Concentrations Of NAA Research Articles

Synthesis of a fluorescent ethyl cellulose membrane with application in monitoring 1-naphthylacetic acid from controlled release formula

A triple-functional (chemical release properties, physical release properties, and monitoring 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) release) ethyl cellulose (EC) membrane, modified with fluorescein 1-naphthylacetic acid ester (FNE) and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), was prepared (designated as IECF membrane). Fourier transform infrared analysis was conducted to confirm the grafting of FNE to the EC backbone. The chemical and physical release properties of IECF membrane were investigated. The chemical release traits of NAA were related to the hydrolysis of FNE of IECF membrane which was influenced by the NAA concentration at pH 7.2. The physical release traits of NAA were determined by the permeation of NAA from IECF membrane. So IECF membrane has a considerable ability to form a controlled release formula for coating NAA. Furthermore, the hydrolysis of FNE was associated with the recovery of fluorescent intensity of IECF membrane, making the membrane have the ability to monitor low concentration of NAA.

Optimization of hormone combinations for root growth and bud germination in Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) clone leaf cuttings

In order to ascertain the optimal hormone combination for Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) leaf cuttings, an L16(4)4 orthogonal test of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (0, 10, 30, or 50 mg · L−1 of each exogenous hormone) immersion for 5, 10, 15, or 20 min was conducted. Callus initiation rate and rooting promotion rate were mainly affected by treatment time, root length increase by 6-BA concentration, and bud germination rate and plantlet formation rate by NAA concentration. The expected optimal combination for callus initiation rate was 50 mg · L−1 6-BA + 0 mg · L−1 NAA + 30 mg · L−1 IBA + 10 min; for rooting promotion rate, it was 0–10 mg · L−1 6-BA + 10 mg · L−1 NAA + 30 mg · L−1 IBA + 20 min; for bud germination rate, it was 50 mg · L−1 6-BA + 0–10 mg · L−1 NAA + 0–30 mg · L−1 IBA + 20 min; and for seedling formation rate for No. 4, it was 10 mg · L−1 6-BA + 10 mg · L−1 NAA + 0 mg · L−1 IBA + 20 min. Light microscopy image analysis revealed that a cluster of primordial cells was produced 40 days after cutting, and mastoid cells developed into peninsula cells in calli that were cultured for 50 days.

Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (¹H-MRS) Study of Early Traumatic Brain Injury in Rabbits.

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dynamic changes of cerebral metabolism and degree of trauma in rabbit models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS).Material/MethodsThirty-five Chinese rabbits were randomly divided into control, mild, moderate, and severe TBI groups. 1H-MRS was performed 1, 6, and 24 h after trauma. The concentrations of NAA, Cr, Cho, and Lac, and NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios in each group, were estimated.ResultsCompared with the control group, NAA, Cr, and Cho peaks were decreased. NAA/Cr ratio in the ipsilateral cortex was reduced in the mild, moderate, and severe TBI groups by 12.79%, 28.90%, and 45.02% at 1 h, and decreased by 25.11%, 39.81%, and 51.18% at 24 h after trauma, respectively. There were significant negative correlations between NAA/Cr ratio and severity of attack. Cho/Cr ratio in the ipsilateral cortex in the mild, moderate, and severe TBI groups was decreased by 10.86%, 15.94%, and 34.78% at 1 h, and reduced by 24.63%, 29.71%, and 42.02% at 6 h, respectively, and increased slightly at 24 h after trauma. The Lac/Cr ratio in the injured side was increased, most obviously in the severe TBI group. NAA/Cr ratio and Cho/Cr ratio showed significant changes between each group at the same time point.Conclusions1H-MRS can noninvasively and dynamically detect metabolic changes in early TBI. The NAA/Cr ratio is most sensitive, and has positive significance for early diagnosis and prognosis assessment of TBI.

Proliferation, Accumulation of Polyphenols, and Antioxidant Activities of Callus from the ‘Anji Baicha’ Cultivar of Tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze.

