Compounds In Ethanol Extract Research Articles

Isolation and Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Compound in Ethanolic Extract of Celery Leaves (Apium graveolens L.)

Celery (Apium graveolens L.) is a plant that belongs to the Apiaceae family and is widely used as a medical plant for low blood pressure, heart tonic, and to prevent cardiovascular disease. This study aims to obtain flavonoid compounds, identify, and test the antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds and crude extracts from celery leaves. The research procedures consisted of four steps, the first of which was a preliminary test. The second step involved isolating and separating flavonoid components by vacuum liquid chromatography, gravitational column chromatography, and preparative thin layer chromatography. The third step was to identify flavonoid compounds using reagent shift, FTIR, and LCMS/MS. And finally, antioxidant activity was evaluated using the DPPH method. The preliminary test result showed that the ethanolic extract of leaves and stems had a total flavonoid content of 13.99 and 2.46 mg QE/g of dry weight. Both dry leaves and crude extract of celery leaves contained alkaloids, saponin, flavonoid, tannin, quinone, and steroid/triterpenoid, as determined by phytochemical screening. Isolation and separation of flavonoids yielded A2.I and A2.II isolates, with respective weights of 8 mg and 14 mg. Identification of flavonoid compounds using reagent shift showed that two isolates have the basic structure of the flavone group. A2.I isolate had OH groups at 4’, 5, and 7, while A2.II isolate had OH groups at 3’, 4’, 5, and 7. The FTIR analysis revealed that both compounds contain functional groups, including O-H, C=O, C=C aromatic, C-O ether, C-O alcohol, and C-H aromatic ring. According to LCMS/MS analysis, the molecular weights of A2.I and A2.II were 270 g/mol and 286 g/mol, respectively. All of the identification methods for isolates showed that A2.I was apigenin and A2.II was luteolin. Antioxidant activity by DPPH method for a viscous extract of celery leaves, A2.I, and A2.II were 775.41, 288.95, and 184.35 µg/mL, respectively.

Q-TOF LC-MS compounds evaluation of propolis extract derived from Malaysian stingless bees, Tetrigona apicalis, and their bioactivities in breast cancer cell, MCF7

Propolis is known to exhibit various phytochemical compounds that aid in several biological activities. The current study investigates the phytochemical compounds of ethanolic extract of propolis of Tetrigona apicalis (EEP) using Q-TOF LC-MS, its antioxidant properties using DPPH and ABTS+ radical scavenging assays, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC), using Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminium Chloride method, respectively, as well as proapoptotic effects, based on the selected IC50 of the cytotoxic study conducted for EEP using annexin V-FITC assay. Terpene and polyphenol were among of 17 identified compounds. The EC50 of EEP for DPPH and ABTS+ was 1.78 mg/mL and 1.68 mg/mL, while the EEP exhibited TPC and TFC values of 31.99 mgGAE/g and 66.4 mgQCE/g, respectively in which the parameters were strongly correlated. The IC50 of EEP effectively induces apoptosis in MCF7 cells. In conclusion, EEP possessed important phytochemical compounds that work excellently as antioxidants and anticancer agents.

GC-MS Analysis of the Active Compound in Ethanol Extracts of White Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and Pharmacological Effects

Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) has been utilized since antiquity and is considered the king of spices due to its wide use. This study aims to analyze the active compounds of white pepper through GC-MS and their pharmacological effects. Pepper seeds were extracted using 96% ethanol as solvent by the maceration method. The active compounds in the dry extract were then analyzed by GC-MS. Identification of the active compound was carried out by matching it to the Willey7 Library database. Based on the results chromatogram, is known that there are 127 components of the compound, of which there are 11 main components. Most of the main components are alkaloids and have various pharmacological effects discussed. Piperidine, Caryophyllene, and Ethyl iso-allocholate are some of active compounds in ethanol extract. Ethyl iso-allocholate acts as an anti-inflammatory with a strong affinity for the target protein and also acts as an antiviral for SARS-CoV by inhibiting the attachment of the viral genome to target proteins, namely angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and main protease (MPro).

