High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentrations Research Articles

Effects of dietary lysolecithin on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism and inflammation-related genes expression of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

A 70-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate effects of dietary lysolecithin on growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism and inflammation-related genes expression of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) with initial weight of 6.04 ± 0.08 g. A formulated diet containing approximately 42% crude protein and 12.5% crude lipid was used as the control diet (CON). The other three experimental diets were formulated with supplementation of 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.6% lysolecithin based on the control diet, respectively. Results showed that weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) significantly increased in fish fed diets with lysolecithin compared with those in the control diet (P < 0.05). Fish fed diets with 0.4% and 0.6% lysolecithin had notably higher lipid content in muscle than that in the control diet (P < 0.05). When fish were fed diets with lysolecithin, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) content was notably higher than that in the control diet (P < 0.05), while fish fed the diet with 0.6% lysolecithin had a significant lower serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) content than that in the control diet (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) activities in fish fed diets with lysolecithin were remarkably lower than those in the control diet (P < 0.05). With the increase of dietary lysolecithin from 0.2% to 0.6%, mRNA expression of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (scd1), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (dgat2) and sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1 (srebp1) showed decreasing trends. Furthermore, mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (cpt1) and lipoprotein lipase (lpl) among each dietary lysolecithin treatment were significantly higher than those in the control diet (P < 0.05). In terms of inflammation, mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α (tnf-α) and interleukin-1 β (il-1β) were significantly down-regulated in fish fed diets with lysolecithin compared with those in the control diet (P < 0.05), while the mRNA expression of interleukin-10 (il-10) was significantly higher than that in the control diet (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary lysolecithin could promote the growth performance, improve hepatic lipid metabolism and regulate inflammation response in juvenile large yellow croaker, and the optimal supplement level of lysolecithin was approximately 0.4% in this study.

Adiposity, Atherogenic Index and Lipid Profile of Male Wistar Rats Administered with Kunun-Zaki

Aim: Kunun-zaki (KZ) is a highly refreshing local beverage that is commonly consumed both in urban and rural areas. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of KZ on lipid profile and other markers of cardio-vascular risks in Wistar rats.&#x0D; Methods: Fourteen adult male Wistar rats (mean weight of 150 g) used for the study were randomly divided into 2 groups (Groups A &amp; B) of 7 rats each. The experimental rats in Group A and B were administered daily with 5 mL of distilled water and kunun zaki respectively for a period of 2 weeks. All experimental animals were allowed access to standard feed and water ad libitum. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein- cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C), and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) using standard biochemical methods. The body mass index (BMI), atherogenic index, and adiposity index were also determined. Liver, kidney and heart were harvested and weighed to determine organ weights. The results were statistically analyzed using Student’s 't’test and by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. All values were presented as mean ± standard error of mean. P&lt; 0.05 was considered significant.&#x0D; Results: While TC, LDL-C, HDL-C concentrations were not significantly different, both TG and VLDL-C concentrations in KZ administered rats were significantly higher compared with control. BMI, antherogenic index and adiposity were not significantly different also when both groups were compared.&#x0D; Conclusion: the results of the study indicate that kunun-zaki does cause modulatory elevation in lipid profile.

Predictors of the development of masked nocturnal hypertension in treated patients of low and moderate cardiovascular risk