Tea is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide and the relatively high levels polyphenols is benefit for health. In this study, we developed an efficient system for proliferation of callus from ‘Anji Baicha’, a cultivar of tea (Camellia sinensis ). Callus tissue was initially induced by culturing leaf explants on medium containing different plant growth regulators. For callus induction, thidiazuron (TDZ) was more effective than 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and N6-benzyladenine (BA). The frequency of callus induction from leaf explants reached 90.21% on 1.0 mg·L -1 TDZ and the developed callus was reddish and friable. We also tested the effect of different concentrations of NAA, 2,4-D, indole 3-acetic acid (IAA), BA, and TDZ, alone and in combinations, on callus proliferation. Medium supplemented with TDZ in combination with IAA was suitable for callus proliferation and accumulation of tea polyphenols. The growth index value and tea polyphenol content of callus cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg·L -1 TDZ and 1.0 mg·L -1 IAA was maximally 1,351% and 23.24%, respectively, and the relative abundance of epicatechin was as high as 17.449%. We also measured the antioxidant activity of all samples and the callus with the highest tea polyphenol content also exhibited high potential radical scavenging activity.

INDUKSI PERTUMBUHAN TUNAS DARI EKSPLAN ANGGREK Dendrobium Heterocarpum Lindl. DENGAN PEMBERIAN HORMON ZEATIN DAN NAA

Dendrobium heterocarpum Lindl. is a native orchid in Indonesia. Its population continue to decline due to unsustainable exploitation. One solution to increase its population is via in vitro technique propagation. This research aimed to determine effect of hormone addition (Zeatin and NAA) to induce shoot multiplication of D. heterocarpum Lindl. grown in Murashige and Skoog (MS) basic medium. The research was conducted in Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Udayana University from November 2015 until March 2016. The experiment employed Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 20 combinations of treatments, with three replicates each treatment. The treatment werer addition of Zeatin and NAA, with five concentrations of Zeatin (0, 0.1, 0,5, sweet corn and hybrids corn as the natural Zeatin); four NAA concentrations (0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.5). Variable recorded include such as the number of shoots, roots and explant’s vigor. The quantitative data which include number of leaves and shoots after 12 weeks, were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA); and if significantly different, tested further using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5% level. Z5N3 medium revealed significantly different on amount of leaves and shoot height and also the best medium on amount of roots. Best hormone combination that can induce multiplication of new shoots are medium Z4N3 and Z5N1.

In Vitro Rooting of Dendrobium nobile Orchid: Multiple Responses to Auxin Combinations

Orchids are the most adorable in flowering plants, cultivated as the cut flower and potted plants throughout the world at different occasions. For their commercial exploitation and conservation of endangered species, micropropagation has been extensively practiced, which may be affected by several factors at each step. In vitro rooting is the most important stage that may ultimately be responsible for successful transplantation of the plantlets. Auxins play a vital role for in vitro rooting. In present study NAA and IBA treatments to in vitro developed microshoots produced multiple responses. Findings show that NAA concentrations alone were better and vigorous than IBA alone in terms of number, length and root thickness. Increasing the NAA concentration from 0.1 to 3.0 mg l-1 proved progressive. The highest significant value in root development was obtained with NAA at 3.0 mg l-1. In case of IBA alone, the root number was increased by increasing its concentration up to 1.0 mg l-1 but, root number decreased when the concentration of IBA was increased to 3. 0 mg l-1. However, the combined effect of both the PGRs over root formation indicated a considerable decline in root formation as well as callus formation at microshoot bases.

Specific patterns of spinal metabolites underlying α-Me-5-HT-evoked pruritus compared with histamine and capsaicin assessed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

