Serum Leptin Concentrations Research Articles

Adiponectin, leptin, and leptin/adiponectin ratio with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective nested case-control study among Chinese women

AimsTo examine the associations of serum concentrations of adiponectin and leptin and leptin/adiponectin ratio (LAR) in early pregnancy with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in Chinese women. The predictive ability of those biomarkers for GDM was also assessed. MethodsWithin the Tongji-Shuangliu Birth Cohort, a nested case-control study was established with 332 GDM cases and 664 matched controls at 1:2 ratio on age (±3 years) and gestational age (±4 weeks). Serum adiponectin and leptin levels were measured in early pregnancy (median gestational week, 11; range, 6–15). Conditional logistic regression models with adjustment for potential covariates were used to evaluate the associations. ResultsMultivariable-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) comparing extreme quartiles of adiponectin, leptin and LAR were 0.55 (95 % CI, 0.35, 0.85), 1.96 (95 % CI, 1.19, 3.24), and 2.72 (95 % CI, 1.63, 4.54) for GDM, respectively (All P-trend < 0.02). Adding adiponectin and leptin to a conventional prediction model (including traditional risk factors and fasting glucose) increased the C-statistics from 0.708 (95 % CI, 0.674, 0.741) to 0.728 (95 % CI, 0.695, 0.760), and achieved a net reclassification improvement of 0.292. ConclusionsOur findings indicate that adiponectin is inversely associated with GDM, while leptin and LAR are positively associated with GDM in Chinese pregnant women.

Association of the Human Leptin Receptor Gene (rs1137101; Gln223Arg) Polymorphism and Circulating Leptin in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in the Indian Population.

Phenotypic expression of metabolic syndrome is precipitated by environmental variables along with the individual genetic susceptibility to the obesogenic environment and growing body of evidence suggest a paramount role of adipocytokines. Therefore, identifying the genetic influence on circulation leptin levels and clarifying genotype-phenotype correlation of rs1137101 {Leptin receptor gene (LEPR) Gln223Arg (Q223R; A668G)} in metabolic syndrome were the primary objective of this study. A total of 447 adult participants, including 214 metabolic syndrome patients and 233 healthy controls, were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method to unravel the effects of genetic risk loci {Leptin receptor gene; Gln223Arg (Q223R; A668G); rs1137101} on the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in consort with circulation leptin levels. Suitable descriptive statistics was used for different variables. The genotype frequencies were found to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for both cases (p > 0.2722) as well as in controls (p > 0.2331). However, genotype (x2: 11.26, 2 d.f. p = 0.0036) and allele distribution (x2: 10.51, 2 d.f. p: 0.0012) of the LEPR Gln223Arg (Q223R; A668G) differed significantly between cases and controls. Gln/Arg genotype (OR = 1.6099; 95% CI = 1.0847-2.3893; p value = 0.0181), Arg/Arg genotype (OR = 2.8121; 95% CI = 1.4103-5.6074; p value = 0.0033) and R allele (OR = 1.5875; 95% CI = 1.1996-2.1008; p value = 0.0012) were significantly associated with increased risk of metabolic syndrome in univariate analysis. Further a multivariate logistic regression adjusted for potential confounders showed that Arg/Arg genotype (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.271-2.639; p-value < 0.05) and Gln/Arg (OR: 1.3; 95% CI = 0.873-2.034; p value < 0.05) have a significant risk for the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome. A progressive increase in the serum leptin levels from major homozygous alleles to minor homozygous alleles were observed indicating that rs1137101 modify the serum leptin concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome. These findings provide enough evidence of a significant association of LEPR Gln223Arg (Q223R; A668G) polymorphism in the LepR gene in Indian patients with increased risk of metabolic syndrome for R allele and Arg/Arg homozygote. Thus, rs1137101 might be a pleiotropic locus for metabolic syndrome and its components in studied population.

