Compounds In Ethanol Extract Research Articles

Chromatographic profiling of bioactive polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant evaluation of ethnobotanical leafy vegetables (Amaranthus spinosus and Glinus oppositifolius) from the hilly regions of Bangladesh

Amaranthus spinosus and Glinus oppositifolius are leafy vegetables commonly consumed by indigenous populations in the Bandarban hill tracts of Bangladesh due to their distinct sensory characteristics and therapeutic properties. This study aimed to analyze the bioactive polyphenolic compounds in ethanolic extracts of both plants using HPLC-DAD and evaluate their antioxidant potential. Results revealed that G. oppositifolius had higher total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, total antioxidant activity and IC50 values compared to A. spinosus. However, A. spinosus exhibited a higher total tannin content. The chromatographic analysis identified various bioactive compounds, including gallic acid, epicatechin, quercetin, catechin, rutin hydrate, kaempferol, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid in A. spinosus. Similarly, G. oppositifolius contained gallic acid, epicatechin, quercetin, catechin, rutin hydrate, caffeic acid, trans-ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, trans cinnamic acid, and vanillin. These polyphenol-rich extracts possess significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making them promising candidates for nutraceuticals, functional foods, and industrial applications.

Biological Properties And GC-MS Identification of Compounds of Ethanol Extracts and Volatile Oils From Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi and Citrus reticulata

Biological Properties And GC-MS Identification of Compounds of Ethanol Extracts and Volatile Oils From Citrus sinensis, Citrus paradisi and Citrus reticulata

Micropropagation of Zuccagnia punctata, an argentine medicinal plant, by means of “in vitro” technology to promove its conservation and the sustainable production of bioactive compounds

Zuccagnia punctata Cav. (“jarilla poposa”) is a monotypic argentine native medicinal plant used by indigenous communities for the treatment of several pathologies. The pharmacological properties have been scientifically validated and its potential use in phytocosmetic and pharmaceutic industry as antiaged, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, antioxidant, antibacterial and antimicotic has been previously demonstrated. However, the species has a low propagation rate in natural conditions and has been included in the preliminary red list of endangered plants in category 3. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methodologies leading to its conservation and propagation to achieve its sustainable use. The objective of this work is to perform a micropropagation protocol for Z. punctata species for the sustainable use and conservation of this species. Furthermore, the study evaluated also the impact of “in vitro” propagation on the content of bioactive compounds of ethanolic extracts obtained from Z. punctata plants obtained “in vitro” with collected wild plants. Seeds have been used as mother material. The seed germination to obtain explants were performed on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) without plant growth regulators (PGRs) containing sucrose, agar, and ascorbic acid. The same medium was employed for the multiplication of shoots. “In vitro” rooting was achieved in liquid and semisolid medium, and a higher yield was obtained in the latter. The plants were transferred into commercial substrate and acclimatized in a greenhouse. The micropropagated plants (MP) had a high content of total phenolic compounds similar to those obtained from wild adult plants (WAP) collected in the Monte Desert. The flavonoid content of MP was higher than that of WAP. The main chalcones identified in WAP, 2′,4′ dihydroxychalcone (DHC) and 2′,4′-dihydroxy-3′-methoxychalcone (DHMC) were also present in the MP with a rate 1/1, and 1/3 in WAP. The extracts obtained from the MP showed antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activity, similar to WAP. The “in vitro” propagation and acclimatization of Z. punctata constitutes a fundamental tool to achieve large-scale multiplication of this species in the future and the sustainable production of bioactive compounds with commercial applications. Reimplantation in the natural habitat could prevent the loss of this medicinal genetic resource.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of extracts and α-pyrones isolated from Cantinoa stricta.

