&gt; concentrations by 8.9 and 23.1% (p &amp;lt; 0.05), but increased HCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;–&lt;/sup&gt; content by 23.1 % (p &amp;lt; 0.05). The use of LMWOAs as a strategy in the management of calcareous soils can promote favorable conditions for tomato yield per plant.&lt;/p&gt;

Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Water-Soluble Polysaccharides from the Roots of Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch. and Its Effects on Glucose Consumption on HepG2 Cells.

The root of Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch. is a common Chinese materia medica and the polysaccharides which have been isolated from the plant are important active components for medicinal purposes. The objective of the current study was to optimize the extraction parameters and evaluate the glucose consumption activity for Adenophorae root polysaccharides (ARPs). The optimization of ARP extraction was evaluated with preliminary experiments and using response surface methodology (RSM). The conditions investigated were 35-45 °C extraction temperature, 20-30 (v/w) water-to-solid ratio, and 3-5 h extraction time. The antidiabetic effects of ARPs for the glucose consumption activity were evaluated in HepG2 cells. The statistical analyses of the experiments indicated that temperature, water-to-solid ratio, and extraction time significantly affected ARP yield (p < 0.01). The correlation analysis revealed that the experimental data were well-aligned with a quadratic polynomial model, as evidenced by the mathematical regression model's fit. The optimal conditions for maximum ARP yield were 45 °C extraction temperature and 28.47:1 (mL/g) water-to-solid ratio with a 4.60 h extraction time. Extracts from these conditions showed significant activity of promoting cell proliferation from 11.26% (p < 0.001) to 32.47% (p < 0.001) at a dose of 50 μg/mL to 800 μg/mL and increasing glucose consumption to 75.86% (p < 0.001) at 250 μg/mL on HepG2 cells. This study provides a sustainable alternative for the industry since it allowed simplified handling and a specific quantity of ARPs. Furthermore, ARPs might directly stimulate the glucose consumption in the liver and showed no cytotoxicity; therefore, ARPs probably could be taken as a potential natural source of antidiabetic materials.

Enhancing L-asparagine Production Through In Vivo ATP Regeneration System Utilizing Glucose Metabolism of Escherichia coli.

L-asparaginase synthetase, an ATP-dependent enzyme, necessitates ATP for its catalytic activity. However, the integration of L-asparaginase synthetase into industrial processes is curtailed by the prohibitive cost of ATP. To address this limitation, this study explores the construction of an efficient ATP regeneration system using the glucose metabolism of Escherichia coli, synergistically coupled with L-asparaginase synthetase catalysis. The optimal conditions for L-asparagine yield were determined in shake flasks. A total of 2.7 g/L was the highest yield achieved under specific parameters, including 0.1 mol/L of substrate, 0.2 mol/L glucose, 0.01 mol/L MgCl2 at pH 7.5, a temperature of 37 °C, and agitation at 300 r/min over 12 h. The process was then scaled to a 3-L fermenter, optimizing the addition rates of the substrate and magnesium chloride, and employing a constant glucose feed of 10 g/L/h. The scale-up process led to a significant enhancement in the production of L-asparagine. The yield of L-asparagine was increased to 38.49 g/L after 20 h of conversion, and the molar conversion rate reached 29.16%. This strategy has proven to be effective in improving the efficiency of L-asparagine production. When compared to in vitro ATP regeneration methods, this in vivo approach showcased superior efficiency and reduced costs. These findings furnish pivotal insights that may propel the enzymatic synthesis of L-asparagine toward viable industrial application.