Sex- and body mass index-specific reference intervals for serum leptin: a population based study in China

BackgroundLeptin is a peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissue and is an important determinant of obesity and its complications. The purpose of this study was to establish sex- and body mass index (BMI)-specific reference intervals for serum leptin in a Chinese population and investigate the factors influencing leptin concentrations.MethodsFasting serum leptin levels were assayed in 469 men and 773 women from randomly sampled Chinese residents. Blood glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), liver enzymes, blood lipid profiles, creatinine, and uric acid (UA) levels were measured. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analyses were used to estimate the relationship between serum leptin level and other variables. The reference intervals were determined by the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles.ResultsThe mean ± standard deviation serum leptin level was much higher in women (20.92 ± 12.96 ng/mL) than in men (6.45 ± 5.53 ng/mL). The reference interval of serum leptin was 0.33–19.85 ng/mL in men and 3.60–54.86 ng/mL in women. The specific reference intervals of serum leptin in men with BMI of 20 to < 25 and 25 to < 27.5 kg/m2 were 0.42–12.32 and 2.17–20.22 ng/ml, respectively. The specific reference intervals of serum leptin in women with BMI of 20 to < 25 and 25 to < 27.5 kg/m2 were 4.11–38.09 and 8.27–48.66 ng/ml, respectively. BMI was significantly correlated with Ln (leptin) both in men (r = 0.698, P < 0.001) and women (r = 0.626, P < 0.001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, serum leptin was correlated with BMI, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), UA in women, and plus triglyceride (TG) in men. The variance in serum leptin levels could be partially explained by these variables in both women (adjusted R2 = 0.447) and men (adjusted R2 = 0.552). In participants with leptin levels higher than the reference intervals, significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), UA, a higher proportion of central obesity (waist circumference [WC] > 90 cm), and metabolic syndrome were found in men, and significantly higher levels of HOMA-IR, UA and a higher proportion of central obesity (WC > 85 cm) were found in women.ConclusionThis is the first study to establish sex- and BMI-specific reference intervals of leptin for both sexes in a large Chinese population. Serum concentration of leptin was predicted by BMI, HOMA-IR, UA in women, and TG in men.

Obesity and functional bowel disorders in adolescents: a pilot study

Background: Studies of the relationship between obesity and functional bowel disorders, carried out in different age groups, provide conflicting results. It remains unclear what factors are responsible for the transition from a tendency to constipation in children to a tendency to diarrhea in adults with obesity.Aim: To establish factors related to stool consistency as a surrogate marker of colon transit in adolescents with obesity.Materials and methods: A single-center observational cross-sectional study was carried out. We consecutively recruited adolescents, aged 11–17 years with obesity. Socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle and nutritional characteristics were assessed using questionnaires. Bowel symptoms were assessed using questionnaires and interviews. Stool consistency was assessed using the Bristol Stool Form Scale. Serum concentrations of ALT, AST, bilirubin, cholesterol, glucose, HbA1c, leptin, and insulin were determined. The HOMA-IR index was used to determine insulin resistance.Results: One hundred and ten adolescents with obesity were enrolled in the study. Of these, 69.1% had a pathological consistency of feces, with the prevalence of forms characterizing delayed gut transit (49.1%). The predominance of loose stools was reported by 5.5% of patients. The combination of different forms of stool (unstable stool) was described by 14.5% of adolescents. Hard stools were common among adolescents from single-parent families and adolescents who rarely consume dairy products. The presence of loose stools has been associated with insulin resistance.Conclusion: Most obese adolescents who do not have abdominal complaints have colon transit disorders. Medical professionals should actively ask these patients about stool frequency and properties. With constipation, dietary correction is justified. Research is needed to investigate in-depth gut microbiota as a possible link between obesity and diarrhea.

Aspects Regarding the Influence of Obesity on the Molecular Characteristics of Breast Tumors.

The influence of excess adipose tissue on the evolution and prognosis of breast cancer has been evaluated in numerous papers over the years. The ways in which obesity can influence the development, progression, and prognosis of this neoplasia are complex and requires the design of new studies, both clinical and preclinical. The aim of this study is to highlight a possible correlation between obesity-specific tumor microenvironment markers (adipokine or leptin) and the different histological subtypes and aggressive characteristics of breast tumors. We prospectively monitored the prognostic values of 39 patients diagnosed with breast cancer who received oncologic-specific treatment or are in follow-up regarding some obesity markers.Our analysis included parameters such as age, body mass index, immunohistochemical characteristics, and plasma concentration of leptin. The methodology was designed to reveal a possible correlation between obesity (quantified by measuring body mass index and waist circumference), the plasma level of leptin, and breast tumor immunohistochemical characteristics. The patients diagnosed with aggressive tumors subtypes (HER2-positive and triple-negative) had a significantly higher body mass index than patients diagnosed with luminal type tumors (32 kg/sqm versus 27 kg/sqm), the difference being 5 kg/sqm. In patients with non-luminal type breast tumors (HER2-positive and triple-negative), serum concentration of leptin is 55 pg/ml compared to 48 pg/ml in luminal type, statistically significant, p=0.0168. Leptin plays an important role in the connection of specific microenvironment tumors to breast cancer. An increased serum concentration of this adipokine was found in patients with HER2-positive and triple-negative breast tumors compared with luminal-type breast tumors, which could open new directions in the research of breast cancer prognosis in obese patients.

