High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentrations Research Articles

Supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides in early life persistently facilitates the microbial colonization of the rumen and promotes growth of preweaning Holstein dairy calves.

We aimed to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on the growth performance, serum parameters, and the rumen microbial colonization and fermentation of pre-weaning dairy calves. The study comprised 2 phases of 28 and 42 d, respectively. During phase 1, 24 newborn female Holstein dairy calves were randomly allocated to consume a diet supplemented with 10 g/d GOS (GOS, n = 12) or not (CON, n = 12). Thereafter, during phase 2, the GOS group was further divided into 2 groups: one that continued to consume GOS (GOSC, n = 6) and one that no longer consumed GOS (GOSS, n = 6), alongside the CON group. Galacto-oligosaccharides increased the average daily gain (ADG), body weight, feed efficiency, and serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration of dairy calves during phase 1 (P < 0.05). Supplementation with GOS for the entire study reduced the incidence of diarrhea and increased the serum total protein and Ca concentrations (P < 0.05) compared with the CON group. The effect of GOS supplementation persisted after it was stopped because the ADG and final body weight of the GOSS group were higher than those of the CON group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the GOSS group showed a persistently lower incidence of diarrhea and greater colonization of the rumen with probiotics, at the expense of less beneficial bacteria, which would promote ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of prebiotics and have important practical implications for the design of early life dietary interventions in dairy calf rearing.

Menopausal hormone therapy in women with dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The cessation of ovarian function is associated with an increase in abdominal adipose tissue, dyslipidemia, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which may contribute to the augmented cardiovascular risk observed in postmenopausal women. After ovarian function stops, circulating triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations increase, whereas high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and lipoprotein (Lp(a)) remain essentially unchanged. Similarly, the rates of NAFLD, possibly including the advanced forms of the disease (e.g., hepatic fibrosis), increase in postmenopausal compared with premenopausal women. These effects make menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) an attractive way to restore them. Estrogen per os decreases LDL-C and Lp(a) and increases HDL-C and triglyceride concentrations. The transdermal administration of estrogen has a more neutral effect on triglycerides, albeit a less beneficial effect on LDL-C, HDL-C, and Lp(a). Co-administration of a progestagen diminishes the effect of estrogen on LDL-C, HDL-C, and Lp(a), which, however, remains beneficial. Importantly, the effect may vary with different progestagens, being lesser with natural progesterone and dydrogesterone. Regarding the effect of MHT on NAFLD, though experimental data are currently favorable, clinical evidence is to date limited and controversial. Therefore, there is a need for specifically designed clinical trials, ideally with paired liver biopsies, to demonstrate the effect of different MHT schemes on NAFLD, which is of considerable importance, given that NAFLD is more prevalent after the cessation of ovarian function.

Effects of Organic Chromium Yeast on Performance, Meat Quality, and Serum Parameters of Grow-Finish Pigs.

Trivalent chromium (Cr) is an essential trace element for humans and animals. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chromium(III) yeast (CrYst) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat traits, antioxidant status, immune traits, and serum biochemical parameters of grow-finish pigs. A total of 72 commercial hybrid barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) of approximately 50kg body weight were allocated into two dietary treatments randomly, which received a corn-soybean meal basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 100mg CrYst/kg. The trial duration was 11weeks divided into three periods from body weights of 50-75kg, 75-100kg, and 100-110kg, respectively. The results revealed that supplemental CrYst did not affect growth performance. Organic CrYst supplementation significantly decreased the backfat depth and increased the meat tenderness score and juiciness score values in pigs (P < 0.05), while other carcass traits and meat traits indexes were unaffected. CrYst addition significantly decreased serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content of pigs in the whole growth phase; significantly increased the serum levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in growing pigs; and also increased the serum IgG, IgM, and GSH concentrations in pigs during the finishing phase (P < 0.05). Additionally, diets supplemented with CrYst significantly decreased the serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) content in growing pigs and significantly increased the serum LDL-C level at the fattening period (P < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed for the other serum biochemical indexes compared to the control pigs. In conclusion, CrYst supplementation could reduce lipid peroxidation and backfat thickness and improve the meat tenderness and juiciness, immune traits, and antioxidant status of pigs.

