Different Concentrations Of Extract Research Articles

A study on the application of natural extracts as alternatives to sodium nitrite in processed meat

Consumers are increasingly interested in purchasing meat products with low food additives content or even without the, since these kind of foodstuffs are perceived as more natural and healthier. Nitrites are the most commonly used additives in the meat industry to prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria, keep red color (secondary effect on myoglobin = iron and oxygen-binding), and improve flavor. In this scenario, meat processors are challenged to produce nitrite-free products guaranteeing the microbial quality and sensory characteristics. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of various natural extracts against the color of thermal processed beef, manufactured without nitrites. A total of fourteen natural alternatives have been evaluated: capsicum extract liquid phase (capsanthin), paprika oleoresin liquid phase, monascus yellow powder (Monascus purpureus), red yeast rice powder (Monascus purpureus) from three different producers, lycopene powder, red beet juice powder (Beta vulgaris), rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis), capsicum extract powder (capsanthin), carmine pigment powder (cochineal extract), sorghum red pigment powder (Sorghum bicolor), and two factory-supplied recipes. For the first trial, extracts were added at a concentration of 0.3% in canned meat without nitrite. Samples were analyzed by colorimetric measurements before and after sterilization. The aim was to find natural extracts that provide similar color characteristics as canned meat with nitrite (used as reference). After color analysis, the extracts that did not show statistically significant differences (p > .05) from the positive control were chosen for the second trial, consisted of sample preparation at three different concentrations of extract (0,1%, 0,2%, and 0,3%) following factory manufacture procedures to ensure that the results were as accurate as possible. Results showed that sorghum red pigment powder (Sorghum bicolor) provides stable pigments and can be added as a natural additive to the manufacture of traditional canned meat recipe to maintain a similar red/pink color as same as provided by sodium nitrite. Novelty impact statement Producers are trying to obtain meat products without nitrites that maintain the same level of microbial safety and the typical color. In this study, we analyzed the effect of adding different natural extracts on the color of canned meat made without nitrites. The powder extracted from sorghum husks (Sorghum bicolor) can be added to the classic canned meat recipe to obtain a product that maintains the typical red/pink color.

Allelopathic effects of Androstachys johnsonii Prain on germination and growth of Zea mays L. and Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.

Allelopathic effects of the donor plants are mostly regarded as harmful to target plants such as traditional crops. Traditional crops play pivotal role as staple food for rural communities and hence ensuring food security. Study of the allelopathic effects of Androstachys johnsonii Prain on the germination and growth of Zea mays L. and Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc was conducted. Different plant leachates concentrations of 0.675%, 1.25%, 2.5% and 5% were prepared through serial dilutions. Germination bioassays were arranged in a complete randomized setup of three replicates for each treatment for seven days. Germination rates were calculated, radicle and hypocotyl lengths were also measured. Germination rates of Z. mays L. and V. subterranea (L.) Verdc. ranged from 50 - 100% and 18 - 76%, respectively. Significant differences of P< 0.005 were noticed from the germination rates of V. subterranea (L.) Verdc subjected to high concentrations of different extracts used. Statistically there was no significant differences between germination rates of Z. mays L. treated with all concentrations of leaf leachates against germination rates of the seeds treated with distilled water. Outstandingly, the germination rate and early growth of Z. mays L. were promoted by less concentrated extracts of leaf, root, stem bark and soil which then suggest future use of allelochemicals from Androstachys johnsonii Prain for promotion of maize plant productions. Based on the beneficial attributes of allelochemicals from Androstachys johnsonii on the germination and growth of Z. mays L., planting of Androstachys johnsonii Prain in maize fields is highly recommended.

Larvicidal potency of Spatholobus parviflorus (DC.) Kuntze against Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae).

Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) is one well-established vector of a series of mosquito-borne diseases. The larval stage of their life cycle is best suited to control a large population of mosquitoes easily. Controlling the larval stage of such vectors can also control the spread of the pandemic disease through the vector. Larvicides, which are synthetic, is a promising solution now. This kind of synthetic larvicides affects humans and animals equally and damages the environment through unscientific and widespread use. Beyond that, their continued use could create selection pressure and, thus, a resistant population. Plant-based larvicide is a way to overcome the shortcomings of synthetic larvicides. This study infers the larvicidal potency of Spatholobus parviflorus (DC.) Kuntze solvent extracts (SPSE) and crude water extracts (SPWE) against Aedes albopictus, using the dose-response larvicidal assay. The assay conducted using different concentrations of extract (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5%) and standard (bleaching powder), with the concentrations 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05%. The nourishment of the larvae is maintained by supplementing each of the Petri plates with 10 mg of larval food. The mortality of the nascent is recorded in a successive time interval of 12 h, up to 72 h. A significant (P<0.05) mortality was observed in SPWE of the leaf. The observed data analyses using Log probit analysis, and the highest LC50 (lethal concentration to kill 50% of the population), 0.57 mg/ml, is observed at the 24th h of the larvicidal assay. The lowest LC50, 0.35 mg/ml is observed at the 60th h of the larvicidal assay. In conclusion, the results show that S. parviflorus leaf water extract (SLWE) has significant larvicidal activity against A. albopictus, and this is the first account for the larvicidal potency of S. parviflorus. The study concludes that S. parviflorus is an excellent candidate plant for the development of a plant-based larvicide. This possibly influences a reduction in the use of typical household bleach and conventional chemical larvicides.

An Indigenous Study on Malassezial Susceptibility Testing by Selected Plant Extracts

he present study was carried out to evaluate the antifungal activity of tenselected plant extracts of Nelumbo nucifera,Senna auriculata, Salvia officinalis, Tagetes erecta,Psidium guajava,Argemone mexicana,Hibiscussabdariffa, Hemidesmus indicus, Moringa oleifera,andGlycyrrhizaglabrawith ketoconazole as the positive reference standard. Their antimalassezial efficacy was tested using different concentrations of extracts in various solvents. The preliminary screening of plant extracts was determined by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and among the tenplantextracts, aqueous extract of S.officinalisand ethanol extract of H.sabdariffaextract exhibited potent antifungal activity against Malasseziafurfur. The purification and partial characterization of H. sabdariffa and S.officinalis were carriedout by Thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique.The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of H.sabdariffa andS.officinalisagainst M. furfur by Kirby Bauer method was0.312mg/mLand 0.625mg/mLrespectively against 50 μg/mLof Ketoconazole which was used as the standard. The phytochemical analysis of S.officinalis and H.sabdariffa revealed the presence of terpenoids, steroids, tannins, and polyphenols of which the concentration of polyphenols and flavonoids were significantly higher in S.officinalisand H.sabdariffa respectively. Thus, the present study concludes that S.officinalisand H.sabdariffa havea potent activity against M. furfur, thereby reducing the prevalence of dandruff, provided the future perspectives of the study that includecharacterization and cytotoxicity of the compound.©2022Caproslaxy Media. All rights reserved.

Antidiabetic and Antiinflammatory Potentials of Sida Acuta Leaf Ethanolic Extract

Introduction: Sida acuta is known as common wireweed, and has a pantropical distribution. Antioxidants fight against free radicals and prevent a variety of diseases. Anti Inflammatory reaction is the ability of a substance to reduce swelling or inflammation. Antidiabetic substances are defined as agents which help in maintaining the level of glucose in the blood.&#x0D; Aim: Present study was aimed at assessing the in vitro antidiabetic and antiinflammatory potentials of Sida acuta leaf ethanolic extract. &#x0D; Methods: Sida acuta was purchased and its ethanolic extract was prepared. Protein denaturation inhibition, DPPH radical scavenging, alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory assays were carried out in order to check in vitro antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antidiabetic activity spectrophotometrically.. The data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ONE-WAY ANOVA) to see the statistical significant among the different concentrations of extract. P&lt;0.05 levels were considered as statistical significance.&#x0D; Results: The extract of Sida acuta was compared with aspirin and an antiinflammatory reaction was analysed. Statistically significant at the levels of p &lt; 0.05.The extract proved to contain antiinflammatory and antioxidant reactions. Alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase activity was analysed by comparing the extract with metformin.&#x0D; Conclusion: Sida acuta can be used for the management and treatment of various diseases and disorders. It can be used for the treatment of diabetes and cancer.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Green Chilli in Alzheimer’s Disease

