High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Concentrations Research Articles

Phytosterol of lotus seed core powder alleviates hypercholesterolemia by regulating gut microbiota in high-cholesterol diet-induced C57BL/6J mice

The present study aimed to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of lotus seed core powder phytosterol extract (LSP-PE) on hypercholesterolemia and intestinal microbiota in high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-induced C57BL/6 J mice. Gavage with LSP-PE reduced levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), hepatic TC, hepatic triglyceride (TG), hepatic LDL-C, hepatic very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), fecal TC and fecal total bile acid (TBA), while augmented hepatic HDL-C content. In contrast with HCD group, high-dose LSP triggered significant diminutions of serum ALT, serum AST, hepatic ALT and hepatic AST levels in HCD-fed mice, which were 16.49, 28.94, 43.42, and 44.47%, respectively, thus remarkably ameliorating the pathological changes of liver and small intestine. In-depth genetic research found that LSP was effective in down-regulating the expression of cholesterol metabolism related genes including Niemannpick C1-like protein 1 (NPC1L1), acyl-coA cholesterol acyl-transferase 2 (ACAT2), microsomal triglyceride transporter (MTP) and ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 5 (ABCG5). Moreover, LSP-PE could restore the disorder of intestinal flora via augmenting the Actinobacteria abundance as well as decreasing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and abundances of Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia to regulate cholesterol metabolism-related genes. In summary, LSP-PE possessed excellent cholesterol-lowering activity by positively regulating the gut microbiota and the expression levels of genes related to cholesterol absorption and metabolism. Therefore, this work suggested LSP phytosterol as a potential supplement to alleviate the symptoms of hypercholesterolemia.

Study of Non-HDL Cholesterol Level in Adult Patients Attending Rural Tertiary Care Hospital Chengalpattu District

INTRODUCTION: Disease of the coronary artery is pivotal and accounts to high incidence of morbidity and mortality world over. Research have shown its impact on the economy which is a concern in the third world countries like India. The main cause of coronary artery disease is development of atherosclerosis, a cascade of chronic inflammation of the arteries. Abnormal concentration of non-HDL-C have evidenced in predisposing to CAD. The lipoproteins subtypes excluding HDL, which includes LDL, IDL, VLDL and chylomicrons are described as non-HDL-C. With this background our study aimed to analyse the concentration of non-HDL-C among adult patients attending a rural tertiary care hospital Chengalpattu district. METHODOLOGY: The research was conducted to analyse the concentration of non-HDL-C in adult patients attending tertiary care hospital, rural area, Chengalpattu district. The cross-sectional study was conducted in the central clinical laboratory at a rural tertiary care hospital, Chengalpattu district, six months data was collected from December 2021 to May 2022. Data from 336 patients were evaluated. The formula for calculating non-HDL-C concentration is: non-HDL cholesterol concentration(mg/dl) = Total cholesterol concentration – HDL cholesterol concentration. The biological reference range of non-HDL-C is ≤ 130 mg/ dl. RESULT: The Study found an association between diabetes and levels of Non-HDL-C (χ2 = 6.571, P = 0.010). Participants with hypertension had higher levels of Non-HDL-C (χ2 = 20.515, P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The research concluded high association of non-HDL cholesterol concentration with disease of the cardiovascular system. It was also found that participants with Diabetes mellitus along with Hypertension had higher concentration of non-HDL-C. Recent guidelines have stressed the importance of stringent target in lipid levels in high risk population. The analysis of non-HDL-C level is easy, convenient and economical, it should be prescribed for all high-risk patients especially in diabetes and hypertensives. Physicians should add non-HDL-Cas a routine parameter in lipid profile.

Effects of smoking cessation using varenicline on the serum concentrations of oxidized high-density lipoprotein: Comparison with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

