Concentrations Of NAA Research Articles

Response of organic practices, mulching and plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of papaya (Carica papaya L) cv. Taiwan Red Lady

The experiment was carried out to study the effect of organic practices, mulching and plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality of papaya cv. Taiwan Red Lady 786 under subtropical conditions of Punjab. In this experiment, farmyard manure, vermicompost and mulching along with different concentrations of GA3, NAA and Ethrel were tested in randomized block design. Maximum plant height (145.33cm), stem diameter (37.66cm), number of leaves/plant (32.33), number of flowers (135.66/plant), number of fruits (40.66/plant), fruit set percentage (78.18%), fruit length (17.13cm), fruit breadth (12.23cm), specific gravity (0.92) and ascorbic acid percentage (83.77%) was recorded in GA3 200ppm with FYM, vermicompost and black mulching, whereas maximum TSS (16.710B) and minimum acidity percentage (0.129%) was recorded with application of Ethrel 200ppm with FYM, vermicompost and black mulching. The results of this experiment revealed that integration of PGR’s application with farmyard manure, vermicompost and black mulch yield better results.

In Vitro Regeneration Protocol of Kenyan Adapted Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Genotypes using Cotyledonary Node Explants

A reproducible regeneration protocol for ICGV 12991, CG 7 and Red Valencia groundnut genotypes using Cotyledonary Node explants has been optimized. The effect of different BAP concentrations combined with either 2,4-D or TDZ was tested to determine optimum conditions for high shoot induction. Different BAP concentrations were tested to determine an optimum concentration for shoot elongation. Different NAA concentrations were similarly evaluated to determine the best concentration for rooting. Media containing combination of 5 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L TDZ was the best concentration for shoot induction while media containing BAP at 5 mg/L was the best for elongation of shoots. NAA concentration of 1 mg/L gave the highest number of plants with roots. This works provides a very good protocol which will be beneficial during groundnut tissue culture as well as genetic transformation of groundnuts.

Production of quality planting material of Chandler strawberry by in vitro regeneration

In order to explore the in vitro regeneration potential of strawberry, experiments were conducted on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of cytokinins and auxins alone and in combination for establishment of aseptic cultures, shoot regeneration and multiplication, rooting and acclimatization of plantlets. Two type of explants viz., runner tip and nodal segment were used for the investigation. Establishment of aseptic cultures is a pre requisite for successful culture. Among several sterilizing agents ethanol (70%) for 30 sec followed by HgCl2 (0.1%) for 2 min was found to be the best treatment resulting in least contamination and maximum survival (53.3 ± 1.08 percent in runner tip and 53.1 ± 1.08 percent in nodal segments). Phenol exudation was the major problem during establishment which caused death of most of the explants. In our experiment, explants were inoculated in MS medium supplemented with ascorbic acid 200 mg per liter to control browning. Addition of BAP alone or in combination with IAA was found essential during shoot proliferation and multiplication. Among all the treatments, 3.0 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L IAA was found most effective with regard to minimum number of days (16.1 ± 0.29) required for shoot induction and maximum number of shoots (12.8 ± 0.52). Half strength MS media with 1.5 mg/L IAA was found superior over other concentrations of IAA, IBA and NAA for various rooting parameters. During acclimatization, maximum percentage survival (45.2) was recorded when coco peat alone was used as primary hardening after 20 days and combination of coco peat with FYM (1: 1 v/v) recorded maximum percent survival (65.0) after 30 days in secondary hardening.

