Components Of Composite Materials Research Articles

A review on metal matrix composite for automobile applications

Abstract This paper reviews the possibilities to make the metal matrix composite based auto components for the automobile sector. The metal matrix based composite material components can be used in the auto industry due to its lightweight, high, high fatigue life, and high impact strength. The researcher and designers are investigating a new combination of material based on metal matrix composite. The effective production, investigation of properties and design of MMC based components can provide better auto components to the auto sector in place traditional material. Background information and behavior of composite material are briefly discussed. The techniques used to fabricate metal matrix based composite such as stir casting method, centrifugal casting, and the Squeeze Casting method Powder Metallurgy are presented. The various properties that influence the metal matrix composite are briefly discussed. Applications of metal matrix composite for the auto sector are highlighted. The systematic scheme, process layout, test of standards and application help the researchers to achieve the desire results. This information can be apply to the design and fabrication of metal matrix composite based auto components.

Analysis of the behavior of epoxy composites with carbon nano additives under the influence of high temperatures on fires

The results of research on the thermal stability of epoxy resins modified with carbon nanomaterial as polymer composites matrices are presented. It is shown that modification of binder component of composite materials at deposition of carbon nanomaterials leads to improvement of thermal stability, including decrease of intensity of crystal lattice destruction, decrease of amplitude value of thermal effect, increase of duration of oxidation of material at high temperatures, promotes stable formation of heat-protective and insulating carbonized layer.

Точность изготовления деталей из полимерных композиционных материалов

The main conditions of manufacturing support of the quality of polymer composite material components are set out. The life cycle, functional, design and technological tolerances, the surface layer quality and methods for providing preset accuracy are discussed. The classification of manufacturing types is given. The shrinkage effect is considered on an example of polymer composite components produced with different accuracy. The quality characteristics of the surface layers and the quality class values are presented for components based on the thermoplastic and thermosetting matrixes.

Quality control of mixing components of energy-saturated heterogeneous composite material

Methods of direct and indirect assessment of the quality of mixing dispersed solid-phase components in a liquid polymer binder are considered. It is shown that a number of methods for the quantitative estimation of mixing (associated with the extraction of solid-phase components), which have been developed in other areas of the technology of materials, are not suitable for controlling an energy-saturated heterogeneous composite material (EHCM). An experimental method revealed the criteria values (a range) of the EHCM density and determined the main groups of the EHCM characteristics, ensuring their acceptable operational properties. By means of modern research equipment using proven methods, a series of studies was carried out to establish the uniformity of the distribution of particles of solid-phase components in the EHCM, the presence, the shape, sizes and distribution in the volume of defects in the structure of the material, the physicomechanical properties of the EHCM after polymerization. According to a comparison of the results of instrumental determination of the main characteristics of the EHCM (structural, physical) with the operational properties of the material, depending on the duration of the mixing process on a specific equipment under otherwise equal conditions, it was found that for the successful solution of technological tasks it is acceptable to assess indirectly the quality of mixing according to the results of density determination of the EHCM after its polymerization. This can provide operational output quality control of the final product that does not require significant material and time costs during the development of technological processes and during the production of the EHCM.

Теоретичне обґрунтування експлуатаційних властивостей деталей автомобілів, зміцнених композиційними покриттями, методом кластерних компонентів