A preliminary study on the feasibility of two different cow-calf contact systems in a pasture-based, seasonal calving dairy system: effects on cow production and health

Internationally, consumer dissatisfaction with cow-calf separation at birth has led to increased interest in alternative calf−rearing methods, specifically cow-calf contact (CCC) systems. The objectives of this preliminary study were to estimate whether CCC could be incorporated into an Irish spring-calving, pasture-based system, and to investigate the effects on cow milk production and health. Three systems were compared: the conventional Irish system (CONV;18 cows), cow and calf were separated < 1 h postbirth, cows were pasture-based and milked twice-a-day; a full-time access system (FT;14 cows), cow and calf were allowed constant, unrestricted access, were pasture-based, and cows were milked twice-a-day; and a part-time access system (PT;18 cows), cow and calf had unrestricted access when indoors at night, cows grazed outdoors by day while calves remained indoors, and cows were milked once-a-day in the morning. Cows were blocked and balanced across the three systems by previous lactation machine milk yield (MMY), BW, and body condition score (BCS). Following an 8-week CCC period, all calves were weaned (FT and PT underwent a 7-d gradual weaning and separation process) and all cows were milked twice-a-day. Cow MMY was recorded daily and milk composition was recorded weekly; milk data were analysed from weeks 1 to 8 (CCC period), weeks 9 to 35 (post-CCC period), and weeks 1 to 35 (cumulative lactation). Cow BW and BCS were taken weekly for weeks 1–12, and at the end of the lactation. During the CCC period, all systems differed (P < 0.001) in MMY (mean ± SEM; 24.0, 13.6, and 10.3 ± 0.50 kg/d for CONV, FT, and PT cows, respectively). After the CCC period, CONV MMY (20.2 ± 0.48 kg/d) remained higher (P < 0.001) than the FT (16.6 kg/d) and PT cows (15.7 kg/d). The FT and PT cows yielded 24 and 31% less in cumulative lactation MMY and 26 and 35% less in cumulative lactation milk solids yield, respectively, compared to CONV (5 072 ± 97.0 kg and 450 ± 8.7 kg). During the CCC period, somatic cell score was higher (P = 0.030) in PT cows (5.15 ± 0.118) compared to FT cows (4.70 ± 0.118), while CONV (4.94 ± 0.118) were inconclusive to both. The PT cows (523 ± 4.9 and 520 ± 6.8 kg) were heavier than the CONV (474 ± 4.9 and 479 ± 6.8 kg) and FT (488 ± 4.9 and 487 ± 6.8 kg) cows at week 4 and week 8 (both P < 0.001). The PT cows had higher BCS than CONV and FT at all observed times. This preliminary research suggests that although CCC was incorporated without impacting cow health, the two CCC systems investigated negatively affected cow production.

Maize yield prediction and condition monitoring at the sub-county scale in Kenya: synthesis of remote sensing information and crop modeling

Agricultural production assessments are crucial for formulating strategies for closing yield gaps and enhancing production efficiencies. While in situ crop yield measurements can provide valuable and accurate information, such approaches are costly and lack scalability for large-scale assessments. Therefore, crop modeling and remote sensing (RS) technologies are essential for assessing crop conditions and predicting yields at larger scales. In this study, we combined RS and a crop growth model to assess phenology, evapotranspiration (ET), and yield dynamics at grid and sub-county scales in Kenya. We synthesized RS information from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Water Productivity Open-access portal (WaPOR) to retrieve sowing date information for driving the model simulations. The findings showed that grid-scale management information and progressive crop growth could be accurately derived, reducing the model output uncertainties. Performance assessment of the modeled phenology yielded satisfactory accuracies at the sub-county scale during two representative seasons. The agreement between the simulated ET and yield was improved with the combined RS-crop model approach relative to the crop model only, demonstrating the value of additional large-scale RS information. The proposed approach supports crop yield estimation in data-scarce environments and provides valuable insights for agricultural resource management enabling countermeasures, especially when shortages are perceived in advance, thus enhancing agricultural production.