In vitro culture and acclimatization of Cattleya xanthina (Orchidaceae), an endangered orchid of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest

Abstract Cattleya xanthina is a Neotropical orchid endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, at high risk of extinction. In this paper, we investigated the effects of different culture media on C. xanthina as well as on their endogenous nitrogen status. Culture media studied: Knudson C (KC), Vacin and Went (VW), and Murashige and Skoog (MS), the latter used at two different concentration (full and half-strength; MS/2). After 180 days, plants were transferred to MS medium with different NAA and BA concentrations. In each treatment, biometric parameters were measured and the endogenous levels of photosynthetic pigments, total protein, nitrate and ammonium ions were quantified. Plants grown on KC medium had the lowest concentration of nitrogen but exhibited the greatest shoot development, production of photosynthetic pigments and total protein. Results of growth regulators showed that the highest concentration of auxin stimulated root development and the production of photosynthetic pigments, and that a higher concentration of cytokinin promoted protein synthesis and the development of shoots. Most successful acclimatization was obtained when a mixture of Sphagnum and Pinus bark was used as the substrate.

Clonal propagation of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.: A versatile medicinal plant

Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. (blackturmeric) belonging to family Zingiberaceae is a versatile medicinal plant. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of MS-salts (Murashige and Skoog) and sucrose concentrations on the in vitro multiplication and rooting of C. aeruginosa. The MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of BAP alone or in combination with different concentrations of NAA produced a varying degree of multiple shoots. Supplementation of 3 mg/L BAP and 1 mg/L NAA gave the best result. The in vitro-established C. aeruginosa, plants were inoculated in a medium supplemented with 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g L−1 sucrose. Optimum sucrose concentrations 30g L−1 induced a greater number of shoot and root numbers. During the establishment of initial culture; explants of 1 to 2 cm took longer days for the first bud appearance and scored the highest percentage of survival rate after 45 days. Explants of 2cm produced 10±0.53 number of microshoots. The interactive effect between BAP (3 mg/L) and NAA (1 mg/L) on the cultures produced the highest number of shoots 24±0.79. The plantlets were then allowed to acclimatize and successfully established under field conditions

In Vitro Propagation of Wetland Medicinal Plant Lythrum salicaria L.

The aim of this experiment is to develop a protocol to establish the in vitro propagation potential of Lythrum salicaria L (purple loosestrife). Seeds of L. salicaria were germinated and grown in Murashige Skoog (MS) medium for 30 days. At the end of 30 days, shoot tips of L. salicaria were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different combinations and concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP; 1, 2 and 3 mg/L) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0, 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L). Regenerated shoots were transferred to MS supplemented with varying concentrations of different auxins: NAA (0.5 and 1 mg/L) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA; 0.5 and 1.0 mg/L) for rooting. Among the cytokinins investigated, BAP indicated the best response to initiate shoot elongation and multiple shoot formation alone. The highest number of shoot per explant (37±3.38) was obtained in MS medium with 1 mg/L BAP. Although, the highest shoot length (3.1 cm ± 0.48) was found on medium with 1 mg/L BAP+0.5 mg/L NAA, there were no statistically differences among all types of medium. Percentage of rooting, shoot length and root length were altered significantly with different concentrations of NAA and IBA. Thus, shoot length (9.5 cm±0.46), root length (4.1 cm±0.13) and the percentage of rooting (100%) increased significantly with a concentration of 1 mg/L NAA. It was concluded that MS medium with 1 mg/L NAA has been superior for root development compared to other hormone concentrations.

Ew protocol of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in vitro propagation


 Introduction: A successful in vitro propagation system was developed for Sandra and Rocky cultivars of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) commonly grown in Kurdistan Region of Iraq by in vitro culture of shoot tips and node explants. Methods: Shoot tip and node explants were excised and cultured on basal MS medium containing several concentrations of BAP and Zeatin. Results: Multiple shoots formation of up to 2 shoots were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mgl-1 Zeatin in node and shoot explants for the two cultivars. Microshoots were tested for root initiation on full MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA, NAA and IAA. The best root formation was cultivar and 0.5 mgl-1 of NAA in rocky cultivar. Conclusion: The
 
 regenerated plants were successfully acclimatized and transplanted to the open field conditions.

The Influence of Aerobic Exercise on Hippocampal Integrity and Function: Preliminary Findings of a Multi-Modal Imaging Analysis.