Effects of an Iranian traditional fermented food consumption on blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Ash-Kardeh is one of the few fermented foods without a dairy base in Iran, which is traditionally prepared from cereals and plants in the presence of microorganisms (mainly lactic acid bacteria). This study aimed to assess the effects of Ash-Kardeh consumption on blood glucose, lipid profile, and blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients. Forty-six patients with type 2 diabetes were studied in this randomized controlled clinical trial. Subjects were randomly allocated into intervention (n = 23) and control (n = 23) groups. Individuals of both groups received the usual treatment of diabetic patients, while those in the intervention group, in addition to the usual treatment, received 250g of Ash-Kardeh daily for 6 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipid profiles were measured before and after the intervention. Compared to the control group, Ash-Kardeh consumption led to a significant decrease in fasting blood glucose (P = 0.003), total cholesterol (P = 0.025), triglyceride (P = 0.003), systolic (P < 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.014) in the intervention group. Also, a significant increase in the concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.048) was observed after Ash-Kardeh consumption. It seems that Ash-Kardeh consumption could improve high blood glucose, lipid profile, and hypertension in type 2 diabetic patients but does not affect low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. This study was registered on 2019-09-15 in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials ( www.irct.ir ) with the code number IRCT20170202032367N3.

Dietary Patterns and Metabolic Disorders in Polish Adults with Multiple Sclerosis.

Diet plays a major role in the aetiopathogenesis of many neurological diseases and may exacerbate their symptoms by inducing the occurrence of metabolic disorders. The results of research on the role of diet in the course of multiple sclerosis (MS) are ambiguous, and there is still no consensus concerning dietary recommendations for patients with MS. The aim of this study was to analyse the dietary patterns (DPs) of patients with MS and to assess the relationships between these DPs and the metabolic disorders. The study participants were comprised of 330 patients aged 41.9 ± 10.8 years. A survey questionnaire was used to collect data related to diet, lifestyle and health. The DPs were identified using a principal component analysis (PCA). Three DPs were identified: Traditional Polish, Prudent and Fast Food & Convenience Food. An analysis of the odds ratios adjusted for age, gender, smoking and education showed that a patient’s adherence to the Traditional Polish and the Fast Food & Convenience Food DPs increased the likelihood of abdominal obesity and low HDL-cholesterol concentration. Conversely, adherence to the Prudent DP was not significantly associated with any metabolic disorder. The results of this study confirmed that an unhealthy diet in patients with MS is connected with the presence of some metabolic risk factors. There is also an urgent need to educate patients with MS on healthy eating, because the appropriate modifications to their diet may improve their metabolic profile and clinical outcomes.

HDL-cholesterol concentration and risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people over 75 years of age: A cohort with half a million participants from the Community of Madrid

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between HDL-cholesterol and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in over 75-year-olds residing in the Community of Madrid. MethodsStudy of a population-based cohort, composed of all residents in Madrid (Spain) born before January 1, 1945 and alive on December 31, 2019. Demographic, clinical and analytical data were obtained from primary care electronic medical records from January 2015. Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection was defined as a positive RT-PCR or antigen test result. Infection data correspond to the period March 1, 2020 through December 31, 2020. ResultsOf the 593,342 cohort participants, 501,813 had at least one HDL-cholesterol determination in the past 5 years. Their mean age was 83.4 ± 5.6 years and 62.4% were women. A total of 36,996 (7.4%) had a confirmed SARS-CoV2 infection during 2020. The risk of infection [odds ratio (95% confidence interval)] for SARS-CoV2 according to increasing quintiles of HDL-cholesterol was 1, 0,960 (0,915–1,007), 0,891 (0,848–0,935), 0,865 (0,824–0,909) y 0,833 (0.792–0,876), after adjusting for age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors and comorbidities. ConclusionsThere is an inverse and dose-dependent relationship between HDL-cholesterol concentration and the risk of SARS-CoV2 infection in subjects aged over 75 years of age in the Community of Madrid.