Pharmacognosy Research,2022,14,1,61-70.DOI:10.5530/pres.14.1.10Published:December 2021Type:Research ArticleAuthors:Pandurangan Perumal, and Desmond Yong Hua Chong Author(s) affiliations:Pandurangan Perumal1,*Desmond Yong Hua Chong2 1Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy, Tirupathi, Andrapradesh, INDIA. 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Asian Institute of Medicine Science Technology (AIMST ) University, Bedong, Kedah DarulAman, MALAYSIA. Abstract:Background: Green chilli pepper (Capsicum annum L. car frutescens) is popular as a spice used in many cuisines across the world. Capsaicin, as the pharmacologically active composition of chilli pepper, has been shown to possess antioxidant, local analgesic, and hypoglycemic effects according to many studies conducted on the red chilli pepper. However, there is no data associated with the role of green chilli peppers in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) caused by capsaicin, rather than red chilli peppers. Objectives: To evaluate the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and beta-secretase enzyme inhibition of ethanolic extract of Capsicum frutescens (EECF) or known as green chilli in in-vitro manner. Materials and Methods: Extraction was carried out on the fruits of Capsicum frutescens with ethanol. Its ethanolic extract in different concentrations was applied as the analyte to test its anti-acetylcholinesterase activity and enzymatic inhibitory action on the beta-secretase. Donepezil with various concentrations was also prepared as the control set for comparison of effect with EECF. Both the analytes were tested using the QuantiChromTM and BACE-1 FRET assay kits, for evaluation of inhibition activity against acetylcholinesterase and BACE-1 respectively. Results: There is significant increase in the percentage of inhibition against acetylcholinesterase and BACE-1 when tested with increased concentration of EECF. Compared to inhibitory effects by EECF, donepezil exhibited higher values of IC50 against both the assayed key enzymes, though also demonstrated vital inhibitory actions in both assays. EECF also showed higher potency in controlling AD progression in terms of inhibition against acetylcholinesterase, shown by IC50 value for the acetylcholinesterase, if compared to IC50 value for BACE-1. Conclusion: Green chilli or EECF has potential to have inhibitory action on acetylcholinesterase and beta-secretase enzymes in patients with AD, but limited to optimum concentration or dose. Keywords:Acetylcholinesterase, Alzheimer’s disease, Betasecretase, Capsaicin., Green chilliView:PDF (344.54 KB) Full Text

Bioremediation of Kitchen wastes through Mushroom Cultivation and Study their Phytochemical and Antioxidant Potential using GCMS Chromatogram

Mushrooms are liked for his or her delicious flavor, low calorific value and high protein contents, vitamins of B group and minerals. During this present study focused the cultivation of Calocybe indica Mushroom using Composted Organic wastes arising from Cauvery College Hostel Kitchen. The cultivated Mushroom studied for Phytochemical analysis and that they show Alkaloides, Steroids, Terpenoides, Flavonoides, Phenols, Tanins, Aminoacids and Proteins.The Reducing sugar and Carbohydrates were absent. During Antibacterial activity of Ethanolic extract of Calocybe shows higher Antibacterial activity. While performing Chromotographic studies like Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy standards under different concentration of extracts shows all non-essential aminoalkanoic acid profile and Benzene, Etheyl-, Benzene,1,2,3-Trimethyl,1-Octadecene,1,4-Benzenedicarboxylicacid,bis(2-ethylexyl) ester, Cyclohexane, Eicosyl,Carbonic, Methyl nonyl ester,Phenol,2-(1-phenyethyl) promising antimicrobial agents and n-Hexadecanoic acid, 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid(Z,Z) , Phenol,2-(1-Phenylethyl) and Piperazine-2,5-dione,1,4-dimethyl-3,3’-bis- compounds showed anti oxidant potentials. All the results showed the Calocybe indica may be a promising nutritive Mushroom hence it should recommended for protein malnourished Children and adults as part of their regular diet.