Aerobic exercise (AE) interventions represent promising therapeutic approaches in disorders that compromise hippocampal integrity, but a more comprehensive account of the neural mechanisms stimulated by AE in the human brain is needed. We conducted a longitudinal pilot-study to assess the impact of a 12-week AE intervention on hippocampal structure and function in 10 healthy, human participants (50% females; 25–59 years). Using a novel combination of multimodal MRI techniques, we found significant increases in left hippocampal volume, Cornu Ammonis subfield area 1, NAA concentration and immediate verbal recall performance. Our preliminary findings highlight the utility of a multimodal approach in assessing hippocampal integrity.

Efficient Adventitious Morphogenesis from In vitro Cultures of the Medicinal Plant Cymbopogon schoenanthus

Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus is a medicinal grass, the source of sesquiterpene proximadiol and is well known in folk medicine as renal antispasmodic. The effect of growth regulators, different sugar types, methyl jasmonate and vitamins on de novo organogenesis from seed cultures was studied. Among different concentrations of NAA and BA, 4 mg/l NAA in combination with 0.5 mg/l BA produced 100% callus induction. Both 1.0 and 4.0 mg/l NAA in combination with 0.5 mg/l BA yielded the highest number of shoots. High concentration of sucrose 6% was efficient in root induction from organogenic shoots. Sugar types at a constant concentration of 3% had a significant effect on raising shoot numbers. Different concentrations of methyl jasmonate, biotin and Ca-pantothenate showed a decline in de novo shoot induction, but root formation frequency and numbers were significantly improved with all concentrations used.
 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 28(2): 147-160, 2018 (December)

Studies on Cutting Propagation of Pyracantha fortuneana

The effects of matrices and concentrations of NAA and IBA on cuttings of the perennial Pyracantha fortuneana were studied. The results showed that Vermiculite, pearlite and the mixture of vermiculite and pearlite were all beneficial for rooting growth of the perennial Pyracantha fortuneana cuttings, while the best matrix was the mixture of them. The best concentration of NAA for rooting of the perennial Pyracantha fortuneana cuttings in summer was 100mg/L. Both of the most proper concentration of NAA and IBA for rooting of the perennial Pyracantha fortuneana cuttings in fall were 100mg/L.

Effect of Paclobutrazol and NAA on Sex determination and Seed Yield of Medicinal Pumpkin (Cucurbıta pepo L.)

In order to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators on sex determination and yield, an experiment was conducted by spraying different hormonal combinations on medicinal pumpkin. Experimental treatments were included different concentrations of NAA (25, 75, 100, 125 mg/l), paclobutrazol (50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/l) and combination of growth regulators (NAA 25 mg/l + PBZ 50 mg/l), (NAA 75 mg/l + PBZ 100 mg/l), (NAA 100 mg/l + PBZ 200 mg/l), (NAA 125 mg/l + PBZ 300 mg/l), and control (no application of growth regulators). Growth regulators were applied on the plants by spraying at the –two-leaf and four-leaf stages. Results showed that spraying paclobutrazol and NAA caused increase in number of female flowers, fruits per plant, seeds per fruits, 1000 seed weight and seed yield per hectare, but the number of male flowers and ratio of male to female flowers were decreased compared to their values in control plants. The highest fresh and dried seed yield of pumpkin seed was obtained with 50 mg/l paclobutrazol.

Micropropagation Shortens the Time to Blooming of Begonia montaniformis × Begonia ningmingensis var. bella F1 Progeny