The oxidized high-density lipoprotein (oxHDL) is a possible marker for cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated the effects of smoking cessation with varenicline (a partial agonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors) on the levels of oxHDL in the serum of subjects compared with those of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Data of 99 nicotine-dependent adult subjects who visited the smoking cessation outpatient services at International University of Health and Welfare Shioya Hospital were reviewed. Each subject was treated with varenicline titrated up to 1.0 mg twice daily for 12 weeks. Serum levels of oxHDL and HDL-C were repeatedly measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzymatic method, respectively. The serum levels of oxHDL were significantly decreased from 163.2 ± 96.6 to 148.3 ± 80.7 U/mL (p = 0.034, n = 99). This effect was more prominent when the data of subjects in whom the treatment was objectively unsuccessful (exhaled carbon monoxide at 3 months ≥ 10 ppm) were omitted (from 166.6 ± 98.4 to 147.4 ± 80.6 U/mL; p = 0.0063, n = 93). In contrast, the serum levels of HDL-C were significantly increased (p = 0.0044, n = 99). There was a close relationship between the baseline levels of oxHDL and HDL-C (R = 0.45, p < 0.0001, n = 99). Changes in the levels of oxHDL were closely associated with changes in the levels of exhaled carbon monoxide in subjects in whom smoking cessation with varenicline was very effective (decrease in exhaled carbon monoxide by ≥ 15 ppm after treatment with varenicline; R = 0.42, p = 0.0052, n = 43). Although there was a close relationship between the baseline serum concentrations of oxHDL and HDL-C, smoking cessation decreased oxHDL and increased HDL-C. This effect on oxHDL may be associated with the effectiveness of smoking cessation.

Changes in the biochemical indicators of metabolism in employees of the oil company

Introduction. Due to the constant presence of harmful chemical components in the air of the working area at an oil-producing enterprise, the length of work experience exacerbates their negative impact on the human body, which can lead to dysmetabolic disorders. The purpose of the work is to assess changes in the biochemical parameters of metabolism in workers of an oil producing enterprise. Materials and methods. A study and assessment of the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the bioenvironments of workers, biochemical indicators of metabolic processes, statistical analysis, modelling of cause-and-effect relationships were carried out. Results. In oil and gas production operators, benzene and o-xylene are identified in the blood, the concentration of which is up to 1.5 times higher than that of workers not associated with the oil production process. There is and gain in the level of benzene in the blood up to 1.4 times, depending on the increase in work experience. Significant differences were found in the content of C-peptide, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in oil and gas production operators relative to similar indicators in workers not exposed to chemical production factors of the enterprise. Among workers involved in oil and gas production, a dependence of an elevation of glucose and C-peptide in the blood serum on an increase in the concentration of benzene in the blood and the length of work experience was established; an increase in the level of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides in the blood serum - only depending on the increase in work experience. Limitations. The conducted study takes into account the influence of only chemical factors and the duration of work experience on the health of oil production workers. Conclusions. The constant presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the air, in particular benzene and O-Cixille (up to 1.5 times higher than the MPC of the working area), leads to their increased concentration in the blood. In operators of oil and gas production there was established an increase in the level of a number of biochemical indicators of the negative effects of metabolic syndrome, which are dependent on the length of service and the content of benzene in the air of the working area.

Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein Concentrations in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension

Background and aim: Variation in serum lipid profile is associated with hypertension. Abnormal lipid profile directly affects the endothelial dysfunction and significantly associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Hypertension is the pregnancy toxaemia associated key feature which is considered to be caused by vasospastic phenomena in placenta, kidney, brain, and uterus. The current study aimed to assess plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in pregnant women with hypertension (PIH). Methods: This study was conducted on 66 (36 PIH cases, 30 control cases) age matched women in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Moulvi Ameer Shah Memorial Hospital, Peshawar from October 2021 to June 2022. The criteria for preeclampsia were proteinuria, and proteinuria after pregnancy, hypertension, edema, and reversal of hypertension. Subjects' fasting venous blood samples were collected. Plasma was isolated from heparine anticoagulated blood. In a preservative bottle (500 mg/1000 mL urine) of Na2B4O7, urine was collected after 24 hours. Urine and plasma were kept at -80°C until the assay. Total cholesterol levels, HDL-C, and triglyceride were enzymatically measured. The amount of spectrophotometric and malondialdehyde was measured for plasma lipid peroxidation. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis. Results: There was a significant increase in proteinuria, mean diastolic, and systolic pressure of preeclampsia patients than the control group. Total triglyceride, malondialdehyde (MDA), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and apolipoprotein B (apo-B) in a study group were significantly higher as compared to control. Whereas the study group had lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) than that of control group. The total cholesterol concentration, plasma protein, gestational age, apo-A, and hemoglobin had no statistical significance in both groups. Conclusion: The present study suggested that abnormal lipid metabolism, high triglycerides, specifically LDL-C and lipid peroxides, and low HDL-C concentrations, may lead to the vascular dysfunction and preeclampsia is associated with oxidative stress. There are only minor differences in lipoprotein concentrations and serum lipid between PIH women and women with uncomplicated pregnancy. Keywords: Plasma lipid, Lipoprotein concentration, Pregnancy-induced hypertension