The mechanism behind itching is not well understood. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H–NMR) spectroscopic analysis of spinal cord extracts provides a quick modality for evaluating the specific metabolic activity of α-Me-5-HT-evoked pruritus mice. In the current study, four groups of young adult male C57Bl/6 mice were investigated; one group treated with saline, while the other groups intradermally injected with α-Me-5-HT (histamine independent pruritogen), histamine (histamine dependent pruritogen) and capsaicin (algogenic substance), respectively. The intradermal microinjection of α-Me-5-HT and histamine resulted in a dramatic increase in the itch behavior. Furthermore, the results of NMR studies of the spinal cord extracts revealed that the metabolites show very different patterns for these different drugs, especially when comparing α-Me-5-HT and capsaicin. All the animals in the groups of α-Me-5-HT and capsaicin were completely separated using the metabolite parameters and principal component analysis. For α-Me-5-HT, the concentrations of glutamate, GABA, glycine and aspartate increased significantly, especially for GABA (increased 17.2%, p=0.008). Furthermore, the concentration of NAA increased, but there was no significant difference (increased 11.3%, p=0.191) compared to capsaicin (decreased 29.1%, p=0.002). Thus the application of magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique, coupled with statistical analysis, could further explain the mechanism behind itching evoked by α-Me-5-HT or other drugs. It can thus improve our understanding of itch pathophysiology and pharmacological therapies which may contribute to itch relief.

60.3 GABA Spectroscopy and Cognitive Functioning in Schizophrenia

Background: Schizophrenia is characterized by loss of brain volume, which may represent an ongoing pathophysiological process. This loss of brain volume may be explained by reduced neuropil rather than neuronal loss, suggesting abnormal synaptic plasticity and cortical microcircuitry. Schizophrenia is also characterized by cognitive impairments. A possible mechanism in schizophrenia is hypofunction of the NMDA-type of the glutamate receptor in the medial prefrontal cortex, which reduces the excitation of inhibitory GABAergic interneurons, resulting in a disinhibition of glutamatergic pyramidal neurons. Disinhibition of pyramidal cells may result in excessive stimulation by glutamate, which in turn could cause neuronal damage or death through excitotoxicity. Methods: We measured GABA–creatine ratios, and glutamate, NAA, creatine and choline concentrations in the prefrontal and parieto-occipital cortices using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at an ultra-high magnetic field strength of 7 T (Marsman et al, 2014). In addition, general cognitive functioning was measured using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test. Measurements were available in 17 patients with schizophrenia and 23 healthy controls. Results: Significantly lower GABA/Cr ratios were found in patients with schizophrenia in the prefrontal cortex as compared to healthy controls. Moreover, GABA–Cr ratios in the prefrontal cortex were inversely correlated with cognitive functioning in the patients. No significant differences in metabolite concentrations in the parieto-occipital cortex were found between the groups. Conclusion: Our findings support a mechanism involving altered GABA levels distinguished from glutamate levels in the medial prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, particularly in high functioning patients. In a second study, including siblings of patients with schizophrenia we are currently assessing whether altered GABA levels are related to causes or consequences of the disease.

Pengaruh NAA dan BAP terhadap Kultur Jaringan Nenas Tangkit (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. cv. Tangkit)

This study was aimed at investigating the effect of NAA and BAP on the development of basal slip slices in tissue culture of pineapple cv. Tangkit. The experiment was conducted at the Plant Biotechnology Laboratory Agricultural Faculty University of Jambi from July through to October 2016. Six level of NAA concentrations (0, 1, 2, 3 , 4 and 5 mgL-1) were tested in combination with six levels of BAP concentration (0, 1, 2, 3 , 4 and 5 mgL-1). A Completely Randomized Design with 5 replicates was employed in this trial. Data on the percentage of explants forming shoots, time required for shoot formation, number of shoots growing per explants, and callus proliferation were recorded. Results showed that without the involvement of plant growth regulators there had been no growth on cultured explants. However, shoot growth was found on explants cultured on medium supplemented with 1 – 3 mgL-1 NAA or 1 – 5 mgL-1 BAP. The application of NAA higher than 3 mgL-1 was found to suppress shoot growth even in combination with BAP. Shoot formation was found to be fast on medium supplemented with 1 mgL-1 NAA + 4 mgL-1 BAP, but took longer time on medium with or 1 mgL-1 NAA + 5 mgL-1 BAP as well as medium with 1 – 2 mgL-1 NAA only. The same phenomenon was also found on medium with 1 – 2 mgL-1 NAA only. This study also revealed that most of cultured explants regenerated only one shoot, but explants cultured on medium with 1 mgL-1 NAA along with 1 mgL-1 BAP produced 2.33 shoots on the average. The addition of 1 mgL-1 NAA without BAP and 1 mgL-1 BAP without NAA could increase average shoot growth by 1.78 and 1.44, respectively.
 Keywords: in vitro culture, micropropagation, naphthalene acetic acid, benzyl amino purine.
 