Insights into microwave‐promoted synthesis of 3‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐4,9‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine derivatives catalyzed using new Pd (II),Cu (II),VO (II), and Ag(I) complexes as a heterogeneous catalyst and computational studies

Four novel Pd (II), Cu (II), VO (II), and Ag(I) complexes were prepared from benzimidazole ligand through bidentate chelating mode. Alternative spectral and analytical tools were applied to elucidate their structural and molecular formulae. This study was extended to investigate stability and stoichiometry of complexes in solution, using standard methods. In addition, the best atomic distribution within structural forms was obtained via the density functional theory (DFT) method. This computational study fed us with significant physical characteristics for differentiation. Also, DFT/time‐dependent DFT computations were performed applying (B3LYP/6‐311++G[d,p]/aug‐cc‐pVTZ/aug‐cc‐pVTZ‐PP) level in order to investigate the electronic behavior of the compounds. These results demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data. Computational data discriminate Pd (II) complex by some physical features, which may be promising in the catalytic field. This complex was selected to play a catalytic function to synthesize 3‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐4,9‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine derivatives using microwave irradiation in a one‐pot reaction. The catalyst was selected for this application based on the history of Pd (II) complexes and the properties expected theoretically. A condensation reaction for 3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone, aromatic aldehyde, and 5‐aminotetrazole was carried out under mild reaction conditions by microwave irradiation. All reaction conditions were optimized among those variable Lewis acid catalysts in comparison with our new complexes. DOBPAPd catalyst displayed superiority in overall trials with high yield, short time, and green conditions (solvent H2O/EtOH). Also, the recovery of hetero catalyst was succeeded and reused by the same efficiency up to five times after that the efficiency was reduced. The mechanism of action was proposed based on the ability of Pd (II) for adding extra‐bonds over z‐axis and supported by theoretical aspects.

Fenugreek seed proteins: Ultrasonic‐assisted extraction, characterization, and cupcake application

AbstractIn this study, fenugreek seed proteins were extracted using ultrasonic‐assisted extraction with varying solid:solvent ratios (20–60 g/L) and sonication amplitudes (30%–80%) to determine optimal conditions for the highest extraction yield. The functional, structural, and nutritional characteristics of the protein isolates of fenugreek seeds were investigated. The highest yield (98.74 ± 0.49%) was achieved at a solid:solvent ratio of 43.83 g/L and an amplitude of 67.51%. The coagulated protein values of fenugreek seed protein isolates ranged from ~15.8% to 31.2%, water‐holding capacities ranged from ~2.2 to 3.2 g/g, oil‐holding capacities ranged from ~2.6 to 4.1 g/g, foaming capacities ranged from ~16.3% to 21.3%, foam stabilities ranged from ~59.7% to 78.1%, emulsion stabilities ranged from ~30.2 to 34.5 min, emulsion activities ranged from ~73.8 to 76.8 m2/g, and emulsion capacities ranged from ~26.9% to 30.5% under different extraction conditions. SDS‐PAGE analysis revealed three distinct bands (46, 59, and 80 kDa) for the protein isolates. FT‐IR spectroscopy showed a high presence of β‐sheet structures. The amino acid composition analysis of fenugreek seed protein isolates was determined, revealing richness in essential amino acids (317.97 g amino acid/kg protein isolate). In addition, cupcakes enriched with protein isolates (5%, 10%, and 20% as flour substitutes) were produced, and quality properties such as color change, browning index, moisture content, water activity, baking yield, bulk density, hardness, volume, symmetry, and uniformity indexes were determined. The application of protein isolates in cupcake production demonstrated the potential of fenugreek seeds as valuable ingredients for enhancing the nutritional profile of bakery products.

An elastoplastic peridynamic beam model for large bending deformation and fracture analysis

The present study establishes an elastoplastic peridynamic (PD) beam model, which effectively incorporates the development of plasticity across both the cross-section and length of the beam, aiming to accurately capture the large bending deformation and fracture of metal frame structures. Firstly, the equivalent plastic modulus is derived to describe the plastic development of the beam cross-section, and then the expression of the incremental strain energy density of the beam in a large bending deformation elastoplastic process can be derived based on the classical continuum mechanics (CCM) theory. Secondly, the equivalent plastic micromoduli of the micro-beam bond are obtained from the incremental strain energy density of the beam in a large bending deformation elastoplastic process using the homogenization principle. Thirdly, the yield condition of the micro-beam bond is derived to determine its elastoplastic stage, and the elastoplastic PD-CCM coupling beam model is established via the morphing method to improve computational efficiency. Finally, the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed elastoplastic PD-CCM beam model are verified by several numerical examples.