Objective. To determine the predictors of the development of masked nocturnal hypertension (HTN) in treated patients of low and moderate cardiovascular risk (CVR). Design and methods. The study included 94 patients with treated HTN of low and moderate CVR without verified cardiovascular diseases. The median age was 42,24 ± 8,08 years. Patients were examined in accordance with the Clinical guidelines on HTN of the Russian Society of Cardiology, approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (2020). Patients were divided into two groups depending on the presence or absence of masked nocturnal hypertension. The first group consisted of 54 (57,4 %) patients with masked nocturnal hypertension, the second group — 40 (42,6 %) patients with HTN and target indicators of office blood pressure (BP) and BP according to 24-hour BP monitoring. Results. A direct strong correlation between systolic BP at night and uric acid levels (r = 0,62, p &lt; 0,001), a direct moderate relationship with the cardio-ankle-vascular index (CAVI1) (r = 0,31, p = 0,002), and an inverse moderate relationship with the concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) (r = -0,47, p &lt; 0,001) were found. When conducting logistic regression analysis and constructing a ROC-curve, the following predictors of the development of masked nocturnal HTN were established: an increase in uric acid &gt; 389 μmol/l, a decrease in HDL &lt; 1,49 mmol/l, an increase in the CAVI1 index &gt; 6,9. Conclusions. In effectively treated patients with HTN with moderate and low CVR, the development of masked nocturnal HTN is associated with an increase in uric acid levels &gt; 389 μmol/l, regardless of sex, an increase in the CAVI1 index &gt; 6,9 and a decrease in HDL cholesterol levels &lt; 1,49 mmol/l.

Differential Effects of Genetically Determined Cholesterol Efflux Capacity on Coronary Artery Disease and Ischemic Stroke.

BackgroundObservational studies indicated that cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is inversely associated with cardiovascular events, independently of the HDL cholesterol concentration. The aim of the study is to examine the casual relevance of CEC for coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI), and compare it with that for ischemic stroke and its subtypes using a Mendelian randomization approach.MethodsWe performed a 2-sample Mendelian randomization to estimate the casual relationship of CEC with the risk of CAD, MI, and ischemic stroke. A CEC-related genetic variant (rs141622900) and other five genetic variants were used as the instrumental variables. Association of genetic variants with CAD were estimated in a GWAS involving 60,801 CAD cases and 123,504 controls. They were then compared with the associations of these variants with ischemic stroke and its subtypes (large vessel, small vessel, and cardioembolic) involving 40,585 ischemic stroke cases and 406,111 controls.ResultsUsing the SNP of rs141622900 as the instrument, a 1-SD increase in CEC was associated with 45% lower risk for CAD (odds ratio [OR] 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44–0.69, p < 0.001) and 33% lower risk for MI (odds ratio [OR] 0.67, 95% CI 0.52–0.87, p = 0.002). By contrast, the causal effect of CEC was much weaker for ischemic stroke (odds ratio [OR] 0.79, 95% CI 0.64–0.97, p = 0.02; p for heterogeneity = 0.03) and, in particular, for cardioembolic stroke (p for heterogeneity = 0.006) when compared with that for CAD. Results using five genetic variants as the instrument also indicated consistently weaker effects on ischemic stroke than on CAD.ConclusionGenetic predicted higher CEC may be associated with decreased risk of CAD. However, the casual association of CEC with ischemic stroke and specific subtypes would need to be validated in further Mendelian randomization studies.

Role of adenosine deaminase in dyslipidemia

Background and Objectives: Dyslipidemia is a family of lipoprotein metabolism disorders manifested by elevated total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations in the blood.[1] Dyslipidemia was defined according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III. Hypercholesterolemia was declared for participants with either a total cholesterol ˃ 200 mg/dL or an LDL cholesterol ˃ 130 mg/dL while HDL hypocholesterolemia was at HDL cholesterol ˂ 40 mg/dL. Hypertriglyceridemia was declared for triglyceride plasma level ˃ 150 mg/dL. A combination of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia was classified as mixed hyperlipidemia while atherogenic dyslipidemia was a combination of HDL hypocholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia and LDL hypercholesterolemia. Material and Methods : The study population included 100 subjects in which 50 were newly diagnosed patients of dyslipidemia and rest 50 healthy attending both outpatients and inpatients department Biochemistry of Rajshree Medical Research Institute Bareilly. Results: In our study we found the mean values of ADA, TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and TG in cases and controls respectively.