 

Efek NAA dan BAP terhadap Pembentukan Tunas, Daun, dan Tinggi Tunas Stek Mikro Nepenthes ampullaria Jack.

This study aimed to know the interaction between NAA and BAP as well as to obtain the best combination of both treatments in promoting the growth of Nepenthes ampullaria microcutting . An experiment arranged in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) wasapplied. Stem segments were used as blocks, where block I was the first segment followed by the next two segments as block II and III respectively. Two factors, i.e. NAA concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15 µM) and BAP concentrations (0, 9, 18, 27 µM) were employed giving rise to 16 combination of treatments. Each treatment combination was replicated threetimes resulting in 48 experimental units. The parametersmeasured were date of shoot initiation, date of root initiation, shoot number, leaf number, root number, length of longest leafand shoot height. The results showed that interactionbetween NAA and BAP in promoting N. ampullaria microcutting growth was observed. Combination between NAA of 0 µM and BAP of 18 µMwas found to be the best in promoting N. ampullaria microcutting growth . Meanwhile, combination between NAA 0 µM and BAP 27 µM was recommended to promote shoot number of N. ampullaria .

Post-WBRT cognitive impairment and hippocampal neuronal depletion measured by in vivo metabolic MR spectroscopy: Results of prospective investigational study

Background and purposeThe aim of this prospective study is to evaluate post-whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) changes in hippocampal concentration of N-acetylaspartate (h-tNAA) as a marker of neuronal loss and to correlate those changes to neurocognitive function. Material and methodsThirty-five patients with brain metastases underwent baseline single slice multi-voxel MR spectroscopy (MRS) examination for measurement of hippocampal h-tNAA together with baseline battery of neurocognitive tests focused on memory (Auditory Verbal Learning Test and Brief Visuospatial Memory Test – Revised) as well as quality of life questionnaires (EORTC QLQ-C30 a EORTC QLQ-BN20). Eighteen patients completed follow-up evaluation four months after standard WBRT (2 laterolateral fields, 10×3.0Gy, 6MV photons) and were included in this analysis. MRS and cognitive examinations were repeated and compared to baseline measurements. ResultsStatistically significant decreases in h-tNAA were observed in the right (8.52–7.42mM; −12.9%, 95%CI: −7.6 to −16.4%) as well as in the left hippocampus (8.64–7.60mM; −12%, 95%CI: −7.9 to −16.2%). Statistically significant decline was observed in all AVLT and BVMT-R subtests with exception of AVLT_Recognition. Quality of life declined after WBRT (mean Δ −14.1±20.3 points in transformed 0–100 point scale; p=0.018) with no correlation to changes in hippocampal metabolite concentrations. Moderate positive correlation was observed between left h-tNAA concentration decrease and AVLT_TR decline (r=+0.32; p=0.24) as well as with AVLT_DR (r=+0.33; p=0.22) decline. Changes in right h-tNAA/Cr negatively correlated with AVLT_DR (r=−0.48; p=0.061). No correlation between right hippocampus h-tNAA and memory decline (AVLT) was observed. ConclusionsOur results suggest hippocampal NAA concentrations decline after WBRT and MRS may be a useful biomarker for monitoring neuronal loss after radiotherapy.