A number of parts of car systems and units in the process of operation are subject to intensive wear and fatigue processes, and therefore do not withstand the planned service life. An important reserve for increasing the reliability and efficiency of such equipment is the strengthening of the working surfaces of its parts with composite materials and coatings. This method of strengthening makes it possible, controlling the structure of composite materials and coatings, to form the necessary set of performance properties of parts to ensure the appropriate level of reliability and increase durability. However, this requires theoretical justification to establish a correspondence between the structure, composition, distribution of chemical elements applied to the parts of the composite coating and their performance properties, such as wear resistance, fatigue strength, etc. The purpose of this work is a theoretical justification for the use of the method of cluster components to determine and form a set of necessary performance properties that ensure reliable and efficient operation of parts of systems and units of cars. The article theoretically substantiates the operational properties of automobile parts hardened with composite coatings using the method of cluster components. By choosing certain sets of parameters, as well as varying the system of restrictions on them, it is possible to form a complex of operational properties of parts. To simplify the packing model for composite materials and coatings, it is assumed that fillers of different compositions have an isometric shape and the same size. A regular structure is proposed, corresponding to the packing of spheres of the same size. It is shown that such packings form lattices similar to atomic crystal structures. The dependences of the function of the properties of composite coatings on the content of each of the types of cluster components are revealed. The method of cluster components, describing changes in the properties of composite coatings from the ratio of components, makes it possible to control a set of operational properties and obtain high-quality coatings to increase the durability of parts of systems and vehicle units. As a result of the conducted researches it is offered to consider composite coverings and composite materials as the systems characterized by a certain complex of operational properties depending on filler content and regularity of structure. According to the theory of cluster components, the content of the component determines the parameters and properties of composite coatings and materials. The method of cluster components makes it possible to present a set of operational properties as an additive model of its components. The packaging of components in composite coatings and materials is represented by atomic crystal structures: simple cubic, volume-centered cubic, face-centered cubic and hexagonal densely packed. The implementation of the method of cluster components on the example of a binary system of components A and B is considered. The basic configuration in accordance with the approximations of the statistical ordering theory is chosen. The visual interpretation and physical content of a mixture of powders, components of composite coatings and materials, particles A and B are given. The configurational entropy and formation of cluster components of the intermediate composition AB along with the basic AA and BB are considered. Based on the π-theorem, a complete set of quasi-chemical reactions is outlined. For binary composite coatings and materials АСВ1-С the matrices of size and relative content of components are constructed, the quasi-chemical formalism of the method of cluster components and the law of active masses for volume-centered cubic lattice are used. This is taken into account when building functional models of operational properties. Their specification on the criterion of correctness is carried out.

Study on Magnetic Properties and the Phase Structure of MnO2 and LiFePO4/C Composite Materials

MnO2 and LiFePO4/C composite materials were prepared by two-step sol-gel. The main peak patterns of lithium iron phosphate and manganese dioxide appeared in the analysis of the phase structure of composite materials. The SEM analysis shows that the particle quality of composite materials is obvious and the dispersion is better, and the particle size is mainly 168 nm. Magnetic hysteresis loops at room temperature show that the introduction of manganese dioxide causes the saturated magnetization strength of composite materials Ms (emu/g), residual magnetization strength Mr (emu/g) and the area of hysteresis loops (kOe emu/g) to increase with the increase of manganese dioxide. The Mossbauer spectrum of MnO2 and LiFePO4/C indicates that the main component of composite materials is high spin Fe2+ compounds.

Multilayer Coatings Using Epoxy and Superabsorbent Polymer Composite Material with Self Healing Property

The property of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) was investigated as component of composite material for corrosion control application. The composite material is a multilayer coating consisting of SAP particles, epoxy and hardener. The absorption property of SAP at different concentrations of sodium chloride was measured. It included 3% NaCl concentration, which represent the concentration of salt in sea water, an environment which is corrosive to carbon steel. Results showed decreasing absorbency of SAP at increasing concentration of sodium chloride. Predetermined amount of SAP and epoxy were mixed to obtain a homogenous mixture after which the hardener was added and mixed homogenously to form the composite material’s main component. The composite material was studied for absorption properties in an HDPLE substrate and then later applied onto a carbon steel specimen of size 40 mm x 100 cm and thickness of 0.70 mm using paint brush forming a film on the carbon steel surface. After curing, the film was scratched with a definite length using a sharp knife. Immediately, the samples were exposed to cyclic immersion in 3% sodium chloride solution and subsequent drying to run the corrosion test. Results showed that the composite material was able to control corrosion on the surface of the carbon steel which could be attributed to its self-healing property.

Generating a skin-based meta-model for compliant parts in composite material: numerical and experimental results

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a skin-based approach able to generate the variability model for a component in composite material due to its manufacturing process. It generates a skin-based model of the manufactured part. The skin model discretizes the part surfaces by points to take into account the geometric deviations, those points are the nodes of finite element analysis used for tolerance analysis of compliant assemblies.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a general and systematic simulation model for generating a variability meta-model for a component in composite material due to its manufacturing process. The model is constituted by three steps: definition and pre-processing of the nominal model, generation of the manufacturing process model and evaluation of the part variability.FindingsThe advantage of this approach is related to the fact that it is designed as a part of a digital process that establishes a continuous and unambiguous flow of variation information from the part design to manufacturing and assembly and that takes into account the manufacturing signature. This is its uniqueness compared to other simulation approaches focused only on manufacturing.Research limitations/implicationsConsidering the variability around the nominal value of all the process parameters and parts with more complex geometries are not taken into account now, which will be modelled in practical applications.Practical implicationsTo properly manage uncertainty since conceptual design of complex product, next generation geometry assurance requires simulation models to realistically consider process signatures due to the manufacturing process. This work focusses on this next generation tool for geometry assurance.Originality/valueThe literature is focused on metal sheets joined by welding or riveting. There are other materials widely used and typically compliant: the composite materials that typically used mechanical fixing elements (bolting, riveting) and structural adhesives to joint parts. No software tools exist in the literature to deal with uncertainty from manufacturing to assembly processes in products made by composite. This is the reason of the present work.