Abstract 451: Enrichment Of High Density Lipoprotein-Associated Protease Inhibitor Activity Prevents Atherosclerosis Progression

Background: Atherosclerotic lesions contain inflammatory cells which secrete a variety of proteolytic enzymes that contribute to lesion progression. The relative contributions of specific proteases to lesion progression is not well understood. The serine protease elastase is produced by neutrophils and macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions and may contribute to plaque progression and destabilization. We have reported significant enrichment of protease inhibitor proteins associated with plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL), including the elastase inhibitor alpha-1-antitrypsin, suggesting a potential role for HDL as an endogenous modulator of protease activity. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that protease inhibition is a mechanism for HDL-mediated protection against atherosclerosis that is independent of HDL cholesterol content. Methods and Results: We developed an HDL-targeting protease inhibitor (HTPI) peptide to allow for synthetic enrichment of HDL-associated elastase inhibitor activity. The small (1 kDa) peptide has an HDL-targeting domain, a soluble linker, and an elastase inhibitor motif. Using a fluorescent version, we demonstrated preferential binding to HDL in human plasma ex vivo . When injected into mice, we observed binding to plasma HDL and increased elastase inhibitor activity on HDL isolated from plasma of mice that received HTPI. Injection into mouse models of atherosclerosis resulted in accumulation of HTPI within lesions. To examine the impact of HTPI treatment on established atherosclerosis, Ldlr -/- mice were maintained on Western diet for 12 weeks, then administered vehicle or HTPI (2.5 mg/kg) three times per week for two weeks while remaining on diet. Lesion quantification by en face analysis and aortic root sections demonstrated that HTPI prevented additional lipid deposition in established lesions. The impact of HTPI on lesion morphology and inflammatory features was examined by histology and immunofluorescence staining of aortic root sections. Conclusions: Targeted enrichment of HDL-associated elastase inhibitor activity using a synthetic peptide prevented atherosclerotic lesion progression. These findings support a possible role for the endogenous antiprotease activity of HDL in atheroprotection.

Association of prolonged nightly fasting with cardiovascular, renal, inflammation, and nutritional status biomarkers in community-dwelling older adults

Prolonged fasting as a dietary strategy has been linked to metabolic benefits; however, data supporting these benefits corresponded to studies in very small samples of young participants in controlled environments, with few cardiovascular risk markers, who were studied for short periods of time. We sought to assess the association of habitual prolonged nightly fasting with a wide array of cardiovascular, renal, inflammation, and nutritional status biomarkers among community-dwelling older adults. Cross-sectional analysis of data were obtained from 1047 adults aged ≥65 y from the Seniors Study on Nutrition and Cardiovascular Risk in Spain 2 (Seniors-ENRICA-2) cohort. Habitual diet was assessed through a validated diet history. Fasting time was classified into the following categories: <10, 10 to<12, and 2 h/d, the latter being considered prolonged nightly fasting. Adjusted geometric means of biomarker concentrations in blood and serum were estimated using linear regression models, by categories of fasting time. Main confounders included overall diet quality, defined as adherence to a Mediterranean diet score, and BMI (in kg/m2). Longer fasting time was associated with: lower concentration of HDL cholesterol (difference between the longest and shortest fasting category: -2.94mg/dL; 95% CI: -4.80, -1.09; P-trend: 0.01); higher potassium concentration (0.11mEq/L; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.19; P-trend: 0.01); and lower concentration of chloride (-0.50mEq/L; 95% CI: -0.91, -0.09; P-trend: 0.03). These results were slightly attenuated after additional adjustment for BMI. Habitual prolonged nightly fasting did not show beneficial associations with the examined biomarkers. By contrast, some modest detrimental associations were found suggesting that extended periods of time between meals may not be beneficial for older adults.