Evaluation of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) crop by-products as sources of bioactive compounds

This study was performed to evaluate different by-products of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) production (leaf, inflorescence and stem) as sources of valuable bioactive compounds, considering different cultivars and states of maturation. The total phenolic and chlorophyll contents as well as the antioxidant, ACE-inhibitory and antimicrobial activities were quantified from the ethanolic extracts of the different broccoli tissues at two different maturation stages from five cultivars (‘TSX 007′, ‘Monaco’, ‘BRO 2047′, ‘Parthenon’ and ‘Summer purple’). The major compounds in ethanolic extracts were identified by HPLC-UV-ESI-MS/MS, whereas chlorophylls were determined by UV–vis spectrometry. The leaf extracts showed the highest antioxidant activities and were the best sources of chlorophylls and phenolic compounds, constituting mainly kaempferol and quercetin glucosides. These compounds were more abundant in extracts from the ‘Summer Purple’ variety and commercial state. Glucosinolates were more abundant in the inflorescence extracts, principally in the flower bud state. The stem and inflorescence extracts, mainly from the ‘TSX 007′ variety, showed a strong inhibitory effect on the three bacteria studied (Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria innocua), which was related to a higher concentration of fatty acid derivates. The findings suggest that broccoli by-products are useful and value-added products as sources of bioactive compounds, providing a sustainable alternative to reduce residues from this crop.

Isolation and characterization of compounds in ethanolic extract of Albizia coriaria (Welw ex. Oliver) leaves: a further evidence of its ethnomedicinal diversity

BackgroundAlbizia coriaria Welw ex. Oliver (A. coriaria) is one of the treasured medicinal plants in Africa. In continuity of our study verifying the claim of using its leaves for managing bacterial diseases and oxidative stress-mediated complications in Ugandan traditional phytomedicine, we characterized its most active (ethanolic) extract using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thin layer chromatography, column chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.ResultsUV–Vis absorption peaks occurred between 338 and 664 nm, which indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids. FTIR spectrum of the extract indicated the presence of O–H, C=O and aromatic–C=C which confirmed the presence of alcohols, carboxylic acids and aromatics in the extract. Four known bioactive triterpenoids: lupeol (1), lupenone (2), betulinic acid (3), betulin (4) along with an aromatic alcohol: benzyl alcohol (5) were tentatively identified in different fractions of A. coriaria ethanolic leaf extract. Compound 4 was identified for the first time in this species.ConclusionsAll the compounds identified in the fractions of the A. coriaria ethanolic leaf extract have reported pharmacological activities, including antioxidant and antibacterial activities. This supports the traditional use of A. coriaria leaves in the management of oxidative stress-mediated conditions and bacterial diseases in Uganda.

The phenolic compounds of ethanolic extract of date seed (Phoenix dactylifera L.) exert hepatoprotective activity on rat induced carragenan

Background: Hepatotoxic effects can occur with the use of toxic drugs or standard doses, but in the long term or chronic therapy. In addition to the drugs, carrageenan also causes hepatotoxic after 12 hours of induction intraperitoneally. The effect of liver cell repair is highly related to the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds in date seeds. Objective: The present study determined the total phenolic levels and hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extracts of date palm seeds (EEBK) in carrageenan-induced rats. Method: Determination of total phenolics in palm ethanol extract samples was carried out with the Folin- Ciocalteu reagent. This study was the pre and post-test control group design. Examination of SGOT and SGPT levels was performed by the kinetic method based on IFCC. Data was analyzed using paired t-test and ANOVA test. Results: The total phenolic content of the ethanol extract of date seeds of Deglet Noor variety was 8.521% GAE. The ethanol extract of date seed (EEBK) with the dose of 150 mg/kg BW showed the highest reduction in SGOT levels (34.80 U / L). The highest average decrease in SGPT levels occurred at a therapeutic dose of 300 mg/kg BW was 16.20 U / L compared to doses of 150 and 600 mg/kg bb (11.60 and 15.60 U / L respectively). Conclusion: The ethanol extract of date seed (EEBK) with the doses of 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg BW had hepatoprotective activity in carrageenan-induced rats as observed from a significant decreased in SGOT and SGPT levels (p <0.05). Key word: Date seed, phenolic total, extract, SGPT, SGOT

DPP-IV Inhibitory Activity of the Ethanolic Extract of Red Gedi Leaves Abelmoschus manihot L. Medic