Mid-Gestational Serum Leptin Concentration In Obese And Non-Obese Ghanaian Mothers And Its Relationship With Gestational Outcome

Background: Leptin is produced abundantly in adipose tissue and in human placental trophoblast so serum leptin concentration in BMI matched pregnant women is higher than non-pregnant women. The aim of the study was to compare serum leptin concentration of obese and non-obese pregnant Ghanaian women and to match it with pregnancy outcome.Method: This was a nested case control study, for which 80 antenatal women grouped into obese (cases) and nonobese (control) based on their booking body mass index (non-obese≤29.9kg/m2&lt;obese). The participants had their mid gestation (20-24 weeks) serum stored until delivery and serum leptin concentration of the first 20 cases and 20 controls who delivered at the study site were compared to examine if it had effect on gestational outcome. Correlation between leptin concentration, gestational age at delivery and birth weight were assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient.Results: The ages, median (range) 31(20-39) of cases and controls 32 (17-40) were not significantly different. There was no significant difference between the serum leptin concentration of cases 1.9 (0.5-50) ng/ml and controls 1.9 (1.5-50) ng/ml (P&gt;0.05) and these had no correlation with maternal BMI or with baby’s Apgar scores. Our study subsequently, found no correlation between maternal mid-gestational leptin concentration and gestational age at delivery, as well as with birth weight of neonates.Conclusion: Mid-gestational leptin concentration did not correlate with BMI in pregnant Ghanaian women and our study failed to find correlation between midgestational leptin concentration and gestational age at delivery.

Reproductive health of adolescent girls born prematurely: new forecasting opportunities

Background. Premature delivery remains one of the most pressing issues in obstetrics.&#x0D; Aim. To assess the reproductive health of 16-year-old adolescent girls born prematurely to develop an algorithm to optimize its state.&#x0D; Materials and methods. A total of 180 adolescent girls aged 16 years were evaluated. The study group consisted of 120 adolescents born at a gestational age of 2736 weeks. Subgroup 1 consisted of 18 girls born at a gestational age of 2733 weeks, and subgroup 2 consisted of 102 adolescent girls born at 3436 weeks of gestation. The comparison group consisted of 60 girls born at term. The study material was peripheral venous blood. Hormonal and ultrasonic examination of the internal genital organs were performed.&#x0D; Results. In the main group vs. comparison group, an increase in serum leptin levels was observed: 9.4 (6.1; 15.5) and 6.9 (4.2; 9.2) ng/ml (p0.01). The leptin blood concentration in subgroup 2 showed a positive correlation with the body mass index (p=0.001). A more frequent increase in the number of antral follicles (10 in each ovary) was recorded in adolescents born prematurely. When assessing the results of correlation analysis, a positive direct correlation between the number of antral follicles and serum leptin concentration in adolescent girls born prematurely (p0.001) was observed. It was found that with a leptin level 15.8 ng/ml, there is an increase in the number of antral follicles, which may be the cause of reproductive disorders.&#x0D; Conclusion. Premature delivery and its long-term consequences (obesity and metabolic syndrome) contribute to hyperleptinemia, leading to ovarian function suppression in adolescents. Therefore, it is necessary to include leptin level measurement in the algorithm of examining adolescent girls for timely diagnosis and subsequent treatment of possible reproductive disorders.

Clinical Evaluation of Weight Loss Diet on Adiposity Markers and Subcutaneous Fat in Obese Dogs

Background: This clinical study was conducted in thirteen apparently healthy overweight/obese dogs during the period 2018-19. The study involved nutritional interventions such as feeding of high protein and low fat diet and increased physical activity for these dogs, so as to assess effect of these interventions on adiposity markers and subcutaneous fat in obese dogs. Methods: The prescribed weight loss diet consisted of high crude protein (%), crude fibre (%) and reduced fat (%) compared to the mean values of pre-weight loss diets. The study was conducted over a span of 12 weeks and various hemato-biochemical parameters, adiposity markers and subcutaneous fat thickness were measured on 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. Result: Dogs included in this study showed reduction of an average of 9% of their body weight. Significant (P less than 0.05) difference was observed in mean values of Body Condition Score at day 60, from day 30 and this difference persisted until day 90, when compared with day 0 of treatment. Serum cholesterol and leptin concentrations were markedly reduced at the end of weight loss period. Decreased thickness of subcutaneous fat by real time ultrasonography was observed from day 0 to day 90 in five anatomical locations i.e. abdomen, mid abdomen, 9 Inter Costal Space, thigh and lumbar.