An Investigation on Biological Efficacies of Fruits and Leaves of Ficus auriculata (Timilo) from Kanchanpur District, Nepal

Ficus auriculata is a native Asian plant found in the temperate, tropical and subtropical regions and has been commonly used in traditional medicine and as fodder in animal husbandry. The comparative antibacterial and antioxidant efficacies of leaves and fruits have been studied using their hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts. Phytochemical screening exhibited the presence of important secondary metabolites like alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids and tannins. Antibacterial activities of fruit and leaf extracts in different concentrations were studied against E. coli, S. aureus and S. typhi by agar well diffusion method. The highest inhibition was found to be in 1% methanol extracts of leaves and fruits with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) ± 16 mm against S. aureus followed by E. coli and S. typhi with ZOI ±14 mm. The crude and 50% extracts of various solvents of both fruits and leaves were found to be ineffective against bacteria. These results reveal that there is a significant antibacterial activity in methanol extract of both fruit and leaves, against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of fruits and leaves were studied by DPPH radical scavenging assay. The IC50 values of methanol extract of leaves and fruit for DPPH radical scavenging assay were found to be 114.84 μg/mL and 78.28 μg/mL, respectively. These results reveal that methanol fruit extract exhibits better antioxidant activity as compared to the leaves. The result of this investigation has revealed the applicability of this plant as a potential source of several bioactive compounds for the discovery of new and efficacious drugs in days to come.

Effects of Adper™ Scotchbond™ 1 XT, Clearfil™ SE Bond 2 and Scotchbond™ Universal in Odontoblasts.

This study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity of commercially available adhesive strategies—etch-and-rinse (Adper™ Scotchbond™ 1 XT, 3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA, SB1), self-etch (Clearfil™ SE Bond 2, Kuraray Noritake Dental Inc., Tokyo, Japan, CSE), and universal (Scotchbond™ Universal, 3M Deutschland GmbH, Neuss, Germany, SBU). MDPC-23 cells were exposed to adhesives extracts in different concentrations and exposure times. To access cell metabolic activity, viability, types of cell death, and cell cycle, the MTT assay, SRB assay, double labeling with annexin V and propidium iodide, and labeling with propidium iodide/RNAse were performed, respectively. Cultures were stained with May-Grünwald Giemsa for qualitative cytotoxicity assessment. The SB1, CSE, and SBU extracts determined a significant reduction in cell metabolism and viability. This reduction was higher for prolonged exposures, even for less concentrated extracts. CSE extracts significantly reduced the cell’s metabolic activity at higher concentrations (50% and 100%) from 2 h of exposure. After 24 and 96 h, a metabolic activity reduction was verified for all adhesives, even at lower concentrations. These changes were dependent on the adhesive, its concentration, and the incubation time. Regarding cell viability, SBU extracts were the least cytotoxic, and CSE was significantly more cytotoxic than SB1 and SBU. The adhesives determined a reduction in viable cells and an increase in apoptotic, late apoptosis/necrosis, and necrotic cells. Moreover, on cultures exposed to SB1 and CSE extracts, a decrease in the cells in S and G2/M phases and an increase in the cells in G0/G1 phase was observed. Exposure to SBU led to an increase of cells in the S phase. In general, all adhesives determined cytotoxicity. CSE extracts were the most cytotoxic and were classified as having a higher degree of reactivity, leading to more significant inhibition of cell growth and destruction of the cell’s layers.