Effect of Siberian Ginseng Water Extract as a Dietary Additive on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemical Indexes, Lipid Metabolism, and Expression of PPARs Pathway-Related Genes in Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Overnutrition in high-density aquaculture can negatively affect the health of farmed fish. The Chinese herbal medicine Siberian ginseng (Acanthopanax senticosus, AS) can promote animal growth and immunity, and regulate lipid metabolism. Therefore, we conducted an 8-week experiment, in which Oreochromis niloticus was fed with a diet supplemented with different concentrations of AS water extract (ASW) (0‰, 0.1‰, 0.2‰, 0.4‰, 0.8‰, and 1.6‰). The ASW improved the growth performance and increased the specific growth rate (SGR). Linear regression analysis based on the SGR estimated that the optimal ASW amount was 0.74‰. Dietary supplementation with 0.4–0.8‰ ASW reduced the triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in the serum and liver, and regulated lipid transport by increasing the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and lowering the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. Dietary supplementation with ASW increased the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the liver, thereby improving the antioxidant capacity. Moreover, ASW modulated the transcription of genes in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway in the liver (upregulation of PPARα, APOA1b, and FABP10a and downregulation of PPARγ), thereby regulating fatty acid synthesis and metabolism and slowing fat deposition. These results showed that 0.4–0.8‰ ASW can slow fat deposition and protected the liver from cell damage and abnormal lipid metabolism.

Orally administered zingerone does not mitigate alcohol-induced hepatic oxidative stress in growing Sprague Dawley rat pups

Neonatal alcohol exposure (NAE) can induce oxidative stress. We determined whether zingerone (ZO), a phytochemical with anti-oxidant activity, can mitigate the negative impact of neonatal alcohol-induced oxidative stress. Seventy ten-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat pups (35 male, 35 female) were randomly assigned and administered the following treatment regimens daily from postnatal day (PND) 12–21: group 1 – nutritive milk (NM), group 2 – NM +1 g/kg ethanol (Eth), group 3 – NM + 40 mg/kg ZO, group 4 – NM + Eth + ZO. Growth performance, blood glucose and plasma triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, leptin and insulin concentration were determined. Cytochrome p450E21(CYP2E1) and thiobarbituric acid (TBARS); markers of hepatic oxidative stress and catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total glutathione (GSH), anti-oxidant markers of the pups were determined. Oral administration of ethanol (NM + Eth), zingerone (NM + ZO) and combined ethanol and zingerone (NM + Eth + ZO) did not affect the growth performance and insulin and leptin concentration of the rats (p > 0.05). Ethanol significantly reduced plasma TGs concentration of female rats (p = 0.04 vs control). However, ethanol and/or its combination with zingerone decreased hepatic GSH (p = 0.02 vs control) and increased CYP2E1 (p = 0.0002 vs control) activity in male rat pups. Zingerone had no effect (p > 0.05 vs control) on the rats' CYP2E1, GSH, SOD and catalase activities. Neonatal alcohol administration elicited hepatic oxidative stress in male rat pups only, showing sexual dimorphism. Zingerone (NM + ZO) prevented an increase in CYP2E1 activity and a decrease in GSH concentration but did not prevent the alcohol-induced hepatic oxidative stress in the male rat pups.

Effects of Dietary Lipid Levels on Growth, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Antioxidant Capacity, and Lipid Metabolism in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) at Three Different Stages