This study evaluated the composition and the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extracts and two isolated compounds, anamarine (ANA) and 10-epi-olguine (eOL), obtained from the leaves of Cantinoa stricta (Lamiaceae). Crude ethanolic extract (EEt) and dichloromethane extract (DCM), selected based on NMR data, were submitted to pharmacological tests in male Swiss mice. The oral administration of EEt and DCM significantly reduced the second phase of formalin-induced nociception (60%), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mechanical hyperalgesia (90%), and carrageenan (Cg)-induced edema (25%). ANA and eOL, the major compounds in EEt and DCM extracts, administered orally or locally (in the paw), also reduced the LPS-induced mechanical hyperalgesia (Oral ID50 1.9 and 3.9mg/kg; Local ID50 93.4 and 677.3ng, respectively) without changing the thermal acute nociception or the motor performance of the animals. Local administration of ANA and eOL also reduced Cg-induced edema (40 and 23%, respectively). These isolated compounds did not change the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, prostaglandin E2, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, or forskolin but reversed the hyperalgesia induced by dopamine, epinephrine, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The hyperalgesia induced by epinephrine was reversed in male but not in female mice, in which this response is not dependent on protein kinase C (PKC). These results suggest thatC. strictaextracts possess antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity which is related to the presence of ANA and eOL. Differently from the known analgesics, these substances seem to exert their action mainly interfering with the sympathetic component of pain, possibly with PKC.

Survey of Medicinal and Invasive Weeds in Paddy Field – Phytochemical and GC-MS Profiling of Cyanotis axillaris R. & S.

This study aims to determine the dominant weed species associated with rice crop fields in the Eppodhumvendran region of Thoothukudi district, Tamil Nadu and to analyze the phytochemicals, identify the bioactive compounds in ethanol extract using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and find their bioactivity using prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) prediction in Cyanotis axillaris. The documentation of medicinal weeds was carried out with the help of traditional local healers in Eppodhumvendran region. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of C. axillaris were performed to evaluate the chemical profiling of the extract. A total of 25 plant species regarded as invasive species/weeds were identified with the help of traditional local healers. The most commonly mentioned plant family was the Poaceae with a total of five species followed by the Euphorbiaceae, Asteraceae and Commelinaceae. Among these, C. axillaris is being studied for its potentiality due to its strong therapeutic value. The aerial plant part contains phytoconstituents such as alkaloids, glycosides, quinones, phenolics, steroids and terpenoids. The GC-MS results revealed 30 bioactive compounds, which were predicted using the PASS prediction method. The study highlights the importance of weeds in the paddy field ecosystem. The results reveal that C. axillaris contains various phytocomponents and that more research into their phytopharmaceutical relevance is required in the future.

Metabolomic study on the effect of Indonesian propolis in hypertensive rats

Context: Hypertension is a health problem that is a major factor triggering cardiovascular diseases; however, effective treatment has not been found. Aims: To evaluate the effectiveness of Indonesian propolis in hypertension treatment through metabolomic study. Methods: A total of 36 Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups, including standard diet group, high-NaCl diet group, high-NaCl diet + captopril group (25 mg/kg), high-NaCl diet + propolis from Riau Archipelago group, high-NaCl diet + propolis from Lampung group, high-NaCl diet + propolis from South Sulawesi group. An 8% NaCl diet was used to induce hypertension for 3 weeks, while 200 mg/ kg propolis was administered for 1 week following the induction. The bioactive compounds of ethanol extract of propolis were identified using UHPLC. Moreover, the metabolomic profile was performed using LC-MS/MS. Data was processed using principal component analysis and was used for metabolic pathway analysis. Results: All propolis samples significantly ameliorated the blood pressure of hypertensive rats. The metabolites that were mainly found in rat serum were amino acids, glycerophospholipids, and acylcarnitine. Rats administered with propolis from South Sulawesi had the closest metabolite profile to the standard group, where L-acetylcarnitine could be the potential marker of hypertension. Several metabolic pathways, including the degradation of tryptophan, β-fatty acid oxidation, degradation of threonine, and 2-oxobutanoic acid, were the most impaired pathways in hypertension. Conclusions: Indonesian propolis, especially from South Sulawesi, could be used for controlling blood pressure.

Anticancer Activity of Rosella Flowers (Hibiscus Sabdariffa l.) In HepG2 cells

The natural ingredients of rosella flowers have the potential as natural anti-cancer and chemopreventive agents, contain secondary metabolite compounds with cancer therapeutic mechanisms with inhibiting and killing cancer cells and their development through inhibition of apoptosis (cell death program) and in vitro inhibited cell flow. The study aims to identification of secondary metabolite compounds and also determine the cytotoxic activity of ethanol extract from the rosemary plant against HepG2 cancer cells. This study used by identification of secondary metabolite compounds of ethanol extract from the rosemary plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and the cytotoxicity test used with MTT assay on HepG2 liver cancer cells with a test concentration series of 12,5; 25; 50; 100; 200; 250; 500 and 1000 µg/ml. : The results showed the secondary metabolite compounds of rosella flowers have flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and tannins and data of 50% cell growth inhibition activity, which was showed that rosella flower had IC50 values 629,919 μg/mL. The ethanol extract of rosella flowers have activity on HepG2 cells growth inhibition had considered moderately active anticancer activity