Abstract 499: Serum Opacity Factor Therapy Alters Plasma, Erythrocyte And Tissue Cholesterol Content In The Dysfunctional High Density Lipoprotein Scarb1 -/- Mouse Model

Aim: In humans, very high plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations are associated with increased all cause- and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD)-mortality. The HDL receptor-deficient mouse (Scarb1 -/- ) is a robust model of this phenotype having high free cholesterol (FC) bioavailability due to too many FC-rich HDL particles. Clinically, plasma LDL and HDL are quantified according to total cholesterol = FC + cholesteryl esters (CE), which likely contribute to ASCVD pathophysiology differently. Despite higher HDL, Scarb1 -/- mice have more ASCVD on a Western diet, and increased mol% FC in ovaries, erythrocytes, heart, lung, female liver and macrophages, tissues that are associated with female infertility, impaired cell maturation, cardiac dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Bacterial serum opacity factor (SOF) reduces plasma cholesterol ~ 40% by diverting HDL-cholesterol to the hepatic LDLR. Hypothesis: Adeno-associated virus delivery of SOF (AAV SOF ) normalizes plasma and tissue FC accretion and reverses the pathologies associated with Scarb1 -/- mice. Methods: The lipid compositions of plasma, HDL, erythrocytes, and tissues of Scarb1 -/- mice treated with AAV SOF at 12-13 weeks of age for three weeks were compared with age- and sex-matched wild type (WT) C57BL6 and Scarb1 -/- mice. Results: As hypothesized, AAV SOF reduced plasma and HDL-FC and CE, as well as mol% FC in Scarb1 -/- mice towards WT levels. Erythrocyte FC levels also fell, but mol% FC remained elevated. Some changes were sex-specific: AAV SOF reduced the elevated FC only in female livers to WT levels. AAV SOF reduced FC and CE in lungs of females to WT levels, but not among males; the mol% FC remained high in both sexes. In steroidogenic tissues, adrenals, ovaries and testis, AAV SOF treatment increased FC. Unexpectedly, in Scarb1 -/- mice, AAV SOF increased mol% FC and FC in heart beyond already elevated levels. Conclusions: These findings support the hypothesis that plasma and HDL cholesterol levels determine tissue cholesterol levels that drive the pathologies specific to Scarb1 -/- mice. This evolving model of the role of HDL-FC in RCT provides a rationale for human studies to determine the utility of HDL-FC bioavailability as a risk factor for ASCVD and other pathologies.

Lipid levels, apolipoproteins, and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in men: A report from the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD)

Apolipoproteins are associated with risk of coronary heart disease but the association with risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF) has been inconsistent. This study investigated the association of apolipoproteins A-1 (apoA-1) and B (apoB), and lipid levels including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), with the risk of new-onset AF. A total of 2533 men from the prospective, population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study, aged 42-60 years, were studied. Cox proportional hazards adjusted for potential confounders was used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) of incident events across serum lipid, lipoprotein, and apoA-1 and apoB concentrations. During the mean follow-up of 22.4 years, 594 AF cases occurred. Cox proportional hazards regression indicated that higher serum HDL-C and apoA-1 concentrations were associated with lower risk of AF [the extreme-quartile multivariable-adjusted HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.57-0.92, P=0.02) for HDL-C, and 0.72 (95% CI 0.52-1.00, P=0.05)] for apoA-1]. No significant associations were observed for apoB and other lipids (TC, VLDL-C, LDL-C, non-HDL-C, and TG) with risk of incident AF. Over the time of follow-up in this study lower new-onset incident AF was in association with higher HDL-C and apo-A1 levels. Future studies should investigate mechanisms underlying the association of low HDL-C and low apoA1 with higher risk of incident AF.

Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome with pulmonary and liver diseases

Introduction: The metabolic syndrome is a condition characterized by a cluster of alterations including glucose intolerance/ insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia (low concentrations of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high concentrations of triglycerides), elevated blood pressure, a proinflammatory and a prothrombotic state. It increases morbidity and mortality, especially due to cardiovascular disease. Material and Method: This study has been performed in 90 consecutive patients referred to our metabolic outpatient clinic for suspected metabolic disorders. This study conducted among patients attending at Tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of 1 year. Patients underwent a complete clinico-pathology and biochemical work-up, including a liver ultrasonographic scanning (US), as part of the routine clinical examination. MetS was defined by a combination of abdominal obesity, impaired fasting glucose, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure. Results: A total of 90 participants (53 males) were included in the study. The characteristics of the eligible subjects stratified by gender and the presence of metabolic syndrome. The BMI, SBP, DBP, waist circumference was statically significant between male and female (all of the parameters, p&lt;0.05).