Three 56-day feeding trials were conducted to evaluate dietary lipid requirements and effects of dietary lipid levels on growth, digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity, and lipid metabolism in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) at three growth stages. The initial mean body weight of turbot was 9.13 ± 0.17 g, 50.10 ± 0.38 g, and 80.05 ± 0.76 g (small, medium, and large turbot), respectively. Five practical diets were formulated to contain 68.4, 93.9, 120.7, 147.8, and 171.2 g/kg lipid (L68.4, L93.9, L120.7, L147.8, and L171.2), respectively. Results of three trials showed that the weight gain rate and specific growth rate of turbot fed with L120.7, L147.8, and L171.2 diets were all significantly higher compared with turbot fed with L68.4 and L93.9 diets except for large turbot fed with the L147.8 diet. Activities of intestinal trypsin, lipase and hepatic catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity firstly increased and then decreased as dietary lipids increased. Meanwhile, malondialdehyde content decreased firstly but then increased with the elevation of dietary lipids in small and medium turbot, and it was significantly higher in the L171.2 group than the rest in large turbot. With increasing levels of dietary lipid, contents of whole-body lipid, liver lipid, serum total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were markedly increased at three stages. In addition, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol contents increased firstly and then decreased over the L120.7 group. Transcriptional levels of lipolysis-related genes lipin1 and lpl were significantly upregulated firstly and subsequently downregulated with increasing dietary lipid levels except lipin1 in medium fish. Meanwhile, a significant increase in lipogenesis-related genes lxr and pparγ expressions was detected in all fish. Based on the specific growth rate, the dietary lipid level of 130.1, 120.1, and 107.7 g/kg was optimal for the growth performance of turbot cultured at three phases, respectively. Additionally, the results indicated that high lipid diets may lead to abnormal lipid deposition and affect the physiological health of turbot.

Tea polyphenols improve lipid metabolism in hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatu) fed high-lipid diets

Long-term ingestion of high-lipid diets causes lipid metabolism disorder and excess lipid deposition. This investigation aimed to determine whether dietary tea polyphenols (TP) would alleviate the adverse effect of high-lipid diets in hybrid grouper (♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus × ♂ E. lanceolatu). Six isonitrogenous (51 %) and isolipidic (16.7 %) diets were formulated: 0 %, 0.01 %, 0.02 %, 0.04 %, 0.08 % and 0.16 % dietary TP, and named TP1 (control), TP2, TP3, TP4, TP5, and TP6. After an 8-week feeding high-lipid diets trial, the results showed that weight gain rate significantly increased in TP-treated groups which had no difference in themselves. Protein efficiency ratio of TP4 group was significantly higher than that of the control group, while the other TP-treated groups had no significant difference from the control group. Hepatosomatic index dramatically decreased in TP-treated groups. TP markedly reduced lipid content and increased protein content of muscle and whole body. TP supplement significantly reduced contents of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but increased content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the serum. Hepatic lipase, lipoprotein lipase, and fatty acid synthetase activities in the liver significantly increased in TP-treated groups. The histology of hepatic tissue indicated that lipid droplet reduced with the increase of dietary TP, and there was no obvious difference in lipid-lowering effect observed in TP4 and TP5. Hepatic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (α, β and γ), hormone-sensitive lipase, adipose triglyceride lipase, carnitine palmitoyl transferase1, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase were distinctly up-regulated by dietary TP (P < 0.05). These results imply that dietary TP primarily mediated the activation of lipolysis to improve lipid metabolism in grouper fed high-lipid diets. Based on the broken-line regressions analysis of the serous LDL and hepatic VLDL contents, 0.045–0.067 % was recommended in juvenile grouper high-lipid diets for improving lipid metabolism.

A novel homozygous frameshift mutation in the APOA1 gene associated with marked high-density lipoprotein deficiency

The proband was a 53-year-old Japanese woman. Despite having no atherosclerotic vascular lesions on a physiological examination, markedly decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were always noted at her annual medical checkup. She also had corneal opacities but neither xanthoma nor tonsillar hypertrophy. A biochemical examination showed decreased levels of both apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) (<5 mg/dL) and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity. Her brother and son also had low concentrations of HDL-cholesterol, suggesting the presence of a genetic abnormality. Therefore, a sequence analysis of the genes for ABCA1, LCAT and apoA-I proteins was performed in the proband. The analysis of the APOA1 gene revealed a novel homozygous two-nucleotide deletion in exon 4 (c.614_615delTC), which causes a frameshift after residue 205 of the apoA-I protein (p.Leu205fs). Since no mutation has been found in the ABCA1 or LCAT gene, functional abnormalities of the carboxyl-terminal region of the apoA-I protein in lipid binding might have caused the low HDL-cholesterol levels and decreased LCAT activity, possibly associated with corneal opacities but not premature CAD, in the patient.