INTERPRETATION OF ANTI-UROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF HIBISCUS ROSA SINENSIS FLOWER HYDRO ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT BY UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRY &amp; TURBIDIMETRY

The main objective of this study is to determine efficacy of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flowers hydro alcoholic extract used for dissolve Calcium oxalate stone by treating stones with different concentrations of extracts. UV Spectroscopy instrument were used to detected absorbance of light by the crystal in the present in the herbal extract in different concentration. Turbidity meter is the instrument which is used to determine the turbidity in the sample. As a result, this study data show hydro alcoholic extract of the hibiscus rosa sinensis show significant reduction in crystal size reduction 10% to 60% inhibition of crystal formation in the presence of different concentration 100 μg, 500 μg ,1000 μg. The studies data support significant inhibition of crystal formation using hydro alcoholic extract of hibiscus flower for vitro anti-urolithic activity. The formation of suitable dosage form and use on the animal models will be increase the chance of better results.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Effect of Oenothera biennis by Using Different Concentrations of Extract against Staphylococcus Aureus -An experimental study

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a superbug which is infamous for causing wound infections. Unfortunately it is developing resistance quickly against commonly used antibiotics. Antimicrobial drugs effective against methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus are too expensive to afford by impoverish population in our country. However, herbal medicines are seen to be equally effective with less severe adverse effects. There is need to explore alternative medicines of botanical origin to cure dangerous bacteria. Oenothera biennis contains phytochemicals which have antimicrobial activity against some gram negative and gram positive microorganisms. Objectives: To evaluate the minimum inhibitory concentration of Oenothera biennis seed extract against staphylococcus aureus by using different concentrations. Study Design: In Vitro antibacterial study. Settings: The study was conducted in microbiology laboratory of Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore. Duration: One year. Methodology: Oenothera biennis extract was prepared in 95% Ethanol in biochemistry laboratory of Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) Lahore. Staphylococcus aureus isolates were procured from microbiology laboratory and American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strains used as quality control for MSSA &amp; MRSA, were purchased from musaji adam and sons Karachi (imports@science-ware.com). The antibacterial activity of oenothera biennis seed extract against staphylococcus aureus was tested by deep well broth microdilution and disc diffusion method. Different concentrations of stock solutions (100μg/10μl to 500μg/10μl of DMSO) were used to test antimicrobial effect to establish dose response relationship. Results: Results were measured and compared according to Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Oenothera biennis seed extract inhibited growth of methicillin sensitive and methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus isolate from laboratory as well as ATCC strains with minimum inhibitory concentration 530μg/10μl solvent. Whereas other concentrations 50 μg/10μl ,100 μg/10μl ,150 μg/10μl ,200 μg/10μl ,250 μg/10μl ,300 μg/10μl ,350 μg/10μl ,400 μg/10μl ,450 μg/10μl and 500 μg/10μl had no effect at all. Conclusion: Oenothera biennis extract inhibits growth of staphylococcus aureus at concentration of 530μg remarkably. This can inhibit both MSSA &amp; MRSA already proved in our study. This could be beneficial as an alternate medicine. However, further research is needed to be conducted for animal study. Key words: Oenothera biennis, ethanolic extract, Methicillin sensitive, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MSSA, MRSA.