Protective Effects of High-Fat Diet against Murine Colitis in Association with Leptin Signaling and Gut Microbiome

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic intestinal-tract inflammation with dysregulated immune responses, which are partly attributable to dysbiosis. Given that diet plays a critical role in IBD pathogenesis and progression, we elucidated the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) feeding on IBD development in relation to immune dysfunction and the gut microbiota. Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or HFD for 14 weeks. The animals were further divided into ND, ND+ dextran sulfate sodium (DSS), HFD, and HFD+DSS treatment groups. The HFD+DSS mice exhibited lower body weight loss, lower disease activity index, longer colon length, and increased tight-junction protein expression and goblet-cell proportions compared with the ND+DSS mice. The T helper (h)1 and Th17 cell populations and pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in colitis pathogenesis were significantly more reduced in the HFD+DSS mice than in the ND+DSS mice. The HFD+DSS mice showed significantly increased serum leptin concentrations, colonic leptin receptor expression, enhanced anti-apoptotic AKT expression, and reduced pro-apoptotic MAPK and Bax expression compared with the ND+DSS mice, suggesting the involvement of the leptin-mediated pathway in intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. The alterations in the gut-microbiota composition in the HFD+DSS group were the opposite of those in the ND+DSS group and rather similar to those of the ND group, indicating that the protective effects of HFD feeding against DSS-induced colitis are associated with changes in gut-microbiota composition. Overall, HFD feeding ameliorates DSS-induced colitis and colonic mucosal damage by reinforcing colonic barrier function and regulating immune responses in association with changes in gut-microbiota composition.

High leptin status indicates an increased risk of mortality and heart failure in stable coronary artery disease

Background and aimsLeptin is an adipocyte-derived peptide involved in energy homeostasis and body weight regulation. The position of leptin in cardiovascular pathophysiology remains controversial. Some studies suggest a detrimental effect of hyperleptinemia on the cardiovascular (CV) system, while others assume the role of leptin as a neutral or even protective factor. We have explored whether high leptin affects the mortality and morbidity risk in patients with stable coronary heart disease. Methods and resultsWe followed 975 patients ≥6 months after myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization in a prospective study. All-cause or cardiovascular death, non-fatal cardiovascular events (recurrent myocardial infarction, stroke, or any revascularization), and hospitalizations for heart failure (HF) we used as outcomes.High serum leptin concentrations (≥18.9 ng/mL, i.e., 4th quartile) were associated with worse survival, as well as with a higher incidence of fatal vascular events or hospitalizations for HF. Even after full adjustment for potential covariates, high leptin remained to be associated with a significantly increased 5-years risk of all-cause death [Hazard risk ratio (HRR) 2.10 (95%CIs:1.29–3.42), p < 0.003], CV death [HRR 2.65 (95%CIs:1.48–4.74), p < 0.001], and HF hospitalization [HRR 1.95 (95% CIs:1.11–3.44), p < 0.020]. In contrast, the incidence risk of non-fatal CV events was only marginally and non-significantly influenced [HRR 1.27 (95%CIs:0.76–2.13), p = 0.359]. ConclusionsHigh leptin concentration entails an increased risk of mortality, apparently driven by fatal CV events and future worsening of HF, on top of conventional CV risk factors and the baseline status of left ventricular function.

Obesity-induced follicular phase endometrial proteome dysregulation in a well-phenotyped population

