Concept Of Space-time Research Articles

Maxwell’s Equations and Propagation of Light: Not Relative

A long lasting worldwide view that the time is relative and is a function of the space (the space-time) was originated from the special relativity and the Lorentz-Einstein transformation, and gave birth to the general relativity. The basic premise of the special relativity is that the Maxwell’s equations are relative, and could be applied relative to an inertial frame; this basic premise is incorrect. The Lorentz-Einstein transform that gave rise to the concept of space-time is not unique. The relative time on an inertial frame derived from the Lorentz-Einstein transform is directional. A General Class of Transforms consisting of infinitely many transforms, where the Lorentz-Einstein Transform is a member, is used to show that the Maxwell’s equations do not hold relative to an inertial frame, or not relative. All the infinitely many transforms in the General Class provide a unique set of relative fields that satisfy the Maxwell’s equations. However, the presence of infinitely many Transforms leads to an infinitely many distinct relative times, and infinitely many space-time functions for an inertial frame. If the Maxwell’s equations are relative, the relative Maxwell’s equations also create Shear Electro-Magnetic (SEM) waves, which have a speed that depends on the speed of the inertial frame, and have much higher speed than the Transversal Electro-Magnetic (TEM) waves. The inability of providing a unique, non-directional relative time, as well as the inability of maintaining a unique speed of the light that is independent of the frame of reference, prevents the applicability or the validity of the Maxwell’s equations relatively on an inertial frame. The light or electromagnetic waves do not travel relative to moving bodies. The Maxwell’s wave equations are absolute, not relative. The time is absolute, not relative. A second is a second, irrespective of the speed of the moving body, everywhere in the universe. The path of light is absolute, not relative. They are independent of the frame of reference. The time does not depend on the space. There is the space, then, there is the time; there is no space-time. To an observer on a moving frame the speed of light is a constant, in conformity with Michelson and Morley experiment, solely due to the fact that a moving body contracts in all directions while the time remains absolute.

Performance Management of the NHS' Mental Health Care Service Delivery in England: The Role of the Service' Actors' (Clients) Collaboration through Dialogism

A welfare state has a responsibility to provide health and social services to the citizenry. The state delegates that responsibility to a number of actors, each of which has its own performance management criteria. To ensure coherence, it is important to manage their performances collectively taking into consideration all the actors inputs rather than only that of government or its agent, the NHS. This turns out to be a difficult task especially that of the mental health care services. The author will be looking at a possible solution to this problem based on the assumption that it is possible to change the way the actors present their stories by bringing them together to share their purposes and common action through the notion of dialogism as way of maintaining plurality of logics: different voices (polyphonic), styles (stylistic), space-time conception (chronotopic), inter-animating discourse (architectonics) and the dynamic interplay of these different dialogisms (polypi). It is this process of plurality of logic that the researcher termed, the Third Cybernetics Evolution, as a way of sequential processes from the First Cybernetics through the Second Cybernetics to the Third Cybernetics. It is argued that implementing these, allows for improved communication among actors, as a way of achieving high quality service. It is suggested that implementation of these concepts and processes implies the use of storytelling as a facilitatory system. It is shown that all actors in the mental health care services delivery make use of this system, albeit often inefficiently. Therefore this may lead to dissipation of the system in the future. To prevent such dissipation, the existing structure needs to be improved through spiral relationships via communication and collaboration through dialogism. The paper aims at flagging the important role played by the weaker actors in collaboration with stronger actors in improving performance management of the NHS's mental healthcare service delivery through Actors-dialogism-system. The paper also focuses on proposition of a system to address issues affecting collaboration among the actors of the mental healthcare service in England.

Storytelling the internationalization of the multinational enterprise

Internationalization deals with expansion across space and time. Researchers have framed internationalization as market growth and expansion through foreign direct investment (FDI). We use narrative theory to frame a bigger, richer picture. Using Mikhail Bakhtin’s typology of nine space–time conceptions and directed observations of McDonald’s Corporation, we show how multinational enterprises (MNEs) create narratives of internationalization to mitigate the risks of FDI. Competing space–time conceptions in consumers’, authors’ and societies’ stories interact with managerial narratives to affect international product and task environments. We increase awareness of MNEs’ storytelling by offering a typology of stakeholders’ stories across space and time.

About the Peculiar Aspects of Relativity and Beyond: A Pedagogical Perspective

In this paper a pedagogical, but rigorous introduction to the key concepts of relativity is presented. Starting by the notions of space and time, of fundamental importance for the evolution for the global knowledge of children already in the primary school, we arrive to indications about the teaching of relativity in high school and university. Interesting considerations related to fascinating topics, like the evolution of the concept of space-time and the unusual amazing peculiarities emerging by the extensions of relativity, will be done.