Begonia montaniformis × Begonia ningmingensis var. bella hybrids have high ornamental potential. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for the micropropagation of a Begonia montaniformis × Begonia ningmingensis var. bella F1 progeny by using various concentrations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and varying light spectra in half-strength Murashige and Skoog (1/2 MS) medium. The results showed that the explant regeneration was optimal when the lamina was incubated in a medium supplemented with 2.0 μM N6-benzylaminopurine and 0.8 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Under such conditions, 98% of the explants regenerated adventitious shoots after 8 weeks, and 41 buds were produced per explant on average. The mean shoot length was 9.6 mm, and on average, 4.5 shoots per explant were more than 2 mm long. Subsequently, the induced adventitious shoots were transferred into rooting medium consisting of 1/2 MS and various NAA concentrations. After 4 weeks, the shoots subcultured in this medium showed ≈93% root induction and an average of 3.5 adventitious roots per explant. Furthermore, the applied light spectrum significantly influenced shoot regeneration, and optimal results were achieved under an equal distribution of blue, red, and infrared light. The histological sections of shoots regenerated from direct organogenesis were observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Afterward, the rooting adventitious shoots were subcultured in PGR-free medium for 8 weeks. The seedlings were successfully acclimated 4 weeks after being transferred to soil and bloomed after 11 months in a greenhouse. Thus, the PGR composition in micropropagation efficiently shortened the time to blooming from 25 to 16 months.

<i>In Vitro</i> Propagation of a Sporadic Medicinal Plant <i>Cleome monophylla</i> L

A sporadic medicinal plant Cleome monophylla L. comes under the family Capparidaceae selected for the in vitro regeneration. The leaf explants showed differential responses to various combination and concentrations of BAP, TDZ and NAA and produced yellow to green friable and compact and dense calli. The maximum amount of callus per explants was produced on MS medium with 4.44 µM of BAP, 1.16 µM of TDZ and 1.135 µM of NAA combination and concentration gave the 84% response and produced green compact calli, 19.98 ± 0.03 shoots from the callus and the maximum mean number of ischolar_mainlets per culture was also noted (15 ± 0.57) in this combination with MS medium of half strength. The in vitro developed entire plantlets were fruitfully acclimatized to thermocol cups and earthen pots.

Micropropagation of Prunus scoparia, a Suitable Rootstock for Almond under Drought Conditions

ABSTRACTPrunus scoparia is a wild deciduous shrub, usually living on dry calcareous soils of the rocky mountains and has been used as a grafting rootstock for domesticated almonds to provide drought resistance. In the current study, micropropagation ability of P. scoparia was investigated using cytokinin and auxin. Uniform nodal shoot pieces (3–5 cm in length) of seedlings were used as explants. The explants were disinfected with 10% sodium hypochlorite solution. For adventitious shoot induction and proliferation, Murashige and Skoog (MS) media containing 7.00 g/l agar and 30.00 g/l sucrose containing five concentrations of benzyl adenine (BA) (0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00 mg/1) and also containing six concentrations of Thidiazuron (TDZ) (0.00, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, 5.00, and 7.00 mg/1) were compared. For rooting, in vitro shoots (2–3 cm) were transferred into ½ MS medium supplemented with 30 g/l sucrose, 7.50 g/l agar, and different concentrations of IBA (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mg/l) and NAA (0.00, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 mg/l). Based on the results obtained for shoot proliferation, only 2.00 and 4.00 mg/l BA and 2.00 mg/l TDZ concentrations generated shoots, while other treatments did not show shoot proliferation. Among the three treatments that generated shoots, the best results for shoot number, leaf number, and leaf color quality were observed in media containing 2.00 mg/l TDZ. Based on the results obtained for rooting, the effect of IBA concentrations on the rooting percentage, root number, and root length was significant. Among IBA concentrations, only 0.50 mg/l IBA induced rooting, while there was no rooting in the media containing other IBA concentrations. None of the NAA concentrations showed rooting. In conclusion, MS culture medium supplemented with 2.00 mg/l TDZ and ½ MS culture medium supplemented with 0.50 mg/l IBA are suggested for in vitro shoot proliferation and rooting of P. scoparia, respectively. The results presented herein could be used for in vitro selection and micropropagation of P. scoparia.