Comparative evaluation of safety and efficacy of Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin, and Atorvastatin in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with dyslipidemia

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus consists of an array of dysfunctions characterized by hyperglycaemia and resulting from the combination of resistance to insulin action, inadequate insulin secretion, and excessive or inappropriate glucagon secretion. Dyslipidemia is one of the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in diabetes mellitus. The characteristic features of diabetic dyslipidemia are a high plasma triglyceride concentration, low HDL cholesterol concentration and increased concentration of small dense LDL-cholesterol particles. To evaluate and compare the safety and efficacy of Rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and atorvastatin in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus with dyslipidemia. Material and Method: This is prospective, comparative, open label, randomized and parallel group. The subjects enrolled for this study were selected from the Out-Patient Department of Medicine collaboration with Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Tertiary care teaching hospital over a period of month. Newly diagnosed 120 cases of patients of Type II Diabetes Mellitus well controlled on oral hypoglycemic drugs were randomly divided into 3 groups of 40 each. Group A: Simvastatin 10 mg O.D and Group B was received Atorvastatin 10 mg O.D and Group C was received Rosuvastatin 10 mg O.D for 3 months.

Ethnic and sex differences in hepatic lipid content and related cardiometabolic parameters in lean individuals.

BackgroundNonalcoholic fatty liver affects 25% to 30% of the US and European populations; is associated with insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes, and increased cardiovascular risk; and is defined by hepatic triglyceride (HTG) content greater than 5.56%. However, it is unknown whether HTG content less than 5.56% is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and whether there are ethnic (Asian Indian, AI, versus non-AI) and/or sex differences in these parameters in lean individuals.MethodsWe prospectively recruited 2331 individuals and measured HTG, using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and uric acid. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance and the Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index.ResultsThe 95th percentile for HTG in lean non-AI individuals was 1.85%. Plasma insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and uric acid concentrations were increased and HDL-cholesterol was decreased in individuals with HTG content > 1.85% and ≤ 5.56% compared with those individuals with HTG content ≤ 1.85%, and these altered parameters were associated with increased IR. Mean HTG was lower in lean non-AI women compared with lean non-AI men, whereas lean AI men and women had a 40% to 100% increase in HTG when compared with non-AI men and women, which was associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors.ConclusionWe found that the 95th percentile of HTG in lean non-AI individuals was 1.85% and that HTG concentrations above this threshold were associated with IR and cardiovascular risk factors. Premenopausal women were protected from these changes whereas young, lean AI men and women manifested increased HTG content and associated cardiometabolic risk factors.FundingGrants from the United States Department of Health and Human Resources (NIH/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases): R01 DK113984, P30 DK45735, U24 DK59635, and UL1 RR024139; and the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18CC0034900).

Metabolic risk factors and effect of alirocumab on cardiovascular events after acute coronary syndrome: a post-hoc analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES randomised controlled trial