BACKGROUND: At present, there are many drugs used to manage diabetes including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-IV) inhibitors which target insulin secretion. Abelmoschus manihot L. Medic, an endemic species of Minahasa, Indonesia, has been used as an antidiabetic herbal medicine. AIM: In this study, we studied its metabolites activities, in silico and in vitro, as inhibitor for DPP-IV, thus regulating insulin secretion. RESULTS: Of 38 identified metabolites, when docked into the catalytic site DPP-IV, 10 showed good binding energy within range of the standard gliptin drugs, that is, hibiscetin, gossypentin, gossypetin - 3-glucoside, myricetin, myricetin 3-glucoside, alpha spinasterol, quercetin, syringaresinol, stigmasterol, and isoquercetin. Three of those ten metabolites showed Ki within standard drugs values, that is, gossypetin, alpha spinasterol, and stigmasterol. The profile of molecular dynamic simulation, total energy and root mean square deviation of those metabolites were all similar with the standard gliptin drugs and predicted good stability of the complexes. The subsequent in vitro assay determining DPP-IV activity of the red Gedi leaves extract demonstrated that indeed the extract inhibited DPP-IV activity with IC50 860.67 μg/mL. Further studies are ongoing to prove the antidiabetic properties of the whole as well as isolated single compounds of the extract in particular gossypetin, alpha spinasterol, and stigmasterol as DPP-IV inhibitors. CONCLUSION: Our in silico studies showed that the compounds of ethanolic extract of red Gedi leaves potentially serve as DPP-IV inhibitors. Based on computed binding affinity, Ki, total energy, RMSD, and stability, the most potent compounds of the extract to inhibit DPP-IV activity are probably gossypetin, alpha spinasterol, and stigmasterol.

Bioactive Compounds in Ethanolic Extract of Strychnos Innocua Root Using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (Gc-Ms)

Medicinal plants are of great relevance with endless pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties. They are source of wide array of secondary metabolites or bioactive compounds/phytochemicals (phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids and saponins) which are capable of discharging numerous biological functions (antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anti-fibrotic, immune-modulatory, cytotoxic, antipyretic, antitumor, antihelminthic, antiprotozoal, antibacterial and so on). The use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis in identifying the bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Strychnos innocua root is a fundamental technique in quantifying the unknown samples, trace elements and contaminants leading to the discovery of novel compounds of pharmaceutical and biomedical importance. Result obtained showed that Strychnos innocua root extract contains 39 bioactive compounds with α-Cubebene (20.09 %) having the highest concentration followed by Dibutyl benzene -1,2 – dicarboxylate (10.17 %), β-Elemenone (10.02 %), 4-Methoxy-2-nitroformanilide (7.21 %), 1-Methyl cyclopropane methanol (5.96 %), 1, 3 propanediol, 2-ethyl 2-hydroxymethyl (3.71 %), Azelaic acid (2.87 %), Glycidol stearate (2.85 %), Chloromethyl 2-chlorodecanoate (2.83 %) and γ-terpinene (2.56 %) respectively. The remaining 29 bioactive compounds have concentrations less than 2 %. It was concluded that all the compounds observed are sources of medication that can be used traditionally in the treatment of human and animal diseases.

Isolation and Identification of Α-Glycosidase Inhibitory and Anti-Ev71 Virus Compounds in Ethanol Extract of Grifola Frondosa

Isolation and Identification of Α-Glycosidase Inhibitory and Anti-Ev71 Virus Compounds in Ethanol Extract of Grifola Frondosa

Two New Pentacyclic Triterpenoids, an Alkaloid and a Long-chain Fatty Acid from Albizia Coriaria (Welw ex. Oliver)

Herein, we report the occurrence of four new compounds in ethanolic extract of Albizia coriaria Welw ex. Oliver leaves along with other compounds previously reported in this species. The compounds were isolated and characterized using column chromatography, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. FTIR spectrum of the extract showed phenolic OH stretching (3362.30 cm-1), C=O (1660.08 cm-1), CO stretching (1369.46 cm-1 and 1319.00 cm-1) and CN stretch (1072.44 cm-1) which confirmed the presence of alcohols, carboxylic acids and nitrogen-containing compounds. Oleanolic acid (1), oleanolic acid acetate (2), pterin-6-carboxylic acid (3), undecanol (4), betulinic acid (5), betulin (6) and benzyl alcohol (7) were tentatively identified in the extract. Compounds 1-4 are being reported for the first time in Albizia coriaria.

Antibiofilm activity and bioactive phenolic compounds of ethanol extract from the Hericium erinaceus basidiome.