Micropropagation of ‘Chester thornless’ Blackberry Cultivar using Axillary Bud Explants

Sexual propagation is not suitable for production of true to type plants for commercial cultivation of selected cultivars due to the having heterozygous characteristics. Rubus species are highly heterozygous and therefore when they are propagated by seeds the high plant variability is obtained. Micropropagation methods became very important and have many advantages compared to the classical propagation methods. In Turkey, blackberries are commonly propagated by hard and soft wood cuttings, by layering and bush division. Propagation by layers requires rather large area for a layered, and weed control among the layers is a problem. However, propagation by cuttings is connected with important problem in inadequate rooting, especially in ‘Chester Thornless’ cultivar, which is one of the most commercially grown cultivar. In addition, limited number of plants can be propagated using classical propagation method and thus demand of growers for the plants can not be satisfied. Optimized and highly efficient regeneration protocols are also important for genetic transformation for improving of new cultivars. In this study we focused on optimization of protocol for in vitro propagation of ‘Chester Thornless’ blackberry cultivar using nodal segments. For this purpose, explants were cultured on Woody Plant Medium (WPM) supplemented with combination of plant growth regulators BAP (1.5, 2, 3 mg/l) with NAA (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 mg/l) to detect the best multiplication medium. According to the obtained results, the highest proliferation rate was obtained for cultivar ‘Chester Thornless’ that produced 9.66 shoots on a medium containing 2 mg/I BAP+0.2 mg/I IBA combination. GA3 effects on multiplication rates were also studied and generally the highest rates obtained by while GA3 were not used. For the rooting, different concentrations of IBA and NAA (0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/I) were compared. A concentration of 0.4 mg/l NAA gave the greatest number of roots and maximum root length.

In vitro propagation, clonal fidelity and phytochemical analysis of Rhodiola imbricata Edgew: a rare trans-Himalayan medicinal plant

The present study focuses on development of a micropropagation protocol for true to type plants of Rhodiola imbricata, an endangered medicinal plant found in trans-Himalayan Leh-Ladakh region of India. It also aims at analyzing the pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites and antioxidant potential of in vitro and in vivo plants. Various cytokinins and auxins were tested for shoot proliferation and in vitro rooting of the microshoots, respectively. Random primers were used for checking genetic uniformity at different stages of micropropagation. Pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites of R. imbricata such as Rosavin, total polyphenols and free radical scavenging activity were analyzed by HPLC. Among different cytokinins used, BAP (5 µM) and TDZ (1 µM) were found to perform better in terms of shoot proliferation, shoot length and number of leaves as compared to other concentrations. For rooting of microshoots, a lower concentration of NAA (0.5 µM) yielded more efficient rooting of micro shoots (17.33 roots per micro shoot). In vitro rooted microshoots were hardened and showed 60% survival rate. The content of gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was higher in the in vivo plant. The amount of ferulic acid was higher in the in vitro raised plant when compared to field grown plant. Furthermore, caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid were higher in the in vitro raised plants as compared to field grown plants. This work will facilitate in conservation of this endangered herb and provide necessary plant materials for various biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications.

Influence of Growth Regulators on Yield and Economics of Custard Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Cv. Balanagar

The field study was conducted on a well-established custard apple orchard of eight years age at Custard Apple Research Station, Ambajogai, Dist. Beed, during 2016–17, to study the influence of growth regulators on yield and economics of custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) Cv. Balanagar. The experiment framed was concentrated to find out effective concentration of GA3 and NAA as well as their combination for getting high yield of custard apple fruits. In present study, it had been observed that the foliar application of growth regulators was found beneficial for increasing yield of custard apple fruits. While, the combine spraying of GA3 25 + NAA 10 ppm twice i.e. before flowering (second fortnight of may) and one month after the first spray is beneficial for getting higher fruit yield of custard apple cv. ‘Balanagar’ under Marathwada region of Maharashtra.