Sodium alginate and galactooligosaccharides ameliorate metabolic disorders and alter the composition of the gut microbiota in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity

We aimed to investigate the effects of sodium alginate (SA) and galactooligosaccharides (GOS) on the metabolism and gut microbiota of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice. GOS and SA delayed high-fat diet-induced obesity, reduced the epididymal fat and liver indices, and improved the circulating lipid profile. Low- and high-dose GOS reduced weight gain by 48.8 % and 35.3 %, and low- and high-dose SA reduced it by 37.7 % and 34.4 %, respectively. GOS and SA reduced blood glucose concentration, probably by increasing the expression of glucose transporter 4. GOS and SA increased the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin), reduced the D-lactic acid (D-LA) and lipopolysaccharide concentrations, and reduced the expression of toll-like receptors, consistent with improved intestinal barrier function. GOS and SA also increased the abundance of Bacteroidota, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus; and reduced that of Patescibacteria in the gut. The abundance of Parabacteroides positively correlated with the circulating low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration; that of Lactobacillus negatively correlated with LDL-C, D-LA, and tumor necrosis factor-α concentration; and that of Bifidobacterium positively correlated with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration, according to Spearman correlation analysis. In conclusion, SA and GOS ameliorate obesity and the associated metabolic disorders in mice, and also modulate their gut microbial composition.

Changes in Insulin Sensitivity and Lipid Profile Markers Following Initial and Secondary Bouts of Multiple Eccentric Exercises.

An acute bout of eccentric exercise affects insulin sensitivity and lipid profile, but how the magnitude of muscle damage affects them is not clear. We compared changes in blood insulin sensitivity and lipid markers after the first (EC1) and second (EC2) eccentric exercise bouts. Fifteen sedentary young men performed arm, leg and trunk muscle eccentric exercises, and repeated them 2 weeks later. Fasting blood samples were taken before, 2 h and 1–5 days after each exercise bout to analyze plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, serum glucose (GLU), insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), triacylglycerols (TG), total (TC) and low- (LDLC) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) concentrations as well as TC/HDLC ratio. Changes in these measures were compared between bouts and relationships to peak plasma CK activity were analyzed. Plasma CK activity increased (p < 0.05) after EC1 (peak: 101,668 ± 58,955 IU/L) but not after EC2. The magnitude of changes in GLU (peak after EC1: 26 ± 10% vs. EC2: 7 ± 6%), insulin (46 ± 27% vs. 15 ± 8%), HOMA (86 ± 48% vs. 24 ± 15%), TC (−20 ± 5% vs. −6 ± 4%), TG (−32 ± 11% vs. −6 ± 3%), LDHC (−47 ± 15% vs. −12 ± 9%), HDLC (35 ± 26% vs. 7 ± 4%), and TC/HDLC ratio (−139 ± 13% vs. −11 ± 7%) were significantly greater after EC1 than EC2. Peak plasma CK activity was significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with the peak changes in blood insulin sensitivity and lipid markers for the combined data of EC1 and EC2. These results suggest that the greater the magnitude of muscle damage, the greater the magnitude of changes in the insulin sensitivity to a negative direction and lipid markers to a positive direction.

The Association Between Plasma Copper Concentration and Prevalence of Diabetes in Chinese Adults With Hypertension.