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B causes HDL-C abnormalities in patients and statin-resistant muscle wasting in dysferlin-deficient mice

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (MD) type 2B (LGMD2B) and Duchenne MD (DMD) are caused by mutations to the Dysferlin and Dystrophin genes, respectively. We have recently demonstrated in typically mild dysferlin- and dystrophin-deficient mouse models that increased plasma cholesterol levels severely exacerbate muscle wasting, and that DMD patients display primary dyslipidemia characterized by elevated plasma cholesterol and triglycerides. Herein, we investigate lipoprotein abnormalities in LGMD2B and if statin therapy protects dysferlin-deficient mice (Dysf) from muscle damage. Herein, lipoproteins and liver enzymes from LGMD2B patients and dysferlin-null (Dysf) mice were analyzed. Simvastatin, which exhibits anti-muscle wasting effects in mouse models of DMD and corrects aberrant expression of key markers of lipid metabolism and endogenous cholesterol synthesis, was tested in Dysf mice. Muscle damage and fibrosis were assessed by immunohistochemistry and cholesterol signalling pathways via Western blot. LGMD2B patients show reduced serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels compared to healthy controls and exhibit a greater prevalence of abnormal total cholesterol (CHOL)/HDL-C ratios despite an absence of liver dysfunction. While Dysf mice presented with reduced CHOL and associated HDL-C and LDL-C-associated fractions, simvastatin treatment did not prevent muscle wasting in quadriceps and triceps muscle groups or correct aberrant low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) protein expression. LGMD2B patients present with reduced serum concentrations of HDL-C, a major metabolic comorbidity, and as a result, statin therapy is unlikely to prevent muscle wasting in this population. We propose that like DMD, LGMD2B should be considered as a new type of genetic dyslipidemia.

Effects of Tributyrin Supplementation on Liver Fat Deposition, Lipid Levels and Lipid Metabolism-Related Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tributyrin supplementation on liver fat metabolism in broiler chickens. Two hundred and forty broilers were randomly allocated into two experimental groups (6 replicates per treatment; 20 chickens in each replicate): the control group (CN), which received a basal diet, and the tributyrin group (TB), which received a basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg of tributyrin. The experimental period lasted 37 days. The results showed that in the liver, broilers supplemented with tributyrin had higher content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p < 0.05). Liver hepatic lipase (HL), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and total lipid (TL) activity were significantly lower than in the TB group than that in the NC group. Meanwhile, the diet supplemented with tributyrin had more lipid droplets than the NC group, whereas the TB and NC groups showed no histological abnormalities in the liver. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α (PPARα), proliferators-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), LPL and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in the liver were significantly upregulated in the TB group (p < 0.05), while those of the long-chain acyl-CoA-synthetase 1 (ACSL1) mRNA between the TB group and the NC group were not different (p > 0.05). These findings indicated that the diet supplemented with tributyrin could increase fat deposition appropriately by promoting fat synthesis without causing liver tissue damage, which demonstrated that tributyrin can be considered a valid feed additive for broiler chickens.

Extraction of raspberry ketone from red raspberry and its intervention in the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by diffused hepatocyte bullous fat in the liver, which is not caused by alcohol or drugs like amiodarone and tamoxifen. Presently, no drug is approved for NAFLD treatment. Therefore, it’s important to extract effective components from natural plants to alleviate NAFLD. In this study, we extracted and purified raspberry ketone, a natural phenolic compound from red raspberry (Rubus ideaus L.) by an ultrasonic-assisted ethanol extraction method. The structure of red raspberry ketone (RRK) was determined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and the purity of RRK was found as 80.06 ± 1.19%. After 28 days of intragastric administration of RRK, the bodyweight of NAFLD model rats decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Besides, the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, and total triglyceride (TG) decreased and the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum increased drastically. Moreover, the level of liver damage indicators (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) and the levels of glucose, insulin, free-fatty acid, tumor necrotic factor-α in the liver decreased distinctly. The levels of TG and malondialdehyde in the liver decreased, whereas the levels of superoxide dismutase, total glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase drastically increased. We also found that RRK reduced the uneven size of liver cells and blurred boundaries of hepatic lobules, and alleviated hepatic steatosis and inflammation caused by NAFLD. We inferred that RRK could relieve NAFLD progression by regulating glucose and lipid metabolism and alleviating oxidative stress in vivo. This study sheds new light on the use of RRK as a functional food for NAFLD prevention.