Biofilm formation has become a serious health and environmental problem. Mushrooms are now considered a valuable source of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties. The lion's mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus [HE]) has been used as an antimicrobial for ulcers and gastritis in East Asian countries. However, studies on the antibiofilm activities of HE basidiome against biofilm-forming pathogenic bacteria and their bioactive compound profiles are still limited. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibiofilm activity of HE and to identify its phenolic compound profile. The HE inhibitory activities against bacterial growth and biofilm formation were performed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhimurium, Proteus mirabilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. Remarkably, P. mirabilis was the most susceptible bacteria to HE. The total phenolic content (TPC) of HE was 1652 ± 1.06 µg/ml, with protocatechuic acid and p-coumaric acid being the most abundant phenolic compounds as determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (HPLC-MS). This research highlights the possibility of HE as an antibiofilm agent that can be developed as a nutraceutical and natural food preservative.

Studies on physicochemical, phytochemicals, chromatographic profiling & estimation and in-silico study of Negundoside in roots & small branches of Vitex Negundo plant

BackgroundVitex negundo plants beautiful gift of Nature to humankind, and we must conserve for the future. This plant has many uses in Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and Allopathy to treat several diseases like venereal diseases, Urinary problems, cough and fever, asthmatic pain, female reproductive problems. PurposeThis study aimed to perform the comparative phytochemical analysis, chromatographic profiling, and quantification of Negundoside in Vitex negundo root and small branches. We also did in-silico evaluation of Negundoside. MethodsUsing cold maceration extraction, Successful soxhlet extraction processes were used to prepare hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and alcoholic extracts. Preliminary phytochemicals perimeters were carried out in both plant parts extract. We performed chromatographic profiling of Vitex negundo by using HPLC, LC-MS and GC-MS. Negundoside in Vitex negundo plant root and small branches were identified and quantified by using HPLC. ResultsLC-MS showed similarities in the compounds in ethanol extracts of Vitex negundo root and small branches extracts. Similarlry, GC–MS identified many similar volatile compounds of Vitex negundo root and small branches. The results obtained from HPLC analysis show that root contains 0.0696%, and small branches had 0.3818% of negundoside in Vitex negundo. In molecular docking study of negundoside with cox-2 we found binding energy of −7.2 kcal/mol. ConclusionAs per present study, Vitex negundo plant roots could be replaced by small branches. We found in the comparative study there is very close similarity between roots and small branches suggested the further uses of small branches in place of roots.

Antioxidant Activity of Phenolic Compounds in Ethanolic Extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. on Oxidative Stability of Soybean Oil

Background:The current interest in natural antioxidants from vegetable sources, mainly in bioactive antioxidants, has been increasing in Brazil. The Hibiscus sabdariffa L. is rich in bioactive compounds, besides having antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of hibiscus extract on the oxidative stability of soybean oil in an accelerated storage test.Methods:The ethanolic extracts of calyces and hibiscus seeds were evaluated for total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity using DPPH, FRAP, and β-carotene/linoleic acid. The treatments identified as OS, Tocopherol, Extract, and Mixture, were prepared and submitted to accelerated storage at 60°C. The samples were analyzed on days 0, 6, and 12 for peroxides index, p-anisidine, total oxidation value, oxidative stability, and tocopherols.Results:The extract of calyces of hibiscus presented higher amounts of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Therefore, it was added to soybean oil. The Extract treatment promoted greater efficiency to inhibit the formation of primary and secondary compounds of lipid oxidation. It provided high oxidative stability to the soybean oil, in addition to greater retention of tocopherols, mainly α- and γ-tocopherol isomers.Conclusion:Among the treatments studied, Extract promoted greater efficiency in the inhibition of the formation of primary and secondary compounds of lipid oxidation, besides providing greater oxidative stability and greater retention of tocopherols during storage.