ObjectiveThe relationship between plasma copper concentration and prevalence of diabetes in adults with hypertension is unclear. We aimed to determine the association between plasma copper concentration and prevalence of diabetes in Chinese adults with hypertension.MethodsA total of 2,579 participants (697 cases and 1,882 controls) was included in this cross-sectional study. Plasma copper concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the association between plasma copper concentration and prevalence of diabetes.ResultsAccording to the logistic regression analyses, the adjusted OR for the prevalence of diabetes in participants with plasma copper concentration ≥109.4 μg/dL was 1.26 (1.00, 1.58) compared with those with plasma copper concentration <109.4 μg/dL (P = 0.048). The association was no longer significant following further adjusting for serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration as a potential confounder. Stratified analyses demonstrated that serum HDL-C concentration significantly modified the association between plasma copper concentration and prevalence of diabetes (P-interaction = 0.043). In the strata of serum HDL-C concentration ≥1.2 mmol/L, a 56% increased prevalence of diabetes was observed in participants with plasma copper concentration ≥109.4 μg/dL compared with those with plasma copper concentration <109.4 μg/dL (P = 0.008). No significant relationship between plasma copper concentration and prevalence of diabetes was found in other strata.ConclusionOur findings suggested that high plasma copper concentration (≥109.4 μg/dL) was associated with increased prevalence of diabetes in Chinese hypertensive adults with serum HDL-C concentration ≥1.2 mmol/L.

The Effect of Sweet-tasting Foods Addiction on Appetite-related Hormones among Obese Adolescents

Background: Food ingestion and energy spending are organized through a complicated neurological system that involves both hypothalamic centers and peripheral satiety regulation(gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones).Objectives: To assess the effects of sugar addiction on appetite-related hormones and metabolichormones.Materials and methods: The study was done in two main hospitals in Anbar governorate, Iraqfrom April 2020 to November 2020. Concentration of fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, hormoneinsulin resistance (HOMA-IR), leptin, ghrelin, lipid profile, TSH, T3, and T4 were measured in the54 obese adolescents and were compared with 54 normal-weight adolescents.Results: There was a significant increase in the concentrations of FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR, leptin,total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), andTSH in obese adolescents as compared to normal-weight adolescents (P-value <0.05). While therewas a significant (P < 0.05) decreased in the concentrations of ghrelin, high-density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-C), T3, and T4 in obese adolescents compared with normal-weight adolescents.The results also showed that there is a significant positive correlation between the concentrationof leptin and each of BMI, FBG, insulin, and HOMA-IR, while there was a significant negativeassociation between leptin level with HDL-C and ghrelin.Conclusion: Sweet-tasting meals are a major source of stimulation, which leads to overeating andthus leads to obesity

Morus Alba leaf extract affects metabolic profiles, biomarkers inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A double-blind clinical trial

Morus Alba extract, despite its special properties, has been less studied in terms of its effects on metabolic profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study was carried out to determine the effects of Morus Alba extract, known as white mulberry, on liver enzymes, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress, insulin metabolism and lipid profiles in patients with T2DM. The current randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 60 patients with T2DM. Subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups to receive either Morus Alba extract (300mg) (n=30) or placebo (n=30) twice a day. Fasting blood samples were collected at the baseline and 12 weeks after intervention to quantify related markers. Morus Alba extract intake significantly decreased insulin (P=0.026) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (P<0.001), and significantly increased HDL-cholesterol concentrations (P=0.001) compared with the placebo. However, Morus Alba extract intake did not affect other metabolic profiles. The results of this study shown that the 12-week administration of Morus Alba extract among subjects with T2DM had beneficial effects on HDL-cholesterol, insulin and MDA levels, but did not affect other metabolic profiles. The present study was registered in the Iranian website for clinical trials as http://www.irct.ir: IRCT2016081312438N21.

