Soybean Components Research Articles

Mechanisms Involved in the Therapeutic Effects of Soybean (Glycine Max)

Soybeans contain nutritional and medicinal properties. It is a rich source of quality proteins, phytosterols, fibers, and other biologically active compounds, notably daidzein and genistein. Soybeans provide health benefits due to their functional ingredients such as proteins, polysaccharides, and isoflavones. These functional ingredients play a vital role in the reduction of different types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, postmenopausal problems, diabetes, and some neurodegenerative disorders. This review primarily envisages the different mechanisms involved in the therapeutic effects of soybean components as well as their contribution toward the reduction of different diseases.

Influence of Lime and Gypsum on Yield and Yield Components of Soybean and Changes in Soil Chemical Properties

Soybean is one of the most important legume crops in the world. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the influence of liming and gypsum application on yield and yield components of soybean and changes in soil chemical properties of an Oxisol. Lime rates used were 0, 0.71, 1.42, 2.14, 2.85, and 4.28 g kg−1 soil. Gypsum rates applied were 0, 0.28, 0.57, 1.14, 1.71, and 2.28 g kg−1 soil. Lime as well as gypsum significantly increased grain yield in a quadratic fashion. Maximum grain yield was achieved with the application of 1.57 g lime per kg soil, whereas the gypsum requirement for maximum grain yield was 1.43 g per kg of soil. Lime significantly improved soil pH, exchangeable soil calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) contents, base saturation, and effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC). However, lime application significantly decreased total acidity [hydrogen (H) + aluminum (Al)], zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe) contents of the soil. The decrease in these soil properties was associated with increase in soil pH. Gypsum application significantly increased exchangeable soil Ca, base saturation, and ECEC. However, gypsum did not change pH and total acidity (H + Al) significantly. Adequate soil acidity indices established for maximum grain yield with the application of lime were pH 5.5, Ca 1.8 cmolc kg−1, Mg 0.66 cmolc kg−1, base saturation 53%, Ca saturation 35%, and Mg saturation 13%. Soybean plants tolerated acidity (H + Al) up to 2.26 cmolc kg−1 soil. In the case of gypsum, maximum grain yield was obtained at exchangeable Ca content of 2.12 cmolc kg−1, base saturation of 56%, and Ca saturation of 41%.

Current Knowledge in Soybean Composition

AbstractThe soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is grown worldwide for its high protein and oil contents. Characterization of soybean seed components lends itself to understanding how soybean production can meet the needs of a growing world population. For this article, literature was reviewed and condensed to create a well‐rounded picture of the current understanding of structural, functional, and nutritional properties of soybean components. Natural variation in soybean protein, lipid, and carbohydrate components, as well as the minor constituents phytic acid and isoflavones, are mentioned. Environment‐ or genetic‐induced shifts in natural variation are described with respect to nutrition and functional improvements in soybean.

Effect of the Dietary Inclusion of Soybean Components on the Innate Immune System in Zebrafish

Some components of plant-based meals, such as saponins and vegetal proteins, have been proposed as inducers of intestinal inflammation in some fish. However, the molecular and cellular bases for this phenomenon have not been reported. In this work, zebrafish were used as a model to evaluate the effects of individual soybean meal components, such as saponins and soy proteins. Zebrafish larvae fed a fish meal feed containing soy components were assessed according to low and high inclusion levels. The granulocytes associated with the digestive tract and the induction of genes related to the immune system were quantitated as markers of the effects of the dietary components. A significant increase in the number of granulocytes was observed after feeding fish diets containing high saponin or soy protein contents. These dietary components also induced the expression of genes related to the innate immune system, including myeloid-specific peroxidase, as well as the complement protein and cytokines. These results reveal the influence of dietary components on the stimulation of the immune system. These observations could be significant to understanding the contributions of saponin and soy protein to the onset of enteritis in aqua-cultured fish, and this knowledge may aid in defining the role of the innate immune system in other inflammatory diseases involving dietary components in mammals.

Identification of RNA silencing components in soybean and sorghum.