Despite obesity's significant impact on reproduction, its influence on the physiology of the human endometrium is largely understudied. We hypothesized that endometrial proteomic differences exist between obese (OW; body mass index [BMI] ≥30 kg/m2) and normal-weight women (NWW; BMI, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). Clinical cross-sectional study. Academic Medical Center. Healthy, normally-cycling, 18 to 40-year-old women (n = 6 OW and n = 6 NWW). Participants underwent screening and midfollicular phase visits. Demographic and anthropometric characteristics, blood samples, ultrasounds, and follicular phase endometrial biopsies were collected. Proteomic analyses of endometrial samples (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) were performed. Proteins with ≥2-fold difference and a false discovery rate of <0.1 were considered statistically significant (Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment). Reproductive hormone levels did not differ between the two groups. Mean BMI, serum leptin concentration, and bioelectrical impedance analysis indices of adiposity were higher in OW than in NWW. Histological examination of the endometrial samples confirmed normal-appearing endometrium in both OW and NWW. A total of 2,930 proteins were detected across all samples, with an average number of proteins per sample of 2,059 ± 482 in NWW and 2,437 ± 187 in OW. A total of 17 proteins were differentially expressed in OW vs. NWW; 2 were more abundant, whereas 15 were underexpressed in OW, including the progesterone receptor. In this well-phenotyped population of healthy women, obesity was associated with significant endometrial proliferative phase proteomic differences affecting the hormonal and immunologic pathways. These could contribute to an increased risk of menstrual bleeding abnormalities and create an altered environment for future luteinization.

Soy isoflavones plus soy protein effects on serum concentration of leptin in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Some studies conducted on soy isoflavones and soy protein reflected that leptin can be reduced by soy isoflavones or soy protein. The aim of present study is to assess the effect of soy isoflavones plus soy protein on serum concentration of leptin among adults. To find randomized clinical trails (RCTs) assessing the effect of soy isoflavones containing soy protein on serum concentration of leptin in participants with age ≥18 years old, databases including PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched up to March 2021. We calculated the effect size by the mean change from baseline of leptin concentrations and its standard deviation for intervention and comparison groups. DerSimonian and Laird random effects model was used to estimate the overall summary effect and the heterogeneity. Risk of bias was conducted by Cochrane Collaboration's tool. Study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (No. CRD42021228366). Eight articles with 421 participants and six articles with 336 participants were known to be eligible for systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. A pooled analysis revealed that the combination of soy isoflavones and soy protein had a borderline non-significant on serum concentration of leptin (weighted mean difference (WMD):-1.03ng/ml, 95% confidence interval (CI):-2.11, 0.05ng/ml). This combination reduced serum leptin levels in studies with baseline levels of leptin ≤22ng/ml, in short-term trials (≤56 days), studies that used soy isoflavones with dose ≤96mg/day and among subjects with health risk factors or diseases. Soy isoflavones plus soy protein had a non-significant decreasing effect on the serum concentration of leptin. However, making firm conclusion needs more studies on participants with different health condition, and different soy isoflavones doses and intervention duration.

Dietary Micronutrients Reduce Insulin Resistance via Adipose Tissue Modulation in Mice Fed a High Fat Diet

ObjectivesObesity is associated with increased insulin resistance (IR) and white adipose tissue (WAT) dysregulation (e.g., decrease in PPAR-γ mRNA expression and impaired leptin sensitivity). Dietary vitamins A, B1, B6, and B12, selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) have been shown to reduce IR in obesity in animals and humans, but mechanisms have not been defined. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of selected micronutrients on adipose tissue metabolism and IR in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity (DIO). We hypothesize that these additions modulate genes regulating IR in WAT and improve leptin sensitivity.Methods28 DIO male mice were randomly assigned to two high fat (HF, 60 kcal % fat) diets with or without the inclusion of a mineral-vitamin mixture (MVM: 5 × vitamin A, B1, B6, B12, zinc, and 2 × selenium), respectively. Similarly, 28 lean mice were randomized into a low-fat diet (LF, 10 kcal % fat) with or without the MVM. Mice were fed diets ad libitum for 8 weeks. Bodyweight (BW), IR, serum glucose, fasting insulin, C-peptide, leptin, as well as mRNA expression of genes involved in insulin signaling and adipokine secretion were measured in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT).ResultsCompared to HF mice, HF-MVM mice exhibited reduced body weight gain over time (by 6%, P < 0.05), improved insulin sensitivity (P < 0.05), reduced fasting glucose (by 18%), insulin (by 45%), C-peptide concentrations (by 26%) and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (by 47%, HOMA-IR, P < 0.05 for all). Similarly, LF-MVM had reduced fasting glucose level (P < 0.05) compared to LF mice. As expected, serum leptin concentration (adjusted for a visceral fat mass) was 6-fold higher in HF mice compared to LF mice; HF-MVM mice had lower leptin level compared to the HF mice suggesting improved leptin sensitivity. Ppar-γ gene expression in eWAT was 77% lower in HF vs LF group, suggesting eWAT dysfunction and systemic IR in DIO mice; the addition of MVM to LF diet attenuated this effect.ConclusionsThis MVM mixture may reduce IR through the upregulation of the PPAR-γ system in WAT and improve leptin sensitivity in DIO. Understanding the mechanism of action of micronutrients in reducing IR in a highly relevant animal model will provide new avenues for identifying food component solutions to modify IR in humans.Funding SourcesSupport provided by Various Sponsors (unrestricted funds).