Structure of New Ferroverdins Recruiting Unconventional Ferrous Iron Chelating Agents

Ferroverdins are ferrous iron (Fe2+)-nitrosophenolato complexes produced by a few Streptomyces species as a response to iron overload. Previously, three ferroverdins were identified: ferroverdin A, in which three molecules of p-vinylphenyl-3-nitroso-4-hydroxybenzoate (p-vinylphenyl-3,4-NHBA) are recruited to bind Fe2+, and Ferroverdin B and Ferroverdin C, in which one molecule of p-vinylphenyl-3,4-NHBA is substituted by hydroxy-p-vinylphenyl-3,4-NHBA, and by carboxy-p-vinylphenyl-3,4-NHBA, respectively. These molecules, especially ferroverdin B, are potent inhibitors of the human cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and therefore candidate hits for the development of drugs that increase the serum concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, thereby diminishing the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this work, we used high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with tandem mass spectrometry to identify 43 novel ferroverdins from the cytosol of two Streptomyces lunaelactis species. For 13 of them (designated ferroverdins C2, C3, D, D2, D3, E, F, G, H, CD, DE, DF, and DG), we could elucidate their structure, and for the other 17 new ferroverdins, ambiguity remains for one of the three ligands. p-formylphenyl-3,4-NHBA, p-benzoic acid-3,4-NHBA, 3,4-NHBA, p-phenylpropionate-3,4-NHBA, and p-phenyacetate-3,4-NHBA were identified as new alternative chelators for Fe2+-binding, and two compounds (C3 and D3) are the first reported ferroverdins that do not recruit p-vinylphenyl-3,4-NHBA. Our work thus uncovered putative novel CETP inhibitors or ferroverdins with novel bioactivities.

Inclusion of non-toxic sulfur in the diet positively affects daily growth, serum lipid profile and meat quality in finishing pigs

The present study investigated the effect of non-toxic sulfur (NTS) on the performance, lipid profile, and meat quality of finishing pigs. Ninety-days-old crossbred castrated male pigs [Duroc x (Yorkshire × Landrace)] with an average body weight (BW) of 50.1 ± 2.2 kg were randomly assigned to three treatment groups on the basis of BW. Each treatment had 60 pigs arranged in 12 replicates of 5 pigs for a 10-week trial. The dietary treatments consisted of a corn - soybean meal basal diet (CON); and a basal diet supplemented with NTS at 2 g/kg (NTS2) or 4 g/kg feed (NTS4). An increase (linear effect, P < 0.05) in BW during days 35 and 70 and an increase in average daily gain (ADG) (linear effect, P < 0.05) were observed in pigs fed increasing level of NTS during days 1–35 and 36–70 as well as during the overall experiment period (day 1–70). The inclusion of increasing level of NTS reduced serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (linear effect, P < 0.05) and increased (linear effect, P < 0.05) serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations at days 35 and 70, respectively. At day 70, the backfat and lean percentage were increased (linear effect, P < 0.05) as the level of NTS increased in the diet. A linear reduction (P < 0.05) in cooking loss and drip loss at day 7 of meat sample storage was elicited by increasing dietary NTS levels. A linear increase (P < 0.05) in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in the loin muscle and a linear increase (P < 0.05) in oleic acid, linoleic acid, DHA, and PUFA concentrations were observed in the meat sample of belly fat obtained from pigs receiving an increasing NTS level. In conclusion, positive effects of NTS were observed in body weight, daily gain, lipid profile and meat quality, suggesting that 4 g/kg non-toxic sulfur is beneficial for pigs.