Relation between obesity-related comorbidities and kidney function estimation in children

BackgroundThe current childhood obesity pandemic is likely to result in an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) later in life. Correlations between obesity-related comorbidities and kidney function can be found, but it is unclear to what extent this is caused by bias due to different mathematical forms of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) equations. The present study aimed to analyze correlations between obesity-related comorbidities and different eGFR equations and to investigate whether rescaled serum creatinine (SCr/Q) for sex and age or height might be an alternative biomarker for kidney function estimation.MethodsThis cross-sectional cohort study included 600 children with overweight and obesity. Mean age was 12.20 ± 3.28 years, 53.5% were female, and mean BMI z-score was 3.31 ± 0.75. All children underwent a comprehensive assessment that included anthropometrical and blood pressure measurements, laboratory examination, air displacement plethysmography, and polysomnography. Qage and Qheight polynomials were used to rescale SCr and multiple creatinine-based eGFR equations were compared.ResultsSCr/Q and almost all GFR estimations significantly correlated with a waist-to-hip ratio, fat mass, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, and triacylglyceride, HDL cholesterol, alanine transaminase, and serum uric acid concentrations. Multiple correlations, however, were not confirmed by all equations, which suggests dependency on the mathematical form of the different eGFR equations.ConclusionsCorrelations between obesity-related comorbidities and creatinine-based eGFR are present in children with overweight and obesity, but depend to a large extent on the eGFR equation of choice. SCr/Q might be an alternative biomarker for assessing correlations between obesity-related comorbidities and kidney function in children with overweight and obesity.Graphical A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information

Association of physical activity with metabolic profile from adolescence to adulthood.

Physical activity benefits cardiometabolic health, but little is known about its detailed links with serum lipoproteins, amino acids, and glucose metabolism at young age. We therefore studied the association of physical activity with a comprehensive metabolic profile measured repeatedly in adolescence. The cohort is derived from the longitudinal Special Turku Coronary Risk Factor Intervention Project. At ages 13, 15, 17, and 19 years, data on physical activity were collected by a questionnaire, and circulating metabolic measures were quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics from repeatedly assessed serum samples (age 13: n=503, 15: n=472, 17: n=466, and 19: n=361). Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA;MET h/wk) was directly associated with concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and inversely with the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to total fatty acids (-0.006SD; [-0.008, -0.003]; p < 0.0001). LTPA was inversely associated with very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particle concentration (-0.003SD; [-0.005, -0.001]; p=0.002) and VLDL particle size (-0.005SD; [-0.007, -0.003]; p < 0.0001). LTPA showed direct association with the particle concentration and size of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and HDL cholesterol concentration (0.004SD; [0.002, 0.006]; p < 0.0001). Inverse associations of LTPA with triglyceride and total lipid concentrations in large to small sized VLDL subclasses were found. Weaker associations were seen for other metabolic measures including inverse associations with concentrations of lactate, isoleucine, glycoprotein acetylation, and a direct association with creatinine concentration. The results remained after adjusting for body mass index and proportions of energy intakes from macronutrients. Physical activity during adolescence is beneficially associated with the metabolic profile including novel markers. The results support recommendations on physical activity during adolescence to promote health and possibly reduce future disease risks.

Alteration in Redox Status and Lipoprotein Profile in COVID-19 Patients with Mild, Moderate, and Severe Pneumonia.

Metabolic alterations, particularly disorders of lipoprotein metabolism in COVID-19, may affect the course and outcome of the disease. This study aims at evaluating the lipoprotein profile and redox status in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with different pneumonia severity and their association with lethal outcomes. The prospective cohort study was performed on 98 COVID-19 patients with mild, moderate, and severe pneumonia. Lipid and inflammatory parameters, lipoprotein subclasses, and redox status biomarkers were determined at the study entry and after one week. Compared to patients with mild and moderate pneumonia, severely ill patients had higher oxidised low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and malondialdehyde levels and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations and paraoxonase 1 activity. Reduction in the proportion of large HDL 2a subclasses with a concomitant increase in the proportion of smallest HDL 3c and small dense LDL (sdLDL) particles was observed in patients with severe disease during the time. However, these changes were reversed in the mild and moderate groups. The results showed a positive association between changes in oxLDL and total antioxidative status. However, prooxidants and antioxidants in plasma were lower in patients with lethal outcomes. Increased levels of oxLDL and sdLDL particles may contribute to the severity of COVID-19. The role of oxidative stress should be clarified in further studies, mainly its association with lethal outcomes.