Serum concentrations of leptin and adiponectin in dogs with chronic kidney disease.

BackgroundAn imbalance in adipokines is associated with the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in humans. However, alterations in adipokines in dogs with CKD remain unclear.ObjectivesTo examine whether adipokine concentrations in serum differ between healthy dogs and dogs with CKD and to determine the correlation between serum adipokine concentrations and CKD severity in dogs.AnimalsTwenty dogs with CKD and 10 healthy dogs.MethodsIn this cross‐sectional study, serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐10, IL‐18, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were measured in healthy dogs and dogs with CKD, which were classified according to the International Renal Interest Society guidelines.ResultsSerum leptin concentrations were positively correlated with systolic arterial blood pressure (r = .41), creatinine concentrations (r = .39), and symmetric dimethylarginine concentrations (r = .73). Serum adiponectin concentrations (median [range]) in CKD dogs with borderline or non‐proteinuric (20.25 [14.9‐45.8] ng/mL) were significantly higher than those in proteinuric CKD dogs (13.95 [6.4‐22.1] ng/mL; P = .01). Serum IL‐6 (median [range]; 43.27 [24.30‐537.30] vs 25.63 [6.83‐61.03] pg/mL; P = .02), IL‐18 (median [range]; 25.98 [11.52‐280.55] vs 10.77 [3.53‐38.45] pg/mL; P = .01), and TNF‐α (median [range]) concentrations (11.44 [8.54‐38.45] vs 6.105 [3.97‐30.68] pg/mL; P = .02) were significantly different between proteinuric and borderline or non‐proteinuric CKD dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Importanceleptin and adiponectin concentrations in serum might be associated with severity of CKD and proteinuria in dogs with CKD, respectively.

Leptin and its relationship with magnesium biomarkers in women with obesity

Some studies have demonstrated the participation of leptin in magnesium metabolism. On the other hand, there is evidence of the role of magnesium in the leptin intracellular signaling pathway. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the existence of a relationship between serum leptin concentrations and magnesium biomarkers in women with obesity. Case-control study involving 108 women aged between 20 and 50years, divided into two groups: obese (n = 52) and control (n = 56). Body weight, height and waist circumference, body mass index, dietary magnesium intake, magnesium biomarkers and serum leptin concentrations were measured. Serum leptin concentrations showed a statistically significant difference between groups (p < 0.001). Mean values of magnesium intake were lower than intake recommended, and with no statistically significant difference between two groups (p > 0.05). Women with obesity had lower plasma and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations than control group did (p < 0.001). Magnesium concentrations found in the urine of women with obesity were higher than the control group was, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). There was a correlation between serum leptin and magnesium biomarkers (p < 0.001). Women with obesity show an inadequate magnesium nutritional status characterized by low plasma and erythrocyte concentrations and high concentrations in urine, and they also have high serum leptin concentrations. Thus, it was possible to observe a correlation between hyperleptinemia and magnesium biomarkers, requiring further studies to determine whether the dysfunction of this hormone can influence the compartmentalization of the mineral in obese organisms.

Serum Thyroid Hormones Pictures in Non Thyroidal Illness Syndrome and Circulating Leptin Concentration in Patients with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a Group of Bangladeshi Population