Sterols from Jatropha tanjorensis leaves exhibit anti-inflammatory potential: in vitro and in silico studies

BackgroundInflammation has continued to raise global challenges and Jatropha tanrogenesis (JT) is used traditionally for its management. In this study, the in silico and in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of bioactive sterols were investigated. The active compounds of ethanol extract of JT leaves were identified using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC.MS) followed by molecular docking against COX-1 and COX-2 using maestro Schrödinger and pharmacokinetic profile prediction using webserver tools. The in vitro anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidantive potentials were investigated using standard protocols.ResultsGC–MS analysis of ethanol extract of JT leaves revealed the presence of eight (8) compounds, the molecular docking analysis of these compounds demonstrated varying degrees of binding affinities against the target proteins. The extract exhibit concentration dependent anti-oxidant activity with IC50 of 106.383 and 6.00 Fe2+E/g for DPPH and FRAP respectively. The extract showed significant (P < 0.05) reduction in percentage inhibition of hemolysis at 200 µg/ml while non-significant (P > 0.05) increase was observed at 600 and 1000 µg/ml compared to 200 µg/ml of diclofenac sodium. At lower concentration of 25 and 50 µg/ml, percentage inhibition of albumin denaturation was significantly (P < 0.05) higher compared to 200 µg/ml of diclofenac sodium. Drug likeness prediction and ADME/toxicity screening showed that the bioactive compounds possess no side effects.ConclusionThe results obtained in this study suggested that, JT leaves possess anti-inflammatory activity and could be used as a source of new drug.

Quantitative Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis of the Ethanolic Extract of &lt;/i&gt;Tabebuia roseo-alba&lt;/i&gt; (Ridl) Sand

Medicinal plants have been used in folkloric medicine to treat various ailments. The compound investigations of medicinal plants have largely been driven to discover new drugs to treat human diseases. The study was designed to estimate the amount of phytochemical constituents and also to explore the presence of bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Tabebuia roseo-alba using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitative phytochemical analysis was carried out by standard procedures. GC-MS analysis of the plant extracts was performed by using GC SHIMADZU QP2010 system and Gas Chromatograph interfaced to a Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) equipped with RXi -1ms fused silica capillary column. The total phenol content was found to be 112.67+0.03 in ethanolic extract of Tabebuia roseo-alba leaves. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight major peaks from which various bioactive compounds were ascertained. In conclusion, ethanolic extract of Tabebuia roseo-alba possess many bioactive constituents which may be accountable for its various pharmacological activities.

GC-MS analysis of Phytochemical compounds in different extracts of Curculigo orchiodes

The present study investigates the presence of phytochemical compounds in the ethanol and methanol extract of Curculigo orchiodes, it was elucidated using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry. Qualitative phytochemical compounds of both extracts reveal the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenol, protein, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and carbohydrate and have a higher level compounds in ethanol extracts of C.orchiodes. Fifteen bioactive phytocompounds were identified in the ethanol and methanol extract of C.orchiodes. GCMS reveal the presence of 2-Furanmethanol, Cyclopentanone, 2-Methyl, Formic acid, 2-Propenyl ester, 2,5-Furandione, 3-Methyl, phenol 3-Methoxy-, 2-Methoxy-4-vinyl phenol, 1,2-Benzenediol, 3-methoxy-, n-Hexadecanoic acid and phytol which has medicinal property such as antibacterial, antiviral, anticancer and antioxidant. C.orchiodes was assayed for antibacterial activity against the tested microorganisms such as Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella Pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa using well diffusion method. Ethanol extract show the highest zone of inhibition ranging from 3.4±0.200 to 5.28±0.350 compared with standard antibiotics. From this study, results highlight that the ethanol extract of C.orchiodes will be a valuable source for the production of herbal medicine and maintaining human health.

Isolation and identification of squalene as an antioxidative compound from the fruits of Prunus mume

We investigated an antioxidative compound from the fruits of Prunus mume. The DPPH free radical-scavenging activity of ethanol extract was 96.08% ~ 97.71%. The ABTS radical scavenging activities of the ethanol, methanol, and water extracts were 90.05% ~ 95.06%, 88.42% ~ 92.13%, and 69.76% ~ 89.07%, respectively. The antioxidant compounds in ethanol extract from P. mume fruits were isolated using silica gel column chromatography with 100% ethanol. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were measured, and the highest activities were observed in fraction 2. Thereafter, antioxidant compounds in fraction 2 from P. mume fruits were isolated using column chromatography. The fractions were then subjected to secondary column chromatography to obtain subfractions 1–2, which showed high antioxidant activities. Purified subfractions 1–2 were obtained from P. mume fruit fractions using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Among the eight purified subfractions, fraction code D showed the strongest antioxidative effect. Finally, purified subfraction code D was identified as squalene compound by nuclear magnetic resonance and HPLC. Practical applications In recent years, there has been an increasing recognition of the impact of harmful oxidative species on human health, including cancer, metabolic disorders, inflammation, and aging. Research has shown that Prunus mume, commonly known as the plum blossom, has a large number of antioxidative compounds, which are known to have beneficial effects against a variety of disorders. This study along with prior results suggests that squalene may be an antioxidant substance present in P. mume flesh.