Studies on Phytochemistry and Wound Healing Activity ofLeaf Extract Ointment of Clerodendrum infortunatum inCanines

The present study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of ointments containing leaf extract of Clerodendrum infortunatum for treating wounds in canines in field cases. The 50% ethanolic and methanolic extract of the plant was subjected to preliminary phytochemistry and GC-MS analysis to assess the presence of active phytoconstituents. The wound healing was assessed with percent wound contraction on 0, 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th, and 20th day and epithelization period in 30 canines presented with a history of wound at VCC, private clinics, and dog shelters run by NGOs. The 10% w/w ointment of both the extract was used and it was compared with commercially available Povidone Iodine ointment USP 5% (Betadine®). The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed the presence of glycosides, alkaloids, carbohydrates, amino acids, phytosterol, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids. Whereas, GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 21 compounds in ethanolic extract and 24 compounds in methanolic extract. The wound contraction in the methanolic extract ointment treated group was most significant and also demonstrated an epithelization period of 17.5 ± 1.210 days as compared to 22.8 ± 0.525 and 20.9 ± 0.669 in Povidone Iodine ointment and ethanolic extract ointment treated groups, respectively. The finding of the study suggests that the ointment made from the extract of Clerodenrum infortunatum leaves possesses promising wound healing activity.

Analysis Of Bioactive Compounds in Ethanolic Extract of Xylopia Aethiopica Leaves Using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (Gc-Ms) Technique

This study investigated the bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Xylopia aethiopica leaves using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique. The phytoconstituents present in Xylopia aethiopica leaves were: flavonoids (951.82 mg/g), tannins (282.70 mg/g), alkaloids (188.47 mg/g), phenols (603.25 mg/g), saponins (11.47 mg/g), steroids (91.20 mg/g), oxalates (190.32 mg/g) and glycosides (190.32 mg/g). A total number of 30 bioactive compounds were identified based on their peak areas. The major compounds greater than 1 % were; 13-docosenamide (21.09 %), terpineol (10.07 %), 1,6-cyclodecadiene (9.37 %), copaene (2.88 %), caryophyllene (8.15 %), β-ocimene (6.05 %), β-myrcene (5.09 %), copaene (2.38 %), 2 – methoxy-4-vinylphenol (1.72 %), β-elemenone (1.31 %), 3,4-dimethylphenyl heptyl ether (1.26 %), ethyl oleate (1.07 %) and γ-elemene (1.27 %) while those less than 1 % (˂ 1 %) were; 2- methylenebornane (0.66 %), 2-methoxy-2-prophenyl (0.72 %), hexadec-7-enal (0.23 %), hexadecanoic acid (0.02 %), didodecyl benzene 1,2 dicarboxylate (0.09 %), methyl stearate (0.16 %), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (0.08 %), hexadeca-7,10 – dienal (0.47 %), 1,1,5 –trimethyl -1,2-dihydronaphthalene (0.01 %), propane, 1,1 – oxybis -3- chloro (0.08 %), 1-trimethylsilypent-1-en-4-yne (0.03 %), bicyclo[13.1.0] hexade can-2-one (0.02 %), methyl octadeca-9-yn-11-trans-enoate (0.51 %), cis-linaloxide (0.22 %), tetradecanoic acid, 10,13 –dimethyl ester (0.18 %), didodecyl benzene 1,2 –dicarboxylate (0.47 %) and 2-cyclopentene -1-one, 2 – hyroxy (0.09 %). However, all the compounds have a wide range of pharmacological activities including- antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-malarial, antifungal, anti-arrhythmic, anti-viral, hepato-protective, anti-proliferative, anti-depressant, antipyretic and antihelminthic.