Background: Thyroid diseases and diabetes mellitus are common endocrine disorders and Euthyroid Sick Syndrome is very common in uncontrolled type2 Diabetes Mellitus. As of thyroid hormones; the catabolic hormone Leptin is thought be closely linked with Diabetes Mellitus and Euthyroid Sick Syndrome. Objective: To evaluate the thyroid hormone pictures in absence of clinical thyroid diseases among type2 diabetic subjects in a Bangladeshi population. To see the baseline serum leptin concentration in a group of Bangladeshi adult population and to document how the leptin is related to glycemic status and Sick Euthyroid syndrome in the setting of uncontrolled type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Method: This case and control study was carried out in the Endocrinology Department in collaboration with the Bio-Medical Research Group (BMRG), Research Division, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (BIRDEM)), Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period of January 2000 to December 2002. A total of 100 type 2 diabetic subjects, 30-50 years of age, irrespective of glycemic status, duration of diabetes, Body Mass Index (BMI) and sex were recruited from the outpatient department (OPD) of BIRDEM hospital. Control subjects (n=30) were selected from friends and family of the patients within 5 years of age band without diabetes or impaired glucose regulation {Impaired Fasting Glycemia (IFG), Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)} determined according to American Diabetic Association (ADA) criteria [37] and having no clinical thyroid diseases or other evident systemic diseases documented on clinical evaluation. Results: It was observed that mean± SD of the thyroid hormone pictures in diabetic and control subjects were; TT3 (ngm/dl) {in controls (88.91±15.88) and in diabetic subjects (84.27±22.29)} was not statistically significant to each other (p=0.209). Mean±SD of TT4 (µgm/ dl) in control subjects was 8.32±1.64 and in the diabetic subjects was 9.26±1.44, which is almost similar in both the groups (p= 0.589). FT4: (pgm/ml) in control subjects was 2.60±0.54 and in diabetics was 2.53±1.72 (p= 0.830). FT4. (µgm/ dl) in control subjects was 1.43±0.22 and in diabetics subjects 1.36±0.25. (p 0.179). TSH (µlu/ml) in control subjects was 1.34±1.00 and in diabetic subjects 1.54±1.21 (p: 0.411). FT3; FT4 and TSH showed no significant difference between control and diabetic subjects. Thyroid hormones (TT3, TT4, FT3, FT4) and TSH were reanalyzed according to HbA1c and BMI category and showed no significant differences. But when the FPG and HbA1c goes beyond 12 mmol/l and 10% respectively there was more worsening thyroid hormone pictures in comparison to groups whose FPG and HbA1c were below 12mmol/l and 10%. It was also noticed that there was a tendency to develop lower thyroid hormone pictures and more deteriorating glycemic status in patient with low and normal BMI groups in comparison to higher BMI groups of patients. Insulin and leptin were found to have strong positive correlation with BMI and other indices of obesity. Serum leptin was also found to be positively correlated with FPG and HbA1c upto a certain limit, but HbA1c went beyond 10%; serum leptin concentration tended to be declined. Serum leptin and Insulin showed strong positive correlation to each other’s. Thyroid hormones and TSH were re-analyzed and its relationship to FPG, HbA1c, fasting serum Insulin and Leptin were explored. Fasting serum Insulin and Leptin showed no significant differences among the different thyroid hormones groups. Conclusion: Uncontrolled type2 diabetes mellitus is associated with alteration of thyroid hormone pictures particularly affecting TT3, FT3 and TSH. This biochemical feature is more evident if the BMI of the Diabetic subjects is low or within the normal range and also the more worsening the glycemic status, there were more deteriorating serum thyroid hormone pictures. Serum leptin was not found to have any relation with these changes.

The relationships between selected serum adipokines and thyroid function in patients with obesity.

The study was designed to evaluate the effect of thyroid function on serum levels of different adipokines in obesity. We investigated relationships between the thyroid axis and serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, and chemerin, and we assessed the influence of autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) on those relations. The participants of this study included 181 euthyroid patients (147 women and 34 men) with obesity [body mass index (BMI) 30-39.9 kg/m²] and severe (morbid) obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m²), aged 18 to 65 years. We divided all obese patients by thyrotropic hormone (TSH) tertiles, and we compared all participants according to BMI. Patients were further divided into the following subgroups: with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and without autoimmune thyroiditis. Comparison of obese patients according to TSH tertile showed significantly higher serum concentrations of leptin, chemerin, and thyroid antibodies and an increased leptin/adiponectin ratio in the group with high normal TSH. We observed statistically significant correlations between serum TSH and BMI, leptin, chemerin, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, and the leptin/adiponectin ratio. In patients diagnosed with autoimmune thyroiditis, higher levels of antibodies and TSH were found, but there were no differences in homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA-I), the leptin/adiponectin ratio, and adipokine levels. In obese patients the relationships between serum leptin, chemerin, the leptin/adiponectin ratio, and BMI were dependent on each other. Serum leptin, chemerin, the leptin/adiponectin ratio, and BMI are significantly higher in patients with high normal TSH; however, selected adipokines are not related to the presence of autoimmune thyroiditis. There are interplays between TSH, adipokines, and obesity, but how these relationships are related remains unknown.