Timing and rates of application of NAA as blossom and fruitlet chemical thinner on apple cv. and #712;Braeburn and #712;

Three concentrations of NAA (0, 10, 15 and 20 μl•l-1) were studied at three application timings (flower, fruit and the combination of each other) in order to evaluate the thinning effect and physico-chemical attributes of apple cv. 'Braeburn' fruits. NAA concentration was more significant factor than timing in terms of fruit production. The number and yield of fruits over 70 mm in diameter significantly increased in all application timings within all concentrations of thinner as compared to control. Thinning at 15 μl•l-1 in flower application appeared the best. The highest share of fruits over 70 mm was acquired using 20 μl•l-1 NAA in fruit application time. The untreated trees yielded highest total number of fruits with maximum total yield efficiency and total yield efficiency in terms of number of fruits. NAA at 15 μl•l-1 increased the yield efficiency in terms of number of fruits over 70 mm and yield efficiency in terms of yield of fruits over 70 mm in diameter. Significant differences were found regarding the effects of NAA concentration and combination of both timing and concentration while timing alone showed non-significant results for SSC, TA, SSC/TA and starch. NAA at 20 μl•l-1 resulted in highest fruit firmness, SSC and TA in fruit application time. The highest levels of SSC/TA and starch degradation level were recorded with NAA at 15 μl•l-1 sprayed in combination of flower and fruit applications. Comparatively, application of 10 μl•l-1 NAA at both flower and fruit application timing is recommended to achieve best results.

Development of an efficient In vitro Regeneration protocol in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

A protocol was developed for in vitro regeneration through somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in tomato genotypes Roma, Punjab Ratta and Castle Rock. Hypocotyl and leaf explants were cultured on MS medium having different concentrations of hormones for callus induction. Maximum callogenesis from both hypocotyl and leaf explants was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2, 4-D (2 mg/l) and Kin (0.5 mg/l). It was 86.66% for leaves and 70% for hypocotyls. Calli were cultured on MS medium having different concentrations of BAP (2–2.5 mg/l) and NAA (0.25–0.5 mg/l) for regeneration. But calli did not show any response for further callus growth and plant regeneration. However, in direct plant regeneration through organogenesis, shoot tip and hypocotyl explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with Zeatin (1 mg/l) + IAA (0.1 mg/l) and BAP (2 mg/l) + NAA (0.2 mg/l). The maximum direct plant regeneration was obtained from both shoot tip and hypocotyl explants of genotype Punjab Ratta on MS medium supplemented with zeatin (1 mg/l) + IAA (0.1 mg/l). It was 81.66% for shoot tips and 73.33% for hypocotyls. Rooting was observed at half MS and 0.1 mg/l IBA. Rooted plantlets were made to acclimatize, hardened and gradually transferred to the pots.

Artificial light and growth regulators on the in vitro etiolation of Cattleya labiata

The technique of etiolation is widely used in the micropropagation of various plant species. The aim of this study was to evaluate growth and development in shoots of Cattleya labiata grown in vitro, as a function of growth regulators and the presence and absence of light. Stem segments, approximately ± 1.0 cm in height, were inoculated in test tubes containing 15.0 mL of MS culture medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP (0.0, 2.0 and 4.0 mg L-1) and NAA (0.0, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1), and in different growth environments (growth room, darkness and a photoperiod of 16 hours) in a completely randomised design. At 150 days, the following were evaluated: a) number of etiolated shoots; b) number of nodes per etiolated shoot; c) length of stem segment (cm); d) number of roots; and e) total seedling dry weight (g). The highest mean values were achieved with the use of 4.0 mg L-1 BAP and 1.0 mg L-1 NAA for the number of etiolated shoots, and 2.0 mg L-1 NAA for the number of nodes per etiolated shoot in the absence of light. The length of the main shoot was greater in the absence of light; in contrast, the number of roots and the total dry weight of etiolated nodal segments were greater in a bright environment, irrespective of the growth regulator added to the culture medium. The etiolation of stem segments is a viable technique, as it provides features that are advantageous in the in vitro multiplication stage of the species.

Evaluation of 2.4-D and NAA Concentrations for Callus and Somatic Embryos Formation in Oil Palm

Evaluation of 2.4-D and NAA Concentrations for Callus and Somatic Embryos Formation in Oil Palm

Effect of plant growth regulators and carbon source on the shoot regeneration and rooting of ‘Wonhwang’ pear (Pyrus pyrifoliaL.)