Effects of Fermented Bamboo Powder Supplementation on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Immune Indices, and Fecal Microbial Composition in Growing-Finishing Pigs.

This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of fermented bamboo powder (FBP) on the growth performance, serum biochemical parameters, immunoglobulins and inflammatory cytokines, and fecal microbial composition of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 108 barrows (initial body weight, 56.30 ± 0.55 kg) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments in a 75 d trial, including a control (CON) diet and two FBP supplementation diets. The CON diet was formulated to three-phase diets according to the body weight of pigs, and the FBP diets were formulated used 5.00% (FBP1) or 10.00% (FBP2) FBP to replace the wheat bran in the CON diet, respectively. The results showed that there were no influences on growth performances between the CON diet and FBP addition diets, whereas the 5% FBP addition decreased the feed:gain of pigs compared to the pigs fed the FBP2 diet from d 0-75 (p &lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, the FBP addition increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) content in serum (linear, p &lt; 0.05), and pigs fed the FBP1 diet had greater HDLC and IgA contents in serum than those in the pigs fed the CON diet (p &lt; 0.05). Microbial analysis showed that the FBP addition diets decreased the abundance of Spirochaetes, and the FBP2 diet increased the abundance of Firmicutes more than the CON diet (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, the pigs fed the FBP2 diet increased the abundance of uncultured_bacterium_f_Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Prevotellaceae_UCG-003, Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group, and Lactobacillus more than the CON group (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the FBP supplementation to the diet had no negative effects on the growth performance and exerted beneficial effects on promoting serum biochemical and immune indices, as well as modulating the fecal microbiota of pigs. Therefore, these results showed that the fermented bamboo powder could be one potential fiber-rich ingredient for growing-finishing pigs, and that the recommended addition proportion in the growing-finishing pigs' diet is 5%.

Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) I405V (rs5882) Polymorphism Affects Plasma Lipid Parameters and Lipoprotein Ratio in Hyperlipidemic Ischemic Stroke Patients

Background: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and other lipoproteins are metabolized in part by the cholesteryl ester transport protein (CETP). Cardiovascular risk and the occurrence of ischemic stroke are linked to polymorphism in the CETP gene.&#x0D; Methodology: For the study, 100 ischemic stroke patients and 100 controls with matched sexes and ages ranging from 46 to 87 were chosen. Lipoprotein ratios were computed using Excel software, and lipid parameters were evaluated using Randox diagnostic kits. Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and 2% gel electrophoresis were used to genotype the CETP gene. The genotyping of the CETP gene were performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction and Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) combined with 2% gel electrophoresis.&#x0D; Results: There were significant difference (P&lt;0.0001) in the genotypic and allelic frequencies of CETP SNP between the healthy and patients with ischemic stroke. The frequencies of I/I, I/V and V/V genotypes of the CETP gene were 48%, 37% and 15% for the control and 17%, 33% and 50%, for the stroke subjects, respectively. The frequencies of I and V alleles were 67% and 33% for the control and 37.5% and 62.5% for the stroke subjects, respectively. The V allele carriers of CETP gene had higher plasma TC, TG, VLDL-C, LDL-C, Non-HDL-C, defective HDL-C, HDL2-C and HDL3-C when compared to the I allele carriers for both subjects. The V allele carriers were responsible for the increase in dyslipidemia for both subjects.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of this study show that mutation of CETP I405V (rs5882) polymorphism causes an increased in plasma TC, TG, VLDL-C, LDL-C, Non-HDL-C, defective HDL-C, HDL2-C and HDL3-C concentration and is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke.