Superior removal of methylene blue using green fabricated pomegranate peel/nano-hematite composite: reusability, isotherm and kinetics study

Green hematite nanoparticles were synthesized using pomegranate peel extract of different concentrations (2 g, 4 g, and 6 g) and in the presence of the peel residuals. The obtained products defined as PP/GNH (I), PP/GNH (II), and PP/GNH (III) referring to the hematite nanoparticles at different concentrations compositing with pomegranate peel residuals. The products were addressed as green adsorbents for methylene blue dye contaminants in water. They exhibit superior adsorption properties with theoretical qmax of 666, 1111, and 909 mg/g for PP/GNH (I), PP/GNH (II), and PP/GNH (III), respectively. The equilibration times were attained after 480 min for the three products. The isotherm and kinetic studies indicate that the adsorption systems for the synthetic materials are of chemisorption type. The adsorption behaviors of these systems can be demonstrated according to Pseudo-second order as well as Elovich kinetic model. Furthermore, the adsorption results reflected a mono-layer uptake form which was more suitable for the Langmuir model than other investigated models. The products also showed high performances when it comes to remove the dyes investigated such as methylene blue Congo red, safranin, methyl orange, and crystal violet. Finally, green fabricated nano hematite/pomegranate peel composites are of high stability and can be reused for five cycles. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

The Effects of Different Concentrations of Bay Leaf Extract on Shelf Life of Preserved Scad Fish

Scad fish (Decapterus kurroides) is the most productive fish species. To provide the added value, fishermen can process scad fish into various forms of processed products, such as preserved fish, which extend the shelf life. In order to extend the shelf life of canned fish, natural preservatives could be used that contain antimicrobial agents, such as bay leaves. The present study aimed to determine the effects of bay leaf extract in different concentrations on the shelf life of preserved scad fish. In the present study, the completely randomized design was used as an experimental research method. The treatments given differed in terms of the concentration of the bay leaf extract. The groups were treated as the scad fish without bay leaf extract (A), scad fish soaked in 6% of bay leaf extract (B), scad fish soaked in 7% of bay leaf extract (C), scad fish soaked in 8% of bay leaf extract (D), and scad fish soaked in 9% of bay leaf extract (E). The analyzed parameters included the total plate count, pH, and water level test using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The supportive parameters observed included an organoleptic test. The results indicated that the lowest total bacterial count from the beginning to the end of the experiment (18 hours) occurred on treatment C (7% of bay leaf extract addition), which was 1.54 × 103 to 5.85 × 106. Regarding the water level test from the beginning to the end of the experiment, treatment A (control) was not significantly different from other treatments. The difference in the concentration of bay leaf extract on scad fish effectively inhibited the growth of bacterial colonies. In conclusion, adding bay leaf extract to scad fish could inhibit bacteria for up to 12 hours. Treatment C (7% of bay leaf extract) gave the best results since this concentration level could inhibit the bacteria on scad fish.

Soybean Germination Response to Algae Extract and a Static Magnetic Field Treatment

The present study examines the separate and synergistic effects of macroalgal extract and static magnetic field (SMF) on the germination of soybean seeds (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), cv. Abelina, seedling growth, chlorophyll, and carotenoids content in leaves. Algal extract was produced from freshwater green macroalga (Cladophora glomerata) using ultrasound-assisted extraction. The germination tests were conducted in two stages. Firstly, different concentrations of extracts, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%, were applied to a paper substrate. The best results (taking into account germination percentage, seedlings length and weight, and pigments content in leaves) were observed for 20% and 80% extracts. At the same stage, germination of seeds exposed to SMF (exposure times for 3 and 12 min and magnetic inductions of 250 and 500 mT) was studied. The best developed seedlings were determined for the group treated at 3 min with a magnetic induction of 250 mT. In the final step, the simultaneous effects of 20% and 80% algal extracts and treatment with 3 min at 250 mT SMF were tested. Taking into account all the parameters, the simultaneous use of 20% extract and 3 min of 250 mT magnetic induction is recommended.

Determination of The Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activity of Paulownia tomentosa Steud.