Peroral toxicological assessment of bentonite nanoclay used in the food industry

Bentonite nanoclay (NC) manufactured from the natural sedimentary mineral bentonite contains more than 90% montmorillonite. Currently, it is widely used in food industry as processed aids - adsorbents for the purification of vegetable oils and beverages. Clay minerals have also applications as food additives and components in composite package materials. In vitro studies have shown that various forms of NC exerted cytotoxicity in many cell lines, whereas in vivo evidence of NC oral toxicity is contradictory. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the acute oral toxicity of NC and to evaluate its toxicological characteristics in a subacute 92-day experiment on Wistar rats with a daily oral administration in doses of 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg body weight (bw). Material and methods. The NC acute toxicity was evaluated in 8 male and 8 female rats with the initial bw 236±10 and 203± 10 g, respectively. NC was administered as an aqueous dispersion intragastrically at a dose of 5 g/kg bw. On the 14th day (end of the experiment), an autopsy of the chest and abdominal organs was performed. The subacute experiment was carried out on 64 male rats with an average initial bw of 117±7 g. During the experiment the levels of anxiety and memory function were evaluated using the test "Conditional reflex of passive avoidance". On the 90th day of the experiment, diurnal urinary excretion of creatinine and selenium was evaluated. At the end of the experiment, the integral parameters, the state of the intestinal wall permeability were assessed. Hematological and biochemical parameters were examined in blood, the content of non-protein thiols and the number of cells in apoptosis were determined in liver, and the state of cultivated microbiome populations was studied in cecum. Results. The results of the determination of NC acute toxicity showed the absence of rat's mortality and specific pathological changes in the internal organs at a dose as large as 5000 mg/kg bw, which allowed attributing NC to the V hazard class. Nevertheless, under the conditions of the 92-day experiment, NC caused some adverse biological effects on rat's organism. So, even at an NC dose of 1 mg/kg bw, there was a sharp inhibition of the symbiotic bifidobacterium growth, an increase in platelet count, in LDL and the LDL/HDL ratio, together with the presence of hypertriglyceridemia. At a dose of 10 mg/kg bw, an increase in spleen mass and a decrease in the de Ritis coefficient (AsAT/AlAT) were established. At a dose of 100 mg/kg bw there were shifts in the leukocyte blood count, an excessive enterococci growth in the cecum, significantly increased animal bw, along with the decrease of AsAT/AlAT and the level of serum nitrogen metabolites, indirectly indicating inhibition of catabolic processes. However, at the highest dose of NC, intestinal absorption of the protein antigen - ovalbumin, was apparently completely blocked. Conclusion. The data obtained have shown that NC has potentially adverse effects on the rats mainly at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw, nevertheless, its NOAEL in the 92-day daily oral exposure experiment is probably less than 1 mg/kg bw.

Use of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles to Remove Arsenite from Contaminated Water

The arsenite removal from the water was attributed using thiol (S-H) coupled magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). The composite Fe3O4-SiO2-linker-AB9 (AB-MNP) was made using MNPs coated with the amine-functionalized silica surface, which is then coupled to AB9= 2,2’-(isophthaloybis(azanaediyl))bis-3-mercaptopropanoic acid; (a sulfhydryl compound with pendant carboxylate groups). Complete arsenic removal was achieved with As(III) solutions of 200, 500, and 1000 ppb resulting in detectable arsenic dropped to below 10 ppb. This single solid-composite immobilize As(III) by forming strong covalent As-S bonds producing “proposed” structure As(III)-AB9@MNP (Figure 1). The components of this new composite material are made from non-toxic, earth-abundant elements, and rapid magnetic separation allows them to be used as an effective, affordable means of providing arsenic-free drinking water to at-risk populations around the world. Figure 1

Thermal analysis of matrix composite reinforced with Al2O3 particles

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to present a modern manufacturing method of production and compare the thermal, mechanical, properties of composite materials with aluminium alloy matrix reinforced by Al2O3 particles. Design/methodology/approach: The material for investigation was manufactured by the method of powder metallurgy (consolidation, pressing, hot concurrent extrusion of powder mixtures of aluminium EN AW-AlCu4Mg1 (A) and ceramic particles Al2O3). The amount of the added powder was in the range of 5 mass.%, 10 mass.% and 15 mass.%. Findings: The received results concerning the enhancement of hardness, which show the possibility of obtaining the MMC composite materials with required microstructure, influencing the properties of the new elaborated composite materials components. Concerning the thermal properties, especially the linear thermal expansion coefficient was measured, as well as the dilatometric change of the sample length was analysed. Practical implications: Concerning practical implications it can be stated that the tested composite materials can be applied among others in the transportation industry, but it requires additional research. Originality/value: The received results show the possibility of obtaining new composite materials with controlled and required microstructure with possible practical implications.