Dietary Supplementation With Fine-Grinding Wheat Bran Improves Lipid Metabolism and Inflammatory Response via Modulating the Gut Microbiota Structure in Pregnant Sow.

This study investigated the effects of fine-grinding wheat bran on pregnant sow body condition, lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and gut microbiota. In this study, wheat bran was crushed into three particle sizes. A total of 60 Landrace × Yorkshire second parity sows were allotted to two groups: CWB (a diet containing coarse wheat bran with particle size of 605 μm) and FWB (a diet containing fine wheat bran with particle size of 438 μm). Fine-grinding wheat bran had higher soluble dietary fiber concentration, swelling capacity, water-holding capacity, and fermentability than coarse wheat bran. Pregnant sows fed FWB throughout pregnancy had lower body weight and fat deposition than sows fed CWB. And the piglet body weight at birth of the FWB group was remarkably increased. Serum concentrations of lipids (triglycerides, total cholesterol, and free fatty acid), interleukin 6, leptin, and resistin were decreased on day 90 of pregnancy by fine wheat bran supplementation. Feeding FWB significantly decreased abundance of Firmicutes and dramatically increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes at phylum level. At genus level, the abundance of Terrisporobacter was decreased in FWB feeding sows, but the abundance of Parabacteroides was increased. Fecal total short-chain fatty acids, propionate, and butyrate contents were markedly increased in the FWB group. The results suggested that the physicochemical properties of finely ground wheat bran had been improved. Dietary supplementation with fine wheat bran changed the gut microbiota structure and enhanced the short-chain fatty acids level, which improved the maternal body condition, metabolic and inflammatory status, and reproductive performance in sows.

Cardiometabolic risk factors and renin-angiotensin system polymorphisms in young individuals with various metabolic phenotypes

Background. The increased prevalence of obesity and associated cardiometabolic diseases attract attention worldwide. Renin-angiotensin system can link obesity and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.Objective. To access a comprehensive assessment of cardiometabolic risk factors and gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system in metabolic phenotypes among young individuals.Design and methods. The sample consisted of 251 individuals, who were divided into four groups: group 1 — metabolically healthy individuals with normal body mass index (BMI) (n = 62); group 2 — metabolically unhealthy individuals with normal BMI (n = 57); group 3 — metabolically healthy overweight/obese individuals (n = 16); group 4— metabolically unhealthy overweight/ obese individuals (n = 116). All participants answered a questionnaire designed for this study. Anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters were assessed. The following polymorphisms were evaluated:, A1166C polymorphism of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene (rs5186), M235T polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene (rs699), T174M polymorphism of the angiotensinogen gene (rs4762), I/D polymorphism of the angiotensinconverting enzyme gene (rs4340).Results. In young individuals with metabolically unhealthy overweight/ obesity, a higher frequency of coexistent abdominal obesity and hypertension was found in combination with a higher frequency of the allele T of AGT 235M/T. The greater differences in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in combination with a higher serum levels of leptin and low serum concentrations of adiponectin were also found in young individuals with metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity.

Adipsin Serum Concentrations and Adipose Tissue Expression in People with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.

(1) Adipsin is an adipokine that may link increased fat mass and adipose tissue dysfunction to obesity-related cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we investigated whether adipsin serum concentrations and adipose tissue (AT) adipsin mRNA expression are related to parameters of AT function, obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). (2) Methods: A cohort of 637 individuals with a wide range of age and body weight (Age: 18–85 years; BMI: 19–70 kg/m2) with (n = 237) or without (n = 400) T2D was analyzed for serum adipsin concentrations by ELISA and visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) adipsin mRNA expression by RT-PCR. (3) Results: Adipsin serum concentrations were significantly higher in patients with T2D compared to normoglycemic individuals. We found significant positive univariate relationships of adipsin serum concentrations with age (r = 0.282, p < 0.001), body weight (r = 0.264, p < 0.001), fasting plasma glucose (r = 0.136, p = 0.006) and leptin serum concentrations (r = 0.362, p < 0.001). Neither VAT nor SAT adipsin mRNA expression correlated with adipsin serum concentrations after adjusting for age, sex and BMI. Independent of T2D status, we found significantly higher adipsin expression in SAT compared to VAT (4) Conclusions: Our data suggest that adipsin serum concentrations are strongly related to obesity and age. However, neither circulating adipsin nor adipsin AT expression reflects parameters of impaired glucose or lipid metabolism in patients with obesity with or without T2D.