The Theory of Cognitive Spacetime

This article introduces the theory of cognitive spacetime. This account allows us to go beyond the space–time dichotomy that is commonly employed in psychology and cognitive science. Linguistic analysis and experimental review is provided to support the notion that what is commonly referred to as spatial cognition (or mental space) in the cognitive sciences always contains time, and that what is commonly referred to as temporal cognition (or mental time) always contains space. For “spatial cognition” the term object-spatiotemporal cognition (or object spacetime) and for “temporal cognition” the term event-spatiotemporal cognition (or event spacetime) is introduced. In order to exemplify the virtue of the new spacetime account (with its two subdomains, object spacetime and event spacetime) with a specific example, it is investigated how this new notion can substantially refine our understanding of space–time conceptual metaphor. A new conceptual-metaphor spacetime typology for cognitive processing underlying fictive motion and non-fictive motion is also proposed. Implications of the new spacetime account are discussed for metaphorically mapped mental perspective, metaphorically mapped embodiment, and cognitive science in general. Finally, specific reasons are given why the current proposal of cognitive spacetime cannot be equated with the concept of spacetime in modern physics.

Considerations About Psychological Development of Children With ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

Piaget’s theory of psychological development can contribute to a better understanding of ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). The assumption is that children with ADHD present deficits in the development of the construction of operational notions, such as space-time conceptions and causality. Sixty-nine children (aged 6 to 12) were divided into two groups: children with ADHD and children without diagnosis. According to Piaget’s clinical interview, Piagetian tasks were applied. The clinical sample was sub-divided into children who used methylphenidate and non-medicated children. ADHD children showed a tendency to response and reasoning considered most common at developmental levels inferior to the comparison group. Regarding the use of methylphenidate, there was no significant difference of performance between the subgroups. Results may be indicative that the deficits relate mainly to structuring aspects of thinking, and not to performance. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed.

Quantum field theory in the Rindler-Rindler spacetime

It is well known that Minkowski vacuum appears as a thermal bath in the Rindler spacetime when the modes on the left wedge are traced out. We introduce the concept of a Rindler-Rindler spacetime, obtained by a further coordinate transformation from the Rindler spacetime, in a manner similar to the transformation from inertial to Rindler frame. We show that the Rindler vacuum appears as a thermal state in the Rindler-Rindler frame. Further, the spectrum of particles seen by the Rindler-Rindler observers in the original Minkowski vacuum state is shown to be identical to that seen by a detector accelerating through a real thermal bath. Thus the Davies-Unruh effect acts as a proxy for a real thermal bath, for a certain class of observers in the Rindler-Rindler spacetime. We interpret this similarity as indicating further evidence of the indistinguishability between thermal and quantum fluctuations along the lines of the recent work in Kolekar and Padmanabhan [arXiv:1308.6289]. The implications are briefly discussed.

New Physics of Metamaterials

Einstein utilized Lorentz invariance from Maxwell׳s equations to modify mechanical laws and establish the special theory of relativity. Similarly, we may have a different theory if there exists another covariance of Maxwell׳s equations. In this paper, we find such a new transformation where Maxwell׳s equations are still unchanged. Consequently, Veselago׳s metamaterial and other systems have negative phase velocities without double negative permittivity and permeability can be described by a unified theory. People are interested in the application of metamaterials and negative phase velocities but do not appreciate the magnitude and significance to the spacetime conception of modern physics and philosophy.

Where does black-hole entropy Lie?

In confrontation with serious and fundamental problems towards ultimate theory of quantum gravity and Planck scale physics, we emphasize the importance of underlying noncommutative space-time such as Snyder’s or Yang’s Lorentz-covariant quantized space-time. The background of Bekenstein-Hawking’s area-entropy law and holographic principle is now substantially understood in terms of Kinematical Holographic Relation (KHR), which holds in Yang’s quantized space-time as the result of the kinematical reduction of spatial degrees of freedom caused by its own nature of noncommutative geometry. KHR implies a proportional relation, $ n_{dof}(V_{d}^{L})=A (V_{d}^{L})/G_{d}$ , between the number of spatial degrees of freedom $ n_{dof} (V_{d}^{L})$ inside any d -dimensional spherical volume $ V_{d}^{L}$ with radius L and its boundary area $ A(V_{d}^{L})$ . It yields a substantial basis for our new area-entropy law of black holes and further enables us to connect “the first law of black hole mechanics” with “the thermodynamics of black holes” towards our final goal: A statistical and substantial understanding of the area-entropy law of black holes under a novel concept of noncommutative quantized space-time.