Embedded silicon carbide fiber sensor network based low-velocity impact localization of composite structures

Semi-conductive silicon carbide (SiC) fibers have excellent piezoresistive characteristics. Thus, SiC fibers not only can act as a sensing element but also a load bearing component in composite materials. In this study, embedded SiC fiber sensor network based low-velocity impact localization of composite structures was investigated. The SiC fiber sensor network was embedded into a composite panel during its fabrication process. By using the resistance changes of the embedded SiC fibers, impact signals were acquired, and reference impact signal based impact localization was performed. The reference data based impact localization was performed for various fiber configurations, and the effects of the embedment direction and position of the SiC fibers on the impact localization performance according to the embedment directions of SiC fiber sensors were compared and investigated. When the SiC fiber sensors are embedded in the direction of the reinforcing fibers, they can act as both the load bearing component and sensing element. On the other hand, when the embedment direction and position of the SiC fiber sensors were limited or constrained, the impact localization performance was influenced by the embedment direction and position of the SiC fibers. However, the impact localization performance was able to be improved through adjustment of the SiC fiber embedment direction, SiC fiber position, and mutual compensation between the SiC fibers. Consequently, the impact localization of the composite structure using an embedded SiC fiber network was successfully performed.

Study of the uniformity of mixing components of energy-saturated heterogeneous composite material

The features of mixing the components of an energy-saturated heterogeneous composite material (EHCM) were considered. The conditions for the uniform distribution of the components of the solid phase over the entire volume of the composite material were estimated and the possibility of obtaining their most dense packing was analyzed. Appropriate proportions of the particle sizes of the fine and coarse fractions of the components of the solid phase were determined, as well as their proportion. The amount of liquid phase necessary to wet the surface of the particles of the solid phase, as well as to fill the voids between them, is determined. According to the results of the calculations, the criteria were chosen for evaluating the quality of mixing EHCM components.The calculation results are compared with observed data obtained experimentally. An appropriate technique was developed to evaluate experimental samples. The results of comparing the calculated and experimental data make it possible to build the correlation dependences of the technological characteristics of the mixing of EHCM components.

Measurement of flexible components in composite material by a 3-2-1 locating scheme

Thin components in composite material are of great interest in many fields, but the component deformation, known as spring-in and warpage, arise during the manufacturing process; so, it is really important to verify if deformations are within the indicated tolerances. However, the inspection of thin components can be difficult if it is carried out by a coordinate measuring machine because of their high flexibility. The aim of the present work is to present a method to inspect flexible components in composite material as rigid ones by means of a coordinate measuring machine with a touch probe. The proposed method foresees to acquire the probing forces and the clamping forces, due to the fixturing equipment, by force sensing resistor sensors and uses them in a finite element analysis to evaluate the corrections to be applied to the coordinates of points acquired through a coordinate measuring machine. The proposed method was applied to a L-shaped component and all results were compared with those due to a laser measurement system.

Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as an advanced component in polymeric composite materials (Review)

The article presents review of Russian and foreign scientific and technical literature data dedicated to ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as a component in polymer composites. Examples of the practical use of UHMWPE as a reinforcing fibers and polymer matrix are considered. Some physical and mechanical characteristics of the UHMWPE-based products widely used in various industries are given; the necessity to treat UHMWPE fibers to produce composite materials with a high level of properties is described.

Quartzitic Waste, as the Possible Component of the Cement Flooring Composite Material

This paper is devoted to research of utilization possibility of tailings of quartzite enrichment. It is shown that quartzitic waste of JSC "Dinur" (Pervouralsk city, Russia) is suitable for obtaining the cement flooring composite material. It was found that the quartzitic waste can be recommended as a fine aggregate and/or filler after additional screening. With the introduction of quartzitic dust in the amount of 30 % by weight of cement and with quartzitic waste as a fine aggregate it is possible to obtain the composite material of the class not less B12.5 (compressive) and Вtb 5.2 (flexural), which also meet the requirements of the Russian standard, namely abradability, adhesion strength, etc.