The aim of this research is to establish shoot regeneration system for `Wonhwang` pear (Pyrus pyrifolia L.) using various concentrations of 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 mg/L in combination with benzylaminopurine (BA) 3, 5, 10 mg/L. Medium containing 4.4 g/L of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with vitamins containing 8 g/L of plant agar and 30 g/L of sucrose with NAA 0.05 mg/L and BA 3 mg/L showed 13.3% of shoot regeneration rate. `Wonhwang` showed no root growth on existing rooting media of P. pyrifolia cv. Niitaka, `Whangkeumbae` and `Bae Yun No. 3`. We evaluated the effect of concentration and kinds of plant growth regulators and carbon source to establish efficient rooting condition for `Wonhwang` pear. In the result of using various concentrations of NAA 0.5 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L in combination with indolebutyric acid (IBA) 3, 5, 10 mg/L, rooting rate of 24% was observed using 1/4 Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) medium supplemented with 7.5 g/L glucose as carbon source and IBA 1.0 mg/L with NAA 1.0 mg/L.

EXPLOITATION OF PLANT EXTRACTS (STEM AND ROOT) OF MICROPROPAGATED BACOPA MONNIERI : ANTIMYCOTIC POTENTIAL

Bacopa monnieri is commonly called as brahmi or jal brahmi in India. Brahmi is a non-aromatic herb Brahmi is considered as the herb played a very important role in Ayurvedic medicine. It is found easily India, Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia. Bacopa monnieri (L) belongs to the family Scrophulariaceae is an amphibious plant of tropical and normally found growing on the banks of the rivers and lakes. It is commonly called as brahmi or jal brahmi in India. Brahmi is considered as the main rejuvenating herb played a very important role in Ayurvedic therapies. It also has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, epilepsy, anticancer, antioxidant activities and recently antimycotic preoperty has been reported. The micro propagation protocol of the medicinally important plant Bacopa monnieri was standardized using nodal segments as explants. They were surface sterilized with HgCl2 (0.1%) for 3 minutes prior to inoculation on MS media supplemented with BAP (0.5- 2.5 mg/l); IAA (0.1-0.5 mg/l for shooting,1.0-1.5 mg/l for rooting); NAA (0.1- 0.5 mg/l for shooting, 1.0-1.5 mg/l for rooting). The best performance for shoot multiplication was showed in MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA. In this combination the number of shoots per explant was 16 and average length of shoot 5.54 ± 0.54 cm. But when different concentrations of NAA were applied along with 1.5 mg/l BAP the number of shoots per explant was 14 and average shoot length was 3.46 ± 0.43 on media. For root induction, best rooting was observed with half strength of MS medium supplemented with IAA (1.0 mg/l). In this combination, it was observed that the number of roots was 12 and average root length of 2.80 ± 0.09. The present study is a stepping stone for in vitro production of required active principles of Bacopa monnieri.