Lipid extraction and analysis of microalgae strain pectinodesmus PHM3 for biodiesel production

The current study is focused on the lipid extract of microalgae; Pectinodesmus strain PHM3 and its general analysis in terms of chemical contents. Combinations of both chemical and mechanistic approaches were applied to obtain the maximum yield of lipids which was recorded to be 23% per gram through continuous agitation using Folch solution. The extraction methods used in this study included: Bligh and Dyers method, Continuous agitation method, Extraction using Soxhlet and Acid base extraction method. Lipid quantification of ethanol and Folch solution lipid extract was performed through gravimetric methods and qualification was done through Fourier Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Gas Chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phytochemical analysis identified other compounds in ethanol extract and the results confirmed the presence of steroids, coumarins, tannins, phenols and carbohydrates. Transesterification of lipids showed 7% per gram dry weight yield of Pectinodesmus PHM3. GC-MS studies of extracted biodiesel suggested that 72% of biofuels was in the form of dipropyl ether, ethyl butyl ethers, methyl butyl ether and propyl butyl ether. Lipid processing of acid-base extract showed that oily nature of lipid shifted to a more precipitated form which is a common observation when mixture of lipids is converted to phosphatides.

Identification of Flavonoid Compounds in Ethanol Extract of Majapahit plant (Crescentia cujete) Leaves and their Potential as Anticancer

<p>The Majapahit plant is commonly found in Indonesia but is rarely used due to a lack of information about its potential. One of the secondary metabolites commonly found in this plant are flavonoids. Therefore, this study aims to determine the distribution of flavonoid compounds in the Majapahit plant, particularly their potential as anticancer activty. Leaf material from Majapahit plants was extracted using the maceration technique, while the flavonoid compounds in the extract were identified using LCMS (Shimadzu LCMS-8040 LC/MS). The identification results showed that about 97 compounds were detected, including 14 flavonoids. The flavonoid compounds found include Quercetin, Chlorogenic acid, Kaempferol 3-O rhamnoside, Acacetin 7-rutinoside, Fortunellin, Kaempferol 3-[6”-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutarl) glucoside], Didymin, Diosmin, Hesperidin, Rutin, Citrusoside C, Citrusoside D, Narirutin 4'-glucoside, and Kaempferol 3-[6”-(3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl)glucoside] -7-glucoside. The highest composition of the identified flavonoid compounds was found in Kaempferol 3-O rhamnoside, with a 3.90%</p>

Bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Strychnos innocua root using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

Bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Strychnos innocua root using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

Biochemical and Antioxidant Properties as well as Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Allium scorodoprasum subsp. jajlae (Vved.) Stearn.

In this study, the chemical composition and biological activity of Allium scorodoprasum subsp. jajlae (Vved.) Stearn were investigated for the first time, focusing on its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antibiofilm properties. A GC-MS analysis was employed to evaluate the composition of its secondary metabolites, identifying linoleic acid, palmitic acid, and octadecanoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester as the major compounds in ethanol extract. The antimicrobial activity of A. scorodoprasum subsp. jajlae was assessed against 26 strains, including standard, food isolate, clinical isolate, and multidrug-resistant ones, as well as three Candida species using the disc diffusion method and the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The extract showed strong antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus strains, including methicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant strains, as well as Candida tropicalis and Candida glabrata. Its antioxidant capacity was evaluated using the DPPH method, revealing a high level of antioxidant activity in the plant. Additionally, the antibiofilm activity of A. scorodoprasum subsp. jajlae was determined, demonstrating a reduction in biofilm formation for the Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 strain and an increase in biofilm formation for the other tested strains. The findings suggest potential applications of A. scorodoprasum subsp. jajlae in the development of novel antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antibiofilm agents.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activity on LPS-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophage Cells of White Mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaf Extracts.

The white mulberry (Morus alba L.) is widely used as a medicinal plant in Asia. In this study, the bioactive compounds of ethanolic extracts of white mulberry leaves from the Sakon Nakhon and Buriram cultivars were evaluated. The ethanolic extracts of mulberry leaves from the Sakon Nakhon cultivar showed the highest total phenolic content of 49.68 mg GAE/g extract and antioxidant activities of 4.38 mg GAE/g extract, 4.53 mg TEAC/g extract, and 92.78 mg FeSO4/g extract using 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,20-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, respectively. The resveratrol and oxyresveratrol compounds in mulberry leaves were also investigated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mulberry leaf extracts from the Sakon Nakhon and Buriram cultivars showed oxyresveratrol contents of 1.20 ± 0.04 mg/g extract and 0.39 ± 0.02 mg/g extract, respectively, whereas resveratrol was not detected. It was also found that the potent anti-inflammatory properties of mulberry leaf extracts and its compounds, resveratrol and oxyresveratrol, suppressed the LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by significantly reducing nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner. These compounds further inhibited interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) production and suppressed the mRNA and protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Therefore, it is established that mulberry leaf extract and its bioactive compounds contribute to its anti-inflammatory activity.

IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA ANTIOKSIDAN DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PANDAN WANGI (Pandanus amaryllifolius) DENGAN METODE 2,2-DIPHENYL-1-PICRYL-HYDRAZYL ( DPPH )

Pandan wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius) is one type of monocotyledonous in the Pandanaceae family that has leaves with a characteristic fragrant aroma. There is a chemical content in the leaves of pandan wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius) namely alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols that can be used as natural antioxidants. This study aims to identify the presence of antioxidant compounds in ethanol extract of pandan wangi leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius). The research method is an experimental method. The extraction process by maceration and antioxidant testing of pandan wangi leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) ethanol extract used the DPPH method where Vitamin C being a positive control, and IC50 value as a parameter. The results stated that ethanol extract of Pandan wangi leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) has antioxidant activities that are classified as effective with an IC50 value of 27.65 ppm, while Vitamin C as positive control is classified as an effective antioxidant with an IC50 value of 2.58 ppm. Based on the results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Pandan Wangi leaves has a good antioxidant content in counteracting free radicals.

Anticancer and antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract and semi-purified fractions from guava and mango seeds

Mango (Mangifera indica) and guava (Psidium guajava) seeds have several pharmaceutical applications and biological activities because as they have been recognized with different bioactive molecules (phenolic compounds) such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, and catechins, so they have antioxidant and anticancer activities. The aim of the present study was to assess in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activities of successive extracts and semi-purified fractions from mango seeds. In this work, mango and guava seeds were collected and extracted using two solvents (ethanol 70% and ethyl acetate) followed by phytochemical screening and determination of biological activities such as antioxidant activity using five assays (DPPH, ABTS, KMnO4, Methylene blue and H2O2) additionally the antiradical activity and hybrid reaction for ethanolic extract of mango seeds as promising extract. The total phenolic, flavonoid, and catechin compounds were determined for all successive extracts, and finally, the anticancer activity of extracts was evaluated using MTT assay against HepG2 cell line and phenolic compounds were identified by HPLC. The phytochemical screening and TLC showed the primary investigation for phenolic compounds of ethanol extracts of both kind of seeds and only ethyl acetate of guava extract as promising extracts. However, HPLC determination of these three extracts showed high amount of gallic acid, naringenin, ellagic acid, and ferulic acid as they have anticancer and antioxidant activities. The antioxidant tests showed that the ethanolic mango extract is the highest antioxidant extract against DPPH by 84.0%, but recorded 82.0% with methylene blue and ABTS assays when compared with ascorbic acid. The ethyl acetate of guava extract showed strong cytotoxic effect with IC50 75.5 μg/mL against HepG2 cell line in all tested concentrations. From the obtained results, it could be concluded that mango ethanolic extract and its fractions are the most promising as antioxidants and ethyl acetate of guava extract the most promising in the anticancer activity.

Investigation of antioxidant and antibacterial effects of citrus fruits peels extracts using different extracting agents: Phytochemical analysis with in silico studies

The peels extracted from various citrus species are major source of phenols, flavonoids and anti-microbial agents. The purpose of this study was a detailed investigation of the phytochemical and pharmacological character of the ethanolic (80%), methanolic and acetone extracts of the peel of local variants of orange (lemon, grape fruit, mousami, fruiter, and shikri malta). The extracts were studied to find out the total phenolic contents (TPC), and total flavonoids (TF) present. The antioxidant activities were assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging effect, and the reducing power was determined through free radical scavenging activity (FRAP) assays. The sensitivity of four bacterial strains to peels extracts was examined by applying the diffusion disc on agar medium method. It was found that ethanol was the best extracting agent for TPC and TF in fruit peels under study. The highest TPC (21.33 ± 0.06 mg GAE/g) was quantified in orange peels, whereas fruiter contained the lowest TPC (20.40 ± 0.03 mg GAE/g) in ethanolic extract. The highest amount of TF (2.02 ± 0.08 mg QE/g) was quantified in lemon peels, whereas shikri malta contained lowest quantity of TF (1.04 ± 0.02 mg QE/g). The highest free radical scavenging activity (93.1%) of DPPH was exhibited by lemon peels, whereas the least activity (78.6%) was shown by mousami peels. Ethanolic extract of orange peels demonstrated more reducing power while showing an absorption of 1.98, followed by methanolic (1.11) and acetone (0.81) extracts. The inhibition effect of methanolic extract of lemon peels (inhibition zone = 18 mm) against B. subtilis was considerable and comparable to that of ciprofloxacin. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to detect the compounds in ethanolic extract and up to 14 compounds were detected. These compounds were also assessed for their docking scores. Plausible binding modes with polyphenol oxidase and four best compounds were selected for molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to analyze their structural stability with receptor.