LC-MS/MS Screening of Phenolic Compounds in Wild and Cultivated Grapes Vitis amurensis Rupr.

This work represents a comparative metabolomic study of extracts of wild grapes obtained from six different places in the Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories (Far East Russia) and extracts of grapes obtained from the collection of N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (St. Petersburg). The metabolome analysis was performed by liquid chromatography in combination with ion trap mass spectrometry. The results showed the presence of 118 compounds in ethanolic extracts of V. amurensis grapes. In addition, several metabolites were newly annotated in V. amurensis. The highest diversity of phenolic compounds was identified in the samples of the V. amurensis grape collected in the vicinity of Vyazemsky (Khabarovsk Territory) and the floodplain of the Arsenyevka River (Primorsky Territory), compared to the other wild samples and cultural grapes obtained in the collection of N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources.

METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE TOTAL CONTENT OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS IN PLANT EXTRACTS WITH FOLIN-DENIS REAGENT AND FOLIN-CHOCALTEU REAGENT: MODIFICATION AND COMPARISON

A modification of the method for determining the total content of phenolic compounds in plant tissue extracts with the Folin-Denis reagent and the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent has been carried out, allowing to establish the correspondence of the results obtained when using them. The method using the Folin-Denis reagent is adapted for conducting determinations in microvolumes. For the method using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, the concentration of the latter (0.4 N, a 5-fold dilution of the standard reagent) and the composition of the reaction mixture were selected, using which the optical densities of the reduction products of the Folin-Denis and Folin-Ciocalteu reagents containing polyphenols in ethanol extracts from wheat, buckwheat and calus tissue of tea were almost the same. The absorption spectra of the reduction products of these reagents by gallic acid, rutin, (-)-epicatechin, as well as ethanol extracts from wheat, buckwheat, and tea calus tissue, were located in the same region (680–770 nm) and had similar characteristics. Calibration graphs of the dependence of the optical density of solutions on the concentration of standard substances (gallic acid, (-)-epicatechin, rutin), constructed using the Folin-Denis and Folin-Ciocalteu reagents, had a linear character within the concentration range of 10–100 μg/ml and practically coincided. The results of determining the content of phenolic compounds in ethanol extracts of plants, differing in their ability to accumulate, showed very similar and statistically significant values when using these two reagents.

Bioactive compounds of ethanol extract from agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis) and antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi growing on the skin

Abstract. Batubara R, Wirjosentono B, Siregar AH, Harahap U, Tamrin. 2021. Bioactive compounds of ethanol extract from agarwood leaves (Aquilaria malaccensis) and antimicrobial activity against bacteria and fungi growing on the skin. Biodiversitas 22: 2884-2890. Agarwood plants (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) provide numerous benefits and have been cultivated by the people. The leaves containing various compounds, such as flavonoids, glycosides, triterpenoids and tannins with antibacterial and antifungal activities, were reported to be potential for flesh wound healing. Therefore, research on these activities against microorganisms that cause infection in wounds was carried out in vitro. This research aims to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activities of agarwood leaves ethanol extract against three bacteria species (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Propionibacterium acnes) and two fungi species (Candida albicans and Trichophyton sp.) that commonly cause skin infection. The results of this research show that the concentration of ethanol extract of agarwood leaves affected the bacterial and fungal growth inhibition zone’s diameter. The best inhibitory potential occurred at 5% concentration in activity against bacteria and fungi. The extract’s active compounds contributing to the antimicrobial activity were the flavonoids and tannins. Furthermore, GC-MS identification shows that the ethanol extract from agarwood leaves contained Disulfide, dioctyl; 6,7-Dimethylquinoxaline; (E)-1,3-Di-m-tolylallyl ethyl Carbonate; 5-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one; 9-[(tert-Butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]benzo[3,4]cyclod ec-3-ene-1,5-diyne; Neophytadiene, 2-Hexadecen-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]-; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and a-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-aphenoxy-a-phenyl acetonitrile