Gravity, Metaphysics or Physics?

Gravity is the foundation of the current physical paradigm. Due to that gravity is strongly linked to the curvature of space-time, we research that it lacks of a valid physical concept of space-time, nevertheless that from the science philosophy, via substantivalism, it has tried respond. We found that is due to that the gnoseological process applied from the general relativity, necessarily us leads to metaphysic because ontologically space-time is a metaphysical entity. Thus, we arrive to the super substantivalism that from metaphysics gives an answer on space-time rigorously exact with the vision of Einstein on physics. The result is that matter is nothing since all is space-time, i.e. geometry, therefore is a imperative of the physical science break the current paradigm.‎

Decay kinematics in the aether: Pion decay, kaon decay, and superluminal Cherenkov radiation

Pion and kaon decay, π → μ + νμ, K → μ + νμ, into muons and GeV neutrinos is investigated with regard to a possible superluminal neutrino speed. Photonic Cherenkov emission by superluminal high-energy charges is shown to be forbidden by causality violation. A proper causality interpretation of decay processes outside the lightcone involving superluminal particles requires an absolute spacetime conception based on a distinguished frame of reference (aether frame). The universal reference frame is physically manifested as the rest frame of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. The propagation of particles and radiation modes in the CMB rest frame is determined by dispersive wave equations coupled to isotropic permeability tensors. The decay of ∼50 GeV pions and ∼85 GeV kaons generating the CERN neutrino beam to Gran Sasso (CNGS) is analyzed in this context. Causality constraints on the group velocity of the ∼17 GeV muon neutrinos produced in the decay are derived and compared to recent experimental bounds on the neutrino speed.

현대 건축 공간에 나타나는 시간의 감각과 표현에 관한 연구

This study is aimed to identify the expression and the sense of time in contemporary architectural space. And to classify the system and elements of Zeitlichkeit in the contemporary architectural design. The concept of time can be divided into two meaningful perceptions. Those are the concept of realistic time and the concept of subjective time. These tendencies of theories of architectural space has borrowed from innovations in the sciences, and the whole idea of space-time within art and architecture. Those notions developed through the researches of Bauhaus, Postmodernism, Landscape architecture, Digital Architecture and so forth. The result of this study is that the concepts of time are one of the most important strategies of architectural design and have the various languages which there was not in the past. At the point of the transformation in contemporary architecture, the The concepts of space-time are classified into those from the orders of form and space, from dynamic of the image in the dissolution of architectural form, from traces and steps of movement in dynamic form, and from the systems of commands in the digital softwares. As such, Zeitlichkeit in contemporary architecture means that the architecture moves from the construction of the sensual design elements into Art of life through events and contents which human can experience and recognize. These theories and researches reveal that contemporary architectural movements insert the meaningful stories into architectural space through programs and diagrams.

Lorentz and CPT violation in the Standard-Model Extension

Lorentz and CPT invariance are among the symmetries that can be investigated with ultrahigh precision in subatomic physics. Being spacetime symmetries, Lorentz and CPT invariance can be violated by minuscule amounts in many theoretical approaches to underlying physics that involve novel spacetime concepts, such as quantized versions of gravity. Regardless of the underlying mechanism, the low-energy effects of such violations are expected to be governed by effective field theory. This talk provides a survey of this idea and includes an overview of experimental efforts in the field.

Mass generation in the aether: Neutrino oscillations and massive gauge fields

Abstract Neutrino mixing is studied in an absolute spacetime conception based on a dispersive aether. The effect of the frequency-dependent permeability of the aether on the interference phase of neutrino mass eigenstates is analyzed. Neutrinos are treated as massless Dirac spinors, and mass eigenstates are due to the neutrino permeability of spacetime. The aether can also generate effective gauge masses, resulting in massive dispersion relations preserving the gauge symmetry. The propagators of gauge and spinor fields are derived, illustrating mass generation by isotropic permeability tensors in the aether frame, the rest frame of the cosmic background radiation.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ О ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ И ВРЕМЕНИ В КЛАССИЧЕСКОЙ ФИЛОСОФИИ И НАУКЕ

The aim of this work is to determine the features of the development of concepts of space and time in philosophy and science that could in the future perspective reveal the principles of transformation of the philosophical categories in the categories of science. In the article is analyzed the content of the categories of space and time in the classical philosophy and science. The author considers the basic ontological concepts of the Renaissance and Early modern period, compares and analyzes the characteristics of the models of space and time. Also the investigation focuses on the relationship of understanding categories of «space» and «time» with other ontological categories, analyzes the features of their interaction. The study reveals stable trends to desacralization of understanding of considered categories, their notional „expansion“, increase of relativism in space-time concepts, and their dependence upon the philosophical content of other ontological categories, such as movement, development, etc.