STUDY THE EFFECT OF CYTOKININS AND AUXINS IN THE COMPOSITION AND PRODUCTION OF IN VITRO PLANTLETS HIPPEASTRUM HYBRIDUM

The First Part of this study was conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Lab at the College of Science, University of Nahrain from October 2014 to February,2015. The experiment was then completed in the Plant Tissue Culture Lab at the College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad From February 2015 to September 2015. Examine the possibility of using the tissue culture technique in the propagation of Hippeastrum hybridum. Explants (Bulbs, Leaves) had been sterilized using four different NaOCL concentrations: % 4.0, 2.0, 1.0, 0.0. After sterilization, explants were cultured on MS media supplemented with BA at four concentrations (2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.0 mg.liter-1) and NAA at four concentrations (0.5, 0.3, 0.1, 0. 0 mg.liter-1) to obtain plantlets. Afterwards, plantlets were moved to new MS media supplemented with BA (2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.0 mg.liter-1) and with or without four concentrations of NAA (0.5, 0.3, 0.1, 0.0 mg.liter-1) to enhance shoot proliferation. The resulted shoots from the best proliferation-enhance media were divided into two parts the first part was transferred to root-promoting media which also included two experiments where the first experiment was by transferring the shoots to MS media (half and full strength) supplemented with NAA at four concentrations (0.5, 0.3, 0.1, and 0.0 mg.liter-1). The second experiment included the best resulted shoots from the first experiment in addition to (0 and 2 mg.liter-1) actived charcoal to increase root percentage, root count, and root length.The resulted plants were acclimatized using peatmoss/soli mixture at the ratio of 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2 to obtain high surviving ratio. Results showed that the best explant(Bulbs, Leaves) was soaking in 3% NaOCl for 10 min. the results also showed that the leaves gave best response 90% when using MS media supplemented with 1.0 mg.liter-1 BA and 0.3 mg.liter-1 NAA when compared with the bulbs that showed low response profile. Furthermore, the best shoot proliferation media was MS supplemented with 1.0 mg.liter-1 BA and 0.3 mg.liter-1 NAA which resulted in 8.30 shoots.plant-1. The best rooting percentage was obtained when culturing the shoots in half strength MS media supplemented with 0.5 mg.liter-1 NAA with the existence of activated charcoal. The surviving percentage reached 95% when using the previously mentionedpeatmoss-soil/mixtures.

Indução de brotações in vitro de Heliconia latispatha em função do fotoperíodo e reguladores de crescimento

Considering the growing economic importance of tropical flowers and the advantages of techniques applied to the in vitro cultivation of these plants, it is necessary to carry out studies to evaluate growth in species such as Heliconia latispatha. The aim of this study therefore, was to evaluate in vitro shoot induction for different concentrations of BAP and NAA and as a function of the photoperiod. Explants from zygotic embryos were inoculated in MS medium containing different concentrations of BAP (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 or 2.5 mg L-1), with the cultures kept in a growth room at a temperature of 24.0 ± 2.0° C, under a photoperiod of 12 and 16 hours of light and a light intensity of 30 μmol m-2 s-1. At 21, 28, 35, 42 and 49 days after inoculation, the number of shoots per explant was evaluated. The treatment at the BAP concentration that gave the best multiplication rate (2.5 mg L-1) was set, and was tested in a further trial with different concentrations of NAA (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0 6, 0.8 or 1.0 mg L-1) under the same conditions as the previous experiment. The experimental designs were completely randomised, with five replications, and analysed in a 6 x 2 factorial. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and regression. No significant differences were seen in relation to the photoperiod or its interaction with the cytokinin and auxin under test. Multiplication was greater in the presence of 2.5 mg L-1 BAP, which gave a rate of 1.25 shoots/explant at 49 days of in vitro culture. The association of this BAP dosage with 1.0 mg L-1 NAA was even more efficient, producing 1.83 shoots per explant at 30 days of growth. The use of BAP together with NAA is beneficial to the induction of shoots in H. latispatha.

INDUKSI AKAR TUNAS KE LAPA SAWIT (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) SECARA IN VITRO DAN EX VITRO / Root Induction of Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Using In Vitro and Ex Vitro Techniques

Root induction is an important step in the process of propagation of plants through tissue culture techniques. For root induction commonly used plant growth regulator auxin, which has an important role in plant growth and development, especially at the stage of root initiation. The purpose of this study is to obtain appropriate methods for root induction of oil palm in vitro and ex vitro. The experiment used completely randomized factorial design, consisted of three main activities: (1) Induction of rooting on solid media, using combinations of NAA (2 and 4 mg/l) and IBA (1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l) concentrations with 5 replications; (2) Induction of rooting the liquid media, using three concentrations of NAA (0, 3 and 6 mg/l), each treatment was replicated 5 times; (3) Induction of rooting ex vitro, using rootone F or IBA (20, 40 and 60 mg/l) with 5 replications. Results indicated that the best medium for in vitro root induction on solid media was MS + NAA 4 mg/l IBA + 4 mg/l, while for liquid media was MS + NAA 6 mg/l. Ex vitro rooting induction showed 60% success of acclimatization by soaking vitro shoots base in NAA solution 40 mg/l and 60 mg/l for 1 hour. Keywords: Elaeis guineensis Jacq., ex vitro, IBA, NAA