Effects of MICT/HIIT on the ultrastructure of myocardium and soleus in rats with high-fat diet and its mechanisms

Objective: To investigate the effects of moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) and high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) on the ultrastructure of myocardium and soleus in rats with high fat diet, and to explore the mechanisms. Methods: 5-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into normal diet quiet group (C), high-fat diet quiet group (F), high-fat MICT group (M) and high-fat HIIT group (H), with 8 rats in each group, and the fat content of the high-fat dietary feed was 45%. The M and H groups were given 12 weeks of treadmill running with an incline of 25°. The M group was given continuous exercise with 70%VO2max intensity, and the H group was given intermittent exercise with 5 min 40%~45%VO2max and 4 min 95%~99%VO2max intensity successively. After the intervention, the contents of free fatty acid (FFA), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) in serum were detected. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the ultrastructure of myocardium and soleus in rats. Western blot was used to detect the protein expressions of AMPK, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD) and carnitine palmitoyl transterase 1 (CPT-1) in myocardium and soleus. Results: Compared with C group, the body weight, Lee's index, the contents of LDL, TG and FFA in serum were increased, the content of HDL was decreased (P＜0.05), the protein expressions of AMPK and CPT-1 in myocardium and soleus were increased, the protein expression of MCD was decreased (P＜0.05), and the ultrastructure was damaged in group F. Compared with F group, the body weight and Lee's index were decreased, the contents of LDL and FFA in serum were decreased (P＜0.01), the protein expressions of AMPK, MCD and CPT-1 in myocardium were increased, and the protein expressions of AMPK and MCD in soleus were increased (P＜0.05), and the ultrastructural damage was attenuated in M and H groups. Compared with M group, the content of HDL in serum was increased (P＜0.01), the protein expressions of AMPK and MCD in myocardium were increased, and the ultrastructural damage was mild, the protein expression of AMPK in soleus was decreased, the protein expression of MCD in soleus was increased (P＜0.05), and the ultrastructural damage was severe in group H. Conclusion: MICT and HIIT have different effects on the ultrastructure of myocardium and soleus in high-fat diet rats by intervening the protein expression of AMPK, MCD and CPT-1.

Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Plasma Lipoprotein Cholesterol, Apolipoprotein, and Lipoprotein Particle Size Concentrations in US Adults

Prospective cohort studies have found a relation between sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption (sodas and fruit drinks) and dyslipidemia. There is limited evidence linking SSB consumption to emerging features of dyslipidemia, which can be characterized by variation in lipoprotein particle size, remnant-like particle (RLP), and apolipoprotein concentrations. To examine the association between SSB consumption and plasma lipoprotein cholesterol, apolipoprotein, and lipoprotein particle size concentrations among US adults. We examined participants from the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS; 1987-1995, n = 3047) and the Women's Health Study (1992, n = 26,218). Concentrations of plasma LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B (apoB), HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), triglyceride (TG), and non-HDL cholesterol, as well as total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratio and apoB:apoA1 ratio, were quantified in both cohorts; concentrations of apolipoprotein E, apolipoprotein C3, RLP-TG, and RLP cholesterol (RLP-C) were measured in the FOS only. Lipoprotein particle sizes were calculated from nuclear magnetic resonance signals for lipoprotein particle subclass concentrations (TG-rich lipoprotein particles [TRL-Ps]: very large, large, medium, small, and very small; LDL particles [LDL-Ps]: large, medium, and small; HDL particles [HDL-Ps]: large, medium, and small). SSB consumption was estimated from food frequency questionnaire data. We examined the associations between SSB consumption and all lipoprotein and apoprotein measures in linear regression models, adjusting for confounding factors such as lifestyle, diet, and traditional lipoprotein risk factors. SSB consumption was positively associated with LDL cholesterol, apoB, TG, RLP-TG, RLP-C, and non-HDL cholesterol concentrations and total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol and apoB:apoA1 ratios; and negatively associated with HDL cholesterol and apoA1 concentrations (P-trend range: <0.0001 to 0.008). After adjustment for traditional lipoprotein risk factors, SSB consumers had smaller LDL-P and HDL-P sizes; lower concentrations of large LDL-Ps and medium HDL-Ps; and higher concentrations of small LDL-Ps, small HDL-Ps, and large TRL-Ps (P-trend range: <0.0001 to 0.001). Higher SSB consumption was associated with multiple emerging features of dyslipidemia that have been linked to higher cardiometabolic risk in US adults.

Carbohydrate metabolism and lipid profile in patients with Parkinson's disease with subthalamic deep brain stimulation.