New covariant Hamilton formalism for field theory

A novel covariant Hamilton formalism for field theories is proposed in terms of multi-contact structure which is a higher rank generalization of contact 1-form. This formulation is naturally derived from our previous work, Finsler-Kawaguchi Lagrange formulation. This new covariant Hamilton formulation has a strong covariance so that we can take not only time but also spacetime parameter arbitrarily. In other words, our formulation preliminarily includes the concept of spacetime and we should think of the solution submanifold as our spacetime.

On the design of full-rate full-diversity space-time block codes for multiple-input–multiple-output systems with a turbo minimum mean square error equaliser at the receiver side

Non-orthogonal space-time block (STB) code structures used to be optimised considering a maximum-likelihood detection, but depending on the modulation order and/or the antenna number, the prohibitive complexity of such a receiver makes it infeasible in practice. Suboptimal low-complexity receiver structures like linear detectors can be applied instead, yielding degradation of performance compared with the predictions. When a forward error correction (FEC) code is used upstream of the STB code, an iterative receiver consisting of a FEC decoder and an interference canceller (IC) co-operating according to the turbo equalisation principle, can achieve near-optimal performance. This study aims to define the construction of full-rate full-diversity linear dispersion codes with reduced peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), taking into account the serial concatenation with a FEC at the transmitter and a minimum mean square error (MMSE) turbo equaliser at the receiver. Optimisation criteria are mutual information maximisation, symbol error rate minimisation at the MMSE–IC output, full-diversity thanks to the threaded algebraic space time concept and PAPR minimisation. Explicit constructions are given and the resulting code efficiency is analysed through comparison with equivalent perfect STB codes.

Quantum mechanics versus relativity: an experimental test of the structure of spacetime

We have performed an experimental test under the conditions in which quantum mechanics predicts spatially discontinuous single-particle transport. The transport is beyond the relativistic paradigm of movement in Cartesian space and therefore may well be nonlocal. Our test has demonstrated that such transport does exist. This fact opens the door for a realistic interpretation of quantum mechanics in so far as the requirement of Lorentz invariance appears inapplicable to any version of quantum theory. Moreover, as quantum mechanics proposes a particle dynamics beyond relativity, it automatically requires an adequate ‘quantum’ concept of spacetime, for which the relativistic concept is only a limiting case. The quantum concept allows absolute simultaneity and hence revives the notion of absolute time. It also goes beyond the relativistic curvilinear Cartesian order of space to account for quantum phenomena such as discontinuity and nonlocality in the spirit of Bohm's concept of the implicate order.

Quantum Phase from the Twin Paradox

The modern concept of spacetime usually emerges from the consideration of moving clocks on the assumption that world-lines are continuous. In this paper we start with the assumption that natural clocks are digital and that events are discrete. By taking different continuum limits we show that the phase of non-relativistic quantum mechanics and the odd metric of spacetime both emerge from the consideration of discrete clocks in relative motion. From this perspective, the continuum limit that manifests itself in 'spacetime' is an infinite mass limit. The continuum limit that gives rise to the Schrödinger equation retains a finite mass as a beat frequency superimposed on the 'Zitterbewegung' at the Compton frequency. We illustrate this in a simple model in which a Poisson process drives a relativistic clock that gives rise to a Feynman path integral, where the phase is a manifestation of the twin paradox. The example shows that the non-Euclidean character of spacetime and the wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics share a common origin. They both emerge from the necessity that clocks age at rates that are path dependent.

Space-time sound field interference in the horizontal plane in a coastal slope region

The nonstationary interference structure formed in the horizontal plane in the field of a point source in a coastal slope region is analyzed on the basis of the space-time horizontal ray concept. For a model that includes the typical bathymetry and sound velocity profile, the space, time, and frequency dependences of the sound field are considered for different waveguide modes. The characteristic scales of the field variability in space and time are estimated. The frequency-time diagram is analyzed for the region of the interference of direct and reflected waves. The variability of the field interference structure in the presence of mesoscale perturbations is considered.