Paulownia tomentosa, used in traditional Chinese medicine, is used in the treatment of diseases such as bronchitis and asthma thanks to its biological activities. In addition, it is known to have antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer effects and it is also used in the treatment of diseases such as dysentery, gonorrhea, hemorrhoids. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from methanol solvent of flower and petal parts of P. tomentosa was determined according to the disk diffusion method. The antioxidant activity of the different concentrations of the extracts obtained from methanol solvent of flower and petal extracts was determined via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrilhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity method. Anticancer activity of different concentrations of extracts obtained from solvents such as methanol, ethanol and hexane was determined using the 3- (4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test method. As a result, it was found that methanol extract of the flower part of P. tomentosa showed the best antimicrobial activity against S. aureus (18 mm). It was determined that antioxidant activity of P. tomentosa increased depend to increasing concentrations. It was concluded that P. tomentosa has the best cytotoxic effect in hexane extract.

Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Activity of Anthriscus nemorosa on Breast Cancer Cells

Objective: The present study concerns the cytotoxic activity of A. nemorosa different extracts on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and normal cell lines (HFFF). Methods: Different extracts of aerial parts of A. nemorosa were prepared using Soxhlet apparatus. The cytotoxicity of samples was assessed by MTT assay on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and noncancerous cells (HFFF) with different concentrations of extracts in 24 and 48 hours. The most potent extract was fractioned and cytotoxic activity of fractions was considered, As well. A flow cytometry (annexin V/PI) assay has been used for detecting the mechanism of cell death in sample treated cell lines. Moreover, for clarifying volatile components of n-Hexane extract and its 80% and 100% VLC fractions were subjected to GC-MS apparatus. Results: Results indicated that n-Hexane extract and its 80% and 100% VLC fractions exhibited a significant (p&lt;0.001) inhibitory effect on the growth of the MCF-7 cell line compared to the control group. Meanwhile, flow cytometry analysis revealed that potent extract caused cell death through necrosis and 80% and 100% fractions showed different mechanisms (such as autophagy). The major compounds, which maybe were in charge of showing cytotoxic activity were non-terpenoids. Conclusion: This study provides the evidence that in vitro cytotoxic activity of n-Hexane extract and 80% and 100% VLC fractions of A. nemorosa inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cells (MCF7) via a different mechanism.

Safety Profile of Caesalpinia spinosa Aqueous Extract Tested in Oreochromis niloticus Toward Its Application in Dermocosmetics

Herbal extracts have been widely used in dermocosmetics as a source of biomolecules and also as a natural claim. Fruits from Caesalpinia spinosa show great potential for their polyphenolic content, preservative, and film-forming features, as previously reported in specialized literature; however, the toxicity requires investigation. We explored Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia) in larval, alevins, and juvenile stages to evaluate the ex vivo and in vivo genotoxicity and in vivo acute and chronic toxicity of C. spinosa aqueous extract in different concentrations. Cytotoxicity, animal behavior, morphological deformities, and DNA damage were evaluated. Our results showed genotoxic effect in ex vivo tests, but no DNA damage in in vivo erythrocytes. We suggest a mechanism of cell permeability involved in the toxicity of C. spinosa aqueous extract. Internal validation showed the feasibility of O. niloticus applied for toxicity evaluation. Further studies could contribute for better understanding the uses and safety of C. spinosa in cosmetics and topical pharmaceutical products.

Screening of some Indonesian medicinal plant extracts for anti quorum sensing activity to prevent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Oreochromis niloticus