Many patients with acute coronary syndrome have concurrent metabolic risk factors that affect risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). We aimed to assess the effects of the PCSK9 inhibitor alirocumab compared with placebo on MACE according to baseline metabolic risk factors. We performed a post-hoc analysis of the ODYSSEY OUTCOMES trial, which was a multicentre, double-blind, randomised controlled trial done in 1315 hospitals and outpatient clinics in 57 countries. Patients aged 40 years or older with recent acute coronary syndrome (ie, in the past 1-12 months) and elevated concentrations of atherogenic lipoproteins, despite high-intensity or maximum-tolerated statin treatment, were eligible for enrolment. Between Nov 2, 2012, and Feb 9, 2017, patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to 75 mg alirocumab by subcutaneous injection every 2 weeks or matching placebo, beginning 1-12 months after acute coronary syndrome and were followed up for a median of 2·8 years (IQR 2·3-3·4). Patients and investigators were masked to group assignment and treatment dose adjustment. The primary outcome was a composite of death from coronary artery disease, non-fatal myocardial infarction, fatal or non-fatal ischaemic stroke, or unstable angina requiring hospital admission. Analysis of MACE according to an ordinal number of metabolic risk factors was done post hoc. Metabolic risk factors were defined as blood pressure of at least 130/85 mm Hg or treatment with antihypertensive medication, triglyceride concentration of at least 150 mg/dL, HDL cholesterol concentration less than 40 mg/dL for men and 50 mg/dL women, fasting plasma glucose concentration of at least 100 mg/dL or treatment with glucose-lowering medication, and BMI of at least 30 kg/m2. Risk of MACE and effect of alirocumab were assessed according to the number of metabolic risk factors. ODYSSEY OUTCOMES is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01663402. Of 18 924 patients, 3882 (41%) of 9462 in the alirocumab group and 3859 (41%) of 9462 in the placebo group had three or more metabolic risk factors. In the placebo group, MACE incidence increased monotonically with each metabolic risk factor from 7·8% (no risk factors) to 19·6% (five risk factors; HR 1·18, 95% CI 1·13-1·24 per metabolic risk factor). Alirocumab decreased relative risk of MACE consistently across categories defined by the number of metabolic risk factors (pinteraction=0·77), but absolute risk reduction (aRR) increased with the number of metabolic risk factors (no risk factors aRR 0·7%, -1·81 to 3·29 vs five risk factors aRR 3·9%, -1·45 to 9·25; pinteraction<0·001). Similarly, when patients with diabetes were excluded, the incidence of MACE in the placebo group increased from 7·7% in patients with no metabolic risk factors to 14·6% in those with five metabolic risk factors and aRR with alirocumab increased from 0·91% in patients with no metabolic risk factors to 3·82% in those with five factors. Alirocumab was well tolerated in all subgroups defined by the presence of metabolic risk factors. Accumulation of metabolic risk factors was associated with higher risk of MACE in patients with recent acute coronary syndrome. Alirocumab reduced MACE consistently, but aRR increased with number of metabolic risk factors. Sanofi and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals.

Subchronic Exposure to Benzene Induced Lipotoxic and Non-Lipotoxic Perturbations of Lipid Metabolic Dynamics in Male Wistar Rats

Benzene is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. In this study, the effect of benzene exposure on lipid metabolism was investigated. Male albino rats were exposed to 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight benzene through oral gavage for 12 weeks. At the end of the exposure, changes in lipid dynamics in the plasma, lipoprotein fractions, liver, and brain were investigated spectrophotometrically. One-way analysis of variance, followed by Tukey’s test was used to analyze the results with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant. Exposure to benzene for 12 weeks significantly (p &lt; 0.05) increased the concentration of plasma free fatty acids and reduced the plasma concentration of cholesterol and triacylglycerol. Benzene exposure also increased the triacylglycerol concentration in the plasma and lipoprotein fractions of the exposed animals. Furthermore, the exposure significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced the phospholipid concentrations in the plasma and lipoprotein fractions of the benzene-exposed animals. Benzene exposure significantly (p &lt; 0.05) reduced HDL cholesterol concentration. The exposure also resulted in a significant (p &lt; 0.05) elevation of cholesterol and phospholipids in the liver and brain of the exposed animals. The activity of HMG CoA reductase in the liver and brain of benzene-exposed animals was also enhanced significantly. Findings from the present study indicated that exposure to benzene perturbs lipid metabolic homeostasis through the induction of lipotoxic and non-lipotoxic dyslipidemia. Exposure to benzene may therefore represent an important risk factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.

Impact of Dietary Intake and Physical Activity on Metabolic Syndrome in Saudi Adults: An Exploratory Pilot Study.

Metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) is characterized by the clustering of commonly observed multiple metabolic abnormalities, such as abdominal obesity, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure (BP), impaired fasting glucose level, and occasionally a meager amount of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The present case-control pilot study was designed to examine and compare the different dietary habits of specific food groups (meat, dairy, fats, and carbohydrates) in 85 male and female participants (age: 20 to 80 years) between MetSyn patients (n=54), based on World Health Organization criteria and non-MetSyn patients (n=31) at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Patients were studied based on a dietary questionnaire with clear validity that included personal and diet related habit queries, body mass index (BMI), HDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and BP. Results showed significantly increased values for BMI (kg/m2), systolic BP, diastolic BP, HDL-C, and blood calcium concentration among the MetSyn group compared to non-MetSyn group. Substantial differences were obtained for fasting glucose distribution between MetSyn and non-MetSyn groups (P<0.002). The study analysis revealed that consumption of dairy and fats was relatively higher in MetSyn patients. Also, the frequency of eating meat and derivatives showed no significant statistical difference. between the two groups. The study found that the MetSyn group consumed a significantly more proportion of dairy products, though there were no changes in dietary patterns between the MetSyn and non-MetSyn groups in terms of the intake of meats, dairy, fat, and carbohydrate.

Common variant rs6564851 near the beta-carotene oxygenase 1 gene is associated with plasma triglycerides levels in middle-aged Mexican men adults

Dyslipidemias have been linked to an increased risk of adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Recent reports have associated the beta-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1) gene with lipid metabolism, mainly reducing total cholesterol and increasing high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations. The hypothesis of this study was that the variant rs6564851 near the BCO1 gene is associated positively with the lipid profile in middle-aged Mexican adults. This study included 1441 Mexicans older than 40 years of age from the Health Workers Cohort Study (HWCS). Genotyping was conducted using a predesigned TaqMan assay. Lipid profile was measured with standardized procedures. Our results showed that the men carrying at least 1 T allele had higher serum triglyceride concentrations than GG homozygous (GG: 146.5 mg/dL; GT: 175 mg/dL; and TT: 184 mg/dL; P = .008). The variant rs6564851 showed a risk associated with the serum triglyceride concentrations(odds ratio [OR], 2.77; P = .002) only in the male group. However, we did not observe significant differences in the serum total cholesterol, HDL-C, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations in both sexes. Our study provides evidence that the variant rs6564851 is negatively associated with the triglyceride concentrations in middle-aged Mexican male adults in the HWCS. This knowledge can be the basis for developing effective nutritional strategies according to sex and the genetic variants present in an individual. Further studies in independent populations are required to validate these findings and determine the mechanism of the association sex dependent.

Dietary calcium intake in relation to blood lipids and lipoproteins profiles: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies

AimsFindings of prior investigations on the association between calcium intake and lipid profiles were inconsistent. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis on epidemiologic studies to evaluate the relationship of dietary calcium intake with blood lipids and lipoproteins. Data synthesisA systematic search up to April 2021 was performed in different electronic databases, including MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science (ISI), and Google Scholar for epidemiological studies that considered dietary calcium intake as the exposure and reported risk of dyslipidemia or blood lipids and lipoproteins concentrations (as mean ± SD or mean ± SE or median (Inter Quartile Range) as the outcomes of interest in adult populations from both genders (18 years or older), regardless of their health status. Nineteen cross-sectional studies were included in the analysis. Combining estimates from 11 studies (including 33,304 subjects) revealed that individuals in the highest category of calcium intake, compared to the lowest one, had 5.94 mg/dL lower circulating triglyceride (TG) concentration (weighted mean difference (WMD): −5.94; 95% CI: −8.27, −3.62), 4.02 mg/dL lower circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels (WMD: −4.02; 95% CI: −7.08, −0.95), and 1.56 mg/dL higher blood high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (WMD: 1.56; 95% CI: 0.81, 2.30). Although meta-analysis on 13 studies (including 38,714 participants) did not reveal a significant relationship between dietary calcium intake and odds of dyslipidemia or hyperlipidemia in the whole population, the highest vs. lowest level of calcium intake was related to 42% decreased odds of low blood HDL-c levels in females (95% CI: 0.40, 0.84) and 41% increased odds in males (95% CI: 1.21, 1.65). ConclusionsThis meta-analysis demonstrated that individuals with the highest dietary calcium intake might have lower blood TG, LDL-c, and higher HDL-c concentrations as compared to those with the lowest calcium intake. However, the linkage between dietary calcium intake with odds of hyperlipidemia or dyslipidemia was not significant. Because of the cross-sectional nature of included studies, causality could not be proven. Further prospective studies are needed to affirm these findings.