Effects of Cultivation Media on In vitro Callus Induction and Regeneration Capabilities of Pakaumpuel Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Thai Rice Landrace

Current study determined the effects of different cultivation media and some factors on in vitro callus induction and shoot regeneration of Pakaumpuel rice (Oryza sativa L.), the Thai rice landrace. Pakaumpuel’s dehusked seeds were surface sterilized by 20% Sodium hypoclorite for 20 mins before washed and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in various concentrations of BAP (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) and 2,4-D (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/l) and cultivated in off -light or dark cycle condition for 15 days. Results showed that MS medium with 2 mg/l 2,4-D incubated in light condition provided the highest callus induction percentage (80 %). For shoot regeneration, calli were desiccated by using silica gel for 0, 30, 90 and 180 minutes prior to culture on MS medium with 1 mg/l NAA and various concentrations of BAP (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l) for 30 days. The results revealed that desiccation periods had no effect on regeneration percentage and number of shoot per callus, but had effects on shoot length and number of leaves per shoot. Therefore, MS medium with 1 mg/l NAA and 3 mg/l BAP induced the highest regeneration percentage (53.33 %) and number of shoot per callus (4.40 shoots), while the longest shoot (12.82 cm) and the highest number of leaves per shoot (3.00 leaves) were found on the culture on this medium after desiccation for 90 minutes. This discovery can be applied for micropropagation of other Thai rice landraces.

Embryogenesis of 'albescens'-type of oil palm (<i>Elaeis guineensis</i> Jacq.) in Eeuwens medium

The growth response of zygotic embryos of 'Albescens'- type of 'tenera' oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) using Eeuwens medium, supplemented with 1-Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA) and 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) was investigated. The respective concentrations (0.00 mg/L, 0.05 mg/L, 0.10 mg/L) of NAA and BAP were used singly and in combination. Zygotic embryos extracted from the 'Tenera-albescens' type of oil palm were sterilized and inoculated in Eeuwens media containing the various combinations of growth regulators. The cultures were incubated in the dark room at 26oC, 50-60% relative humidity and later transferred to the light room at 26oC, 50-60% relative humidity at 16 hr photoperiod. Subcultures were carried out at intervals of 4 weeks. Data were collected on days to shoot and root emergence, shoot length at 3 weeks after inoculation (WAI), root length and plant height at 4, 6, 8 and 10 WAI, number of leaves and roots at 10 WAI. The results showed that the concentrations of NAA and BAP singly and in combinations had significant (p < 0.05) effect on in vitro plant regeneration and plantlet development. However, synergistic effect of the two plant growth regulators as supplements were optimal for all growth parameters measured.Keywords: Elaeis guineensis, 'Albescens', dormancy, germination, Eeuwens, in vitro

Changes of Brain Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study in Hemorrhagic Shock: An Experimental Study on a Rabbit Model

To investigate the changes of cerebral metabolism in rabbit model of hemorrhagic shock by using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy(PMRS). Ten New Zealand white rabbits were used for construction of the model of acute hemorrhagic anemia. 1H-MRS was performed before and at the time-peint of 30, 90, and 180 min after hemorrhagic shock. The concentrations of NAA, Cr, Cho, Lac, and NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios were estimated. Hemorrhagic shock was associated with significant reductions in red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, hematocrit, pH, and PaCO2, and elevations of blood lactate and PaO2. The ratios of NAA/Cr at 30 min, 90 min and 180 min after shock were (1.50±0.09), (1.37±0.09) and (1.27±0.10), respectively, which were significantly lower than those before shock (2.11±0.16) (P <0.05) (1.16±0.05) and (0.97±0.04) at 30 min and 90 min after shock, respectively, which were significantly lower than those pre-shock (1.38±0.08) (P <0.05). The ratis of Cho/Cr at 30 min and 90 min were (1.16±0.05) and (0.97±0.04), respectively, which were significantly lower than those before shock (1.38±0.08) (P <0.05). MRS can noninvasively and dynamically detect brean metabolic changes in early hemorrhagic shock, and has positive significance for early diagnosis and prognosis assessment of hemorrhagic shock.