Abstract. Pangastuti A, Sari SLA, Budiharjo A, Fitri ST, Sayekti P, Putri SR. 2021. Screening of some Indonesian medicinal plant extracts for anti quorum sensing activity to prevent Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Oreochromis niloticus. Biodiversitas 22: 3517-3522. Aeromonas hydrophila disease is a threat to Indonesia's aquaculture and fishing industries because of its results in mass deaths. Efforts to treat and prevent A. hydrophila infection in fish have so far been limited to the use of antibiotics. The use of these antibiotics can result in bacterial resistance as well as issues related to fish quality and environment. Another option is to target the bacterial quorum sensing (QS) system, a bacterial intercellular communication system that uses signal molecules, regulates the expression of A. hydrophila virulence factors such as exoprotease enzymes, elastase, and biofilms. The expression of A. hydrophila virulence factor can be inhibited by using QS inhibitor compounds, preventing infection from starting. The purpose of this study was to screen some Indonesian medicinal plant extracts for anti-QS activity and then use the selected extract to prevent A. hydrophila infection in Tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). With the administration of extract, QS inhibition was observed in vitro based on the production of violacein in Chromobacterium violaceum; enzyme exoprotease, elastase, and the formation biofilm in A. hydrophila. Tilapia fishes were fed with extract supplementation and then infected with A. hydrophila in an in vivo infection challenge test. These test fishes were divided into six treatment groups given a different concentration of extract in feed (Healthy fish with a concentration of 0 g/100 g of feed as control; infected fish with a concentration of 0 g/100 g of feed; infected fish with a concentration of 0.2 g/100 g of feed; infected fish with a concentration 0.4 g/100 g of feed; infected fish with a concentration of 0.6 g/100 g of feed; infected fish with a concentration of 0.8 g/100 g of feed). Fish were reared for 2 weeks with the frequency of feeding 3 times a day. The variables observed included fish survival rate, behavior (swimming, agility, movement, and frequency of operculum opening), and morphology of the test fish. Data analysis of virulence factors production, fish survival rate, fish appetite, and frequency of operculum opening was carried out using the ANOVA variant test, continued with a 5% DMRT test. Others were analyzed descriptively. Of all the extracts studied, 4 extracts showed inhibition of the production of the violaceum pigment in C. violaceum. Muntingia calabura leaves extract was chosen for further testing due to its ease of availability and safety. The extract was significantly decreased the production of A. hydrophila caseinolytic and elastolytic protease, but had no effect on biofilm formation. In vivo challenge test with A. hydrophila showed better survival rate and fish condition in fish groups that were supplemented with M. calabura extract.

Antifungal and antibacterial activity of the floral ethanolic extract of Mandevilla pohliana (Stadelm.) A. H. Gentry

Mandevilla pohliana is a species belonging to the Apocynaceae family found in Cerrado environments. The bjetive of this study was to evaluate the antifungal and antibacterial action of the floral ethanolic extract of M. pohliana. Flowers of M. pohliana were collected and the ethanolic extract produced by maceration. In different concentrations of extract, antifungal of the genus Candida were determined, and antibacterial activities on Escherichia, Salmonella, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus. Antibiosis activity was observed only for C. guilliermondii with 9-2 mm, for P. aeruginosa with 12-3 mm and for E. faecalis between 10-3 mm at the highest concentrations between 50-500 mg mL-1. The floral ethanolic extract of Mandevilla pohliana showed potential as a natural antifungal and antibacterial agent.

Antibacterial Effect of Calabash (Crescentia Cujete) Leaf and Fruit Extract on Preservation of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa) Leaves with Escherichia Coli

This study was carried out to determine the antibacterial effect of Calabash Leaf and Fruit Extracts on the preservation of lettuce affected with Escherichia coli. Additionally, this was done to assess the following: change in length of lesion on lettuce leaves depending on the effectiveness of the different concentrations of treatments; and significant difference of the extracts. The experimental research design was employed in which 2 set-ups were prepared by setting Calabash Leaf Extract and Calabash Fruit Extract. Each set-up has 3 treatments with different concentrations. The antibacterial activity of different concentrations of extracts was evaluated after 3 days of observation through interpreting the change in the size of the 1 mm purposively-made lesion on lettuce leaves. The investigations were focused on the damaged part measured. t-test results revealed that the t-value calculated was smaller than the critical value at a 5% level of significance, thus the difference is not significant. These findings revealed that the Calabash extracts equally possess a high antibacterial effect against Escherichia coli. The Calabash Leaf and Fruit Extracts can potentially be considered as an alternative tool to prevent plant-tissue deterioration and to prolong the shelf life of crops and vegetables.