Assessment of potential effect of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on glucose metabolism in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Although a valuable alternative to pharmacotherapy in advanced PD, STN-DBS is thought to negatively affect the cardiometabolic profile of patients (including body mass, lipid profile). Exacerbation of glucose metabolism dysregulation after DBS could therefore be assumed. Two groups of patients with Parkinson's disease were included: 20 treated pharmacologically (PHT) and 20 newly qualified for STN-DBS (DBS) - with the first assessment prior to surgery, and the second 11 months after surgery on average. Body mass index (BMI), plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG) and glucose levels during a three-point oral glucose tolerance test were measured three times (median intervals between visits 12 and 14 months respectively). Significant differences between the two groups were noted with respect to changes in BMI, and serum concentration of TG and HDL-C over the course of the study. In the DBS group, a significant increase in BMI (26.42 vs. 27.24 kg/m2, p = 0.03) and TG level (103.8 vs. 142.8 mg/dL, p < 0.001) with a simultaneous decrease in HDL-C level (54.4 vs. 46 mg/dL, p < 0.01) was observed. Mean glucose level after oral glucose administration was lower in the DBS than in the PHT group (147.4 vs. 120.2 mg/dL, p = 0.03 after one hour and 109.9 vs. 82.3 mg/dL, p < 0.01 after two hours) during the second visit. Also inter-visit changes in fasting glucose levels (8.4 mg/dL in the PHT group and -5.8 mg/dL in the DBS group, p = 0.02) differed over the study duration. Our observations are similar to previous ones indicating less favourable changes in BMI and some lipid fractions in patients treated surgically. Interestingly, such a trend was not observed for glucose metabolism parameters, suggesting that mechanisms other than simple body mass changes are involved in early biochemical changes after STN-DBS in PD patients. The metabolic consequences of DBS require further investigation as an additional factor potentially affecting the outcome of therapy, and routine patient follow-up should not be limited to neurological and psychological assessments.

Influence of plant extracts on insulin resistance in experimental diabetes mellitus

Objective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of medicinal plant extracts on insulin sensitivity in the model of diabetes mellitus.Material and Methods. Experiments were carried out using 110 outbred white male rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced by the administration of streptozotocin to animals receiving food with a high fat content for the formation of insulin resistance. The animals were injected with metformin, rosiglitazone, and aqueous extracts of nettle, dandelion, burdock, and Galega officinalis. The rats were divided into two groups during pharmacotherapy: group 1 continued to receive fat-enriched diet; group 2 received a regular diet with 8% fat content. The blood levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured. The metabolic index was calculated to assess insulin resistance.Results. The extracts of nettle and burdock reduced the concentration of glucose and glycated hemoglobin in animals with a model of diabetes mellitus treated with fat-enriched food. Dandelion extract did not change the level of fasting glucose in blood whereas it lowered the concentration of glycohemoglobin. The extracts of nettle, Galega officinalis, and dandelion reduced blood concentrations of glucose in animals receiving normal diet. The extracts of all plants reduced the level of glycated hemoglobin. The concentration of triglycerides normalized regardless of the diet when plant extracts were introduced. The concentrations of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased in both diets in animals treated with Galega officinalis and dandelion extracts. The metabolic index in rats receiving food with 8%-fat content did not differ from that of intact animals after therapy with nettle and Galega officinalis extracts. Dandelion extract alleviated insulin resistance in animals continuing to receive a diet enriched with fats.Conclusion. The extracts of nettle, Galega officinalis, burdock, and dandelion improved carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in diabetes mellitus caused by the administration of streptozotocin to rats to the same extent as metformin and rosiglitazone. Extracts of nettle and Galega officinalis alleviated insulin resistance in animals receiving a normal diet; dandelion extract alleviated insulin resistance in animals receiving fat-enriched food.