Assessment of the dual role of Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude in inhibiting AGEs and enhancing GLUT4 translocation through LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS determination and in silico studies.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that results in glucose accumulation in the blood, accompanied by the production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) through glycation of cellular proteins. These AGEs interfere with insulin signaling and prevent GLUT4 membrane translocation, thereby promoting the accumulation of more glucose in the blood and causing post-diabetic complications. Methods: In this study, we examine the anti-diabetic potential of Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude, a well-known ethnomedicinal plant of the Indian Himalayas. Considering its various medicinal properties, we analyzed its ethanolic extract and various solvent fractions for in vitro antiglycation activity and antidiabetic potential, i.e., stimulation of GLUT4 translocation. Result and Discussions: The results showed that the extract and fractions exhibited increased antiglycation activity and an increased level of GLUT4 translocation. Analysis of a further 12 bioactive compounds of ethanolic extract, identified through LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, revealed the presence of three new compounds: leucothol B, rhodoterpenoids A, and leucothol A. Moreover, we performed molecular docking of identified compounds against key proteins of diabetes mellitus: the sirtuin family of NAD (+)-dependent protein deacetylases 6 (SIRT6), aldose reductase (AR), and tyrosine kinase (TK). The results showed that flavonoid luteolin showed the best binding affinity ((-12.3kcal/mol), followed by eriodictyol, astilbin, and syringaresinol. An ADMET study showed that luteolin, eriodictyol, astilbin, and syringaresinol may be promising drug candidates belonging to the flavonoid class of compounds, with no harmful effects and complying with all the drug-likeness guidelines. Furthermore, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on a 50ns timescale revealed that AR protein was most stable with luteolin throughout the simulation period. Therefore, this study reveals for the first time that L. ovalifolia plays an important role in insulin homeostasis, as shown in in vitro and in silico studies.

Bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of <em>Strychnos innocua</em> root using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

Medicinal plants are of great relevance with endless pharmaceutical and therapeutic properties. They are source of wide array of secondary metabolites or bioactive compounds/phytochemicals (phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, steroids and saponins) which are capable of discharging numerous biological functions (antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anti-fibrotic, immune-modulatory, cytotoxic, antipyretic, antitumor, antihelminthic, antiprotozoal, antibacterial and so on). The use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis in identifying the bioactive compounds in ethanolic extract of Strychnos innocua root is a fundamental technique in quantifying the unknown samples, trace elements and contaminants leading to the discovery of novel compounds of pharmaceutical and biomedical importance. Result obtained showed that Strychnos innocua root extract contains 39 bioactive compounds with α-Cubebene (20.09%) having the highest concentration followed by Dibutyl benzene -1,2 – dicarboxylate (10.17%), β-Elemenone (10.02%), 4-Methoxy-2-nitroformanilide (7.21%), 1-Methyl cyclopropane methanol (5.96%), 1, 3 propanediol, 2-ethyl 2-hydroxymethyl (3.71%), Azelaic acid (2.87%), Glycidol stearate (2.85%), Chloromethyl 2-chlorodecanoate (2.83%) and γ-terpinene (2.56%) respectively. The remaining 29 bioactive compounds have concentrations less than 2%. It was concluded that all the compounds observed are sources of medication that can be used traditionally in the treatment of human and animal diseases.

Chemical Compounds of Ethanolic Extract from Trichilia havanensis Seeds and its Insecticidal Activity

Chemical Compounds of Ethanolic Extract from Trichilia havanensis Seeds and its Insecticidal Activity