Effects of Soluble and Insoluble Non-Starch Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Flora of Juvenile Genetic of Improvement of Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal flora of juvenile GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were formulated, including the FM diet (0% NSPs, FM), INSP diet (5.8% insoluble NSPs, INSP), SNSP diet (12.2% soluble NSPs, SNSP), and NSP diet (5.8% INSP and 12.2% SNSP, NSPs). Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 40 fish (2.14 ± 0.04 g) per repetition for 10 weeks. Results showed that dietary supplementation with different types of NSPs significantly affected the digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, and intestinal flora of juvenile GIFT tilapia. Specifically, dietary supplementation with INSP significantly increased pepsin and intestinal lipase activity, while dietary supplementation with SNSP significantly decreased intestinal lipase activity and resulted in a significant decrease in plasma catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity activity. Meanwhile, dietary supplementation with SNSP significantly increased the concentration of urea nitrogen and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma and alanine aminotransferase activity in plasma and hepatic. Moreover, LEfSe analysis showed that dietary supplementation with SNSP significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroidales, Bacteroidia, and Cellulosilyticum, while dietary supplementation with NSPs significantly decreased the abundance of Mycobacteriaceae, Mycobacterium_neoaurum, Corynebacteriales, and Mycobacterium. These results suggest that dietary INSP is an inert ingredient with limited effect, while dietary SNSP inhabited antioxidant capacity, induced liver damage, and altered the abundance of anaerobic/aerobic bacteria in the intestine of GIFT tilapia.

The effects of a mixture of antibiotics on the intestinal microbiota and hepatic lipid deposition in hybrid grouper fed bile acids diet

As antibiotics-treated animal models provide good insights into the potential causes of the microbiota-dependent changes, we explored the effects of microbiota perturbation driven by a mixture of antibiotics on lipid metabolism and lipid deposition in the liver of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) fed a bile acid diet in this study. Ninety groupers were randomly fed a bile acids diet (SBD) or a bile acids diet supplemented with antibiotics mixture (ASBD) for a short-term period. The results showed that ASBD treatment significantly decreased the level of hepatic lipid droplets, the content of hepatic triglycerides and total cholesterol, and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, while significantly increasing the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, compared to the SBD group. The fish fed ASBD showed significantly enhanced activities of lipolytic enzymes, expression of lipolytic proteins and transcriptional factors genes, whereas significantly reduced the expression of lipogenic transcriptional factor genes. In addition, the antibiotics treatment significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes, while non-significantly decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (p = 0.061). No significant shifts were observed in the α-diversity indices in SBD and ASBD groups, although the structures and potential functions of the intestinal microbiota were clearly separated. In conclusion, the antibiotics treatment reduced the lipid deposition and altered lipid metabolism via mainly enhancing hepatic lipolysis and slightly reducing hepatic lipogenesis.

Meta-analysis of the effects of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) interventions on blood lipids

ObjectiveThe purpose of the current study is to conduct a meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials to explore the quantitative effect of quinoa supplementation on serum lipid concentrations. MethodsOnline databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed, were systematically searched. A comprehensive literature review was performed based on English reports of randomized controlled trials of quinoa on lipid profiles in adults, which were published up to July 2020. Weighted mean differences (WMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were assigned as the ultimate effects of using random models. Study quality was assessed by using the Cochran score, and a meta-analysis was conducted. ResultsFive RCTs with eight intervention arms, including 291 participants, were selected for the present meta-analysis. The intervention period was between 4 and 12 weeks. The results showed doses higher than 50 g of quinoa consumption and duration more than six weeks of intervention significantly reduced serum triglyceride (TG) levels (WMD: −0.864 mg/dl; 95% CI: −1.286, −0.442, P < 0.001) and (WMD: −0.623 mg/dl; 95% CI: −1.015, −0.232, P = 0.002), respectively. In general, quinoa supplementation did not have a significant effect on concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (WMD: −0.145 mg/dl; 95% CI: −0.377, 0.086, P = 0.218), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, (WMD: 0.082 mg/dl; 95% CI: −0.150, 0.314, P = 0.489), and total cholesterol (TC) levels)WMD: − 0.036 mg/dl; 95% CI: − 0.267, 0.195, P = 0.759(. ConclusionThis study reveals quinoa supplementation in doses higher than 50 g/day and the duration more than six weeks significantly reduced TG levels. However, further studies in this area are recommended to understand the potential mechanisms of quinoa on blood lipids.