Prevalence of Dyslipidemia among School-Age Children and Adolescents in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Objective Lipid abnormalities during childhood might be associated with a higher risk of atherosclerosis development in adulthood. In Ethiopia, there were no data on this area. The present work was aimed at assessing the lipid profile abnormalities among children and adolescents aged between 5 and 17 years, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Materials and Methods The present school-based cross-sectional study was done from March 2019 to October 2019 in the capital city, Addis Ababa. A total of 504 students were randomly recruited for this study. The total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels were determined using the Cobas c501 automated chemistry analyzer. The prevalence of lipid abnormalities was described in percentages. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed, and data with p -value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Dyslipidemia in at least one of the lipid profiles was observed in 322 (63.9%) school children, whereas only one of the participants had an abnormality in all four lipid profile tests. The prevalence of total cholesterol 200 mg/dL or higher, low-density lipoprotein 130 mg/dL or higher, high-density lipoprotein less than 40 mg/dL, and triglycerides 130 mg/dL or higher was in 14 (2.8%), 16 (3.2%), 294 (58.4%), and 46 (19.1%) participants, respectively. Conclusion In the current work, the majority of the study participants had a normal lipid profile except increased prevalence of a reduced concentration of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. The overall prevalence of serum lipid abnormalities was 63.9%. Serum lipid levels did not show significant differences with sex, age, fasting habits, or obesity.

Effects of tea tree essential oil supplementation in low fish meal diet on growth, lipid metabolism, anti-oxidant capacity and immunity of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of tea tree essential oil (TTO) supplementation in low fish meal diet on growth, lipid metabolism, anti-oxidant capacity and immunity of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Five low fish meal (175 g kg−1) diets with grade levels of TTO (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 g kg−1) were formulated to feed largemouth bass (initial weight: 15.06 ± 0.05 g) for 56 days. The results indicated that supplementation of dietary 1 g kg−1 TTO could significantly improve the weight gain rate, specific growth rate and protein deposition ratio, and decrease the feed conversion rate. The activities of gastric lipase and intestinal trypsin were enhanced by dietary TTO. The width of the intestinal villus was significantly elevated with dietary TTO level. In lipid metabolism parameters, the whole-body crude lipid content was increased and the liver crude lipid content was decreased in TTO treatment groups. The expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase beta was downregulated, and the mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha and carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 were upregulated in the liver by the addition of TTO. The contents of total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly decreased, and the content of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol significantly increased in serum by dietary TTO. In anti-oxidative parameters, catalase activities in the liver and superoxide dismutase activities in the liver, intestine and serum were elevated with dietary TTO level. Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in the liver, intestine and serum showed the opposite trend. The nf-e2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways in the liver and intestine were triggered by dietary TTO supplementation. In the immune indices, the contents of total protein and albumin were improved, and the contents of glucose, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase were declined in TTO treatment groups. However, hepatocyte swelling and nuclear migration were found in the liver sections of all groups. After Aeromonas hydrophila administration, the toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling pathway was activated in the head-kidney, liver and intestine, and the expression levels of interleukin 10 and transforming growth factor beta 1 were increased in the head-kidney, spleen, liver and intestine by dietary TTO. In conclusion, dietary TTO in low fish meal diet could improve growth, anti-oxidant capacity and immunity, and reduce lipid deposition in the liver and serum of largemouth bass. The optimal level of TTO in low fish meal diet of largemouth bass ranged from 1.33 to 1.34 g kg−1.

Heated tobacco products and circulating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations

We aimed to assess the association between heated tobacco product (HTP) use and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration. Our study included 12,268 workers from five companies (Study I) and 36,503 workers from another large company (Study II). Participants were categorized into five groups: never smokers, past smokers, exclusive HTP users, dual users of cigarettes and HTPs, and exclusive cigarette smokers. We analyzed the data of Studies I and II separately and then pooled these estimates using a fixed-effect model. Of the 48,771 participants, 9.3% were exclusive HTP users, and 6.0% were dual users. Exclusive HTP users had modestly but significantly lower concentrations of HDL-C than never smokers, with the pooled mean difference being − 1.1 (95% CI − 1.5 to − 0.6) mg/dL. Dual users showed a further reduction (mean difference − 3.7 (− 4.2 to − 3.2) mg/dL), which was comparable to that of exclusive cigarette smokers versus never smokers (mean difference − 4.3 (− 4.7 to − 3.9) mg/dL). The pooled odds ratios (95% CIs) of having low HDL-C (< 40 mg/dL for men and 50 mg/dL for women) were 1, 0.99 (0.90–1.11), 1.25 (1.09–1.43), 2.02 (1.76–2.32), and 2.09 (1.88–2.32) for never smokers, past smokers, exclusive HTP users, dual users, and exclusive cigarette smokers, respectively. In conclusion, exclusive HTP users had lower HDL-C concentrations than never smokers, although higher than exclusive cigarette smokers. Moreover, dual users had HDL-C concentrations similar to those in exclusive cigarette smokers.