Seismic resistance performance of a utility tunnel in saline soil foundation based on new cementitious composite materials

Abstract Because soluble salt in saline soil dissolves with water, utility tunnels built in saline soil foundation are more likely to damage due to by groundwater and earthquake. In this study, new cementitious composite materials were developed by using slag, building gypsum, quicklime, and magnesia. The unconfined compressive strengths of the saline soil solidified by new cementitious composite materials and cement are investigated, and the optimum proportion of the different components of the new cementitious composite materials is determined. We found from microscopic characteristics of the saline soil solidified by the new cementitious composite materials and cement that the new materials could better absorb chloride ions. Finally, the new cementitious composite materials were applied to saline soil foundation reinforcement of a utility tunnel. By using the finite element method (FEM) and shaking table tests, it can be seen that the displacement, acceleration and extent of damage of the utility tunnel after saline soil foundation reinforcement using new cementitious composite materials significantly decreased; therefore, the new cementitious composite materials can improve the seismic behaviour of the utility tunnel and shows potential future engineering application value.

Study on ice adhesion of composite anti-/deicing component under heating condition

An anti-/deicing component of composite materials for wind turbine blades is usually carried out under heating conditions. In order to study the ice adhesion properties of composite anti-/deicing component under heating conditions, an experimental platform for measuring ice adhesion force on composites was set up. Based on the heating parameters such as the heating temperature, heating voltage, and heating time, the experiments of ice adhesion of composite anti-/deicing component under deicing conditions were designed by orthogonal analysis. In this article, ice adhesion forces on composite anti-/deicing component were measured at −9.74°C, −11.58°C, −14.1°C, and −16.84°C by the proposed experiment platform, and the real ice adhesion forces under various heating parameters were measured. Through the analysis of experimental data and fitting method, the relationship between various factors and ice adhesion on composite anti-/deicing component was expounded. The influence weight of each heating parameter on the ice adhesion was analyzed. In addition, the mathematical model of ice adhesion on composite anti-/deicing component under deicing condition was established to describe the influence of deicing variables on ice adhesion in the experiments. According to the fitting function of the experimental data, the relationship between the heat consumption of composite anti-/deicing component and ice adhesion force in the process of heating is in accordance with the inverse power exponential expression, which reveals the internal relationship between ice adhesion force and energy consumption.

Strain sensing characteristics using piezoresistivity of semi-conductive silicon carbide fibers

Conductive fibers having piezoresistive characteristics such as carbon fibers can be used as a sensing component as well as a load bearing component in composite materials by weaving them together with reinforcing fibers or embedding the fibers into composite materials. Silicon carbide (SiC) fibers with semi-conductive grade can have outstanding piezoresitive properties due to the inherent characteristics of semi-conductive materials, so the fibers have potential as a strain sensor with a high gauge factor (GF). In this study, the strain sensing characteristics of semi-conductive SiC fibers were investigated and the electrical sensing properties of the SiC fibers were evaluated. The SiC fibers were embedded into unidirectional glass/epoxy composites and the resistance change of the SiC fibers was measured according to the applied mechanical strain. Static loading and cyclic loading were applied to the SiC fiber embedded composite specimens and the electrical sensing characteristics of the SiC fiber piezoresistivity were evaluated for sensitivity, linearity, measurement repeatability, and noise level. As a result, the piezoresistivity of the SiC fibers showed outstanding strain sensitivity with an average GF of 8.25 and excellent linearity up to the strain range of 1.36%. The measurement was consistently repeated within the maximum coefficient of variation (CV) of 1.13%, and the average noise level was 5.75 Finally, by comparing the strain sensing performance of the SiC fibers to that of carbon fibers, the potential of the SiC fibers as a strain sensor for composite materials was assessed.

Fastening composite structures using braided thermoplastic composite rivets

Aerospace composite material components are currently joined using heavy titanium bolts. This joining method is not ideal when considering its weight, thermal expansion, electrical conductivity, and risk of unbalanced load distribution. We propose here an innovative fastening technology using thermoplastic composite rivets. A rivet blank is heated above its melting temperature using Joule heating and is formed directly in the composite laminates by an automated process. Carbon fiber and polyamide blanks were used with two fiber architecture: 2D braid and unidirectional. The braided architecture showed superior manufacturing performance and repeatability. Joints were riveted in less than 40 s per rivet. The temperature measured in the riveted composite laminate in the vicinity of formed rivet reached only 136℃ during riveting. Double fastener lap shear testing showed breaking load of 6146 N per fastener. This joint strength is higher than comparable aluminum-riveted joints, and the specific joint strength is higher than titanium-bolted joints. With these advantages, the technology could be developed and used in the next generations of lighter, cleaner, and safer aircraft.