Longer-term soy nut consumption improves vascular function and cardiometabolic risk markers in older adults: Results of a randomized, controlled cross-over trial

Soy foods may contribute to the beneficial health effects of healthy plant-based diets on the risk to develop cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, their effects on vascular function have hardly been studied. To investigate longer-term effects of soy nut consumption on vascular function and cardiometabolic risk markers in healthy older men and women. Twenty-three healthy participants (age: 60-70 years; BMI: 20-30kg/m2) participated in a randomized, controlled, single-blinded cross-over trial with an intervention (67g/day of soy nuts providing 25.5g protein and 174mg isoflavones) and control period (no nuts) of 16 weeks, separated by eight weeks wash-out. Adults followed the Dutch food-based dietary guidelines. No serious adverse events were reported and the soy nut regime was well tolerated. Body weights remained stable during the whole study. A higher protein (3.1 energy percent [En%]) and a lower carbohydrate intake (2.0 En%) was observed during the intervention period. Total fat intake was comparable, but that of saturated (-1.3 En%), cis-monounsaturated (-1.5 En%) and cis-polyunsaturated fatty acids (+1.9 En%) differed. Serum isoflavone concentrations were higher after the intervention as compared with the control period (daidzein: 127.8ng/mL; 95% CI: 74.3-181.3ng/mL; p<0.001 and genistein: 454.2ng/mL; 95% CI: 266.6-641.8ng/mL; p<0.001). Brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilation was 1.48 percent points (pp; 95% CI: 0.08-2.89 pp; p=0.040) higher following soy nut intake. The carotid artery reactivity response and arterial stiffness did not differ. Serum LDL-cholesterol was lower (0.17mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.02-0.32mmol/L; p=0.027), while HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol concentrations were comparable. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was lower (3mmHg; 95% CI: 0-6mmHg; p=0.035). Longer-term soy nut intake as part of a healthy diet improved endothelial function, LDL-cholesterol concentrations and MAP levels, suggesting mechanisms by which an increased soy food intake beneficially affects CVD risk in older adults. Registered under ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier no. NCT03627637.

Dietary stevia residue extract supplementation improves the performance and antioxidative capacity of growing-finishing pigs.

Improper disposal of stevia residue causes environmental pollution and waste of resources. The extract of stevia residue is rich in chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acids, and has a great potential in livestock and poultry breeding. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary stevia residue extract (SRE) supplementation on the performance, meat quality, antioxidative capacity and gut microbiota in growing-finishing pigs. The results showed that increasing the concentration of SRE supplementation linearly increased (P < 0.05) body weight from day 1 to 35. Supplementation with SRE significantly increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) from day 1 to 75. 100 mgkg-1 SRE supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.05) hot carcass weight and gastric index. Moreover, increasing the concentration of SRE linearly increased (P < 0.05) the score of appearance of longissimus thoracis, as well as serum albumin, triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol content. Further study found that increasing the concentration of SRE linearly increased (P < 0.05) serum total superoxide dismutase activity, and showed a significant quadratic relationship (P < 0.05) with activity of serum catalase, while linearly decreasing (P < 0.05) muscle malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Furthermore, supplementation with 100 mg kg-1 SRE significantly decreased (P < 0.05) serum MDA content, while 600 and 800 mg kg-1 SRE supplementation significantly decreased (P < 0.05) muscle MDA content. However, SRE supplementation had no significant effect on gut microbiota (P > 0.05). These data indicated that dietary SRE supplementation improves the performance and antioxidative capacity of growing-finishing pigs. We recommend that the optimal supplemental level of SRE in the diet of growing-finishing pigs is 100 mg kg-1 . © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.