BackgroundRNA silencing is a process triggered by 21–24 small RNAs to repress gene expression. Many organisms including plants use RNA silencing to regulate development and physiology, and to maintain genome stability. Plants possess two classes of small RNAs: microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). The frameworks of miRNA and siRNA pathways have been established in the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis).ResultsHere we report the identification of putative genes that are required for the generation and function of miRNAs and siRNAs in soybean and sorghum, based on knowledge obtained from Arabidopsis. The gene families, including DCL, HEN1, SE, HYL1, HST, RDR, NRPD1, NRPD2/NRPE2, NRPE1, and AGO, were analyzed for gene structures, phylogenetic relationships, and protein motifs. The gene expression was validated using RNA-seq, expressed sequence tags (EST), and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR).ConclusionsThe identification of these components could provide not only insight into RNA silencing mechanism in soybean and sorghum but also basis for further investigation. All data are available at http://sysbio.unl.edu/.

Quantitative Trait Loci Associated with Major Fatty Acid Components in Soybean

The soybean mapping population(100 BC2F2 lines) was developed from the cross Zhonghuang 13 × Zhonghuang 20. The linkage map contains 131 SSR markers covering a total distance of 2157.3 cM with an average of 16.5 cM. Five fatty acid components were measured by gas chromatography method in three years, and QTLs associated with these fatty acid components were analyzed using ICIM model in software IciMapping 3.3. A total of 26 QTLs were detected to be associated with the five fatty acid components, including five QTLs for palmitic acid, five QTLs for stearic acid, seven QTLs for oleic acid, five QTLs for linoleic acid and four QTLs for linolenic acid. Three marker intervals associated with the same fatty acid were detected repeatedly across years, including sat_294–satt228 for palmitic acid detected in three years and sat_253–satt323 and sat_292–satt397 for oleic acid detected in two years. Four intervals were found to be associated with two fatty acid components, i.e., sat_294–satt228 for palmitic and oleic acids, satt308–sat_422 for stearic and linoeic acids, sat_292–satt397 for oleic and linoeic acids, and satt374–satt269 for linoeic and linolenic acids.

Correlation and Association Analysis between Biomass and Yield Components in Soybean

Correlation and Association Analysis between Biomass and Yield Components in Soybean

Influence of Soil Water Deficit and Phosphorus Application on Phosphorus Uptake and Yield of Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> L.) at Dejen, North-West Ethiopia

A green house experiment was conducted at Dejen, Northwest Ethiopia, with the objective of quantifying the critical soil water deficit and P levels that affect yield and yield components of soybean, and determine the critical soil water deficit levels influencing P uptake in soybean. The treatment consisted of factorial combination of four available soil water (ASW) deficit levels (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%) and four levels of phosphorus (0, 10, 20, and 30 kg·ha-1) laid out in RCBD with four replications using soy bean variety Jalale as a planting material. The experiment was conducted under green house condition at Dejen, South Ethiopia during the 2011 academic year. Air dried soil was filled in the pots and seeds were sown on May 13, 2011. Four plants were maintained on each pot after thinning till flowering but after flowering, the total number of plants per pot was reduced to three as one plant which was used for measurement of root biomass. The water deficit treatments were imposed after the plants have been fully established 2 weeks after emergence just before branching stage. The water deficiency was imposed through maintaining the soil moisture content below field capacity at the deficit levels of 25%, 50% and 75%. The 75% of ASW deficit resulted in the longest days (45) to flowering and maturity (99) compared to the 0%, 25% and 50% deficit levels. Also, the 75% of ASW deficit level resulted in shorter plants (55 cm), the lowest leaf area (82.6 cm2), the highest root to shoot ratio (0.0168) and the lowest DM accumulation (161.3 gm-2) compared to the other ASW deficit levels. Likewise, the 75% of ASW deficit level gave the lowest number of pods per plant (4.13), seeds per pod (1.69), 100 seed weight (2.54 g), seed yield (13.4 g·m-1), above ground biomass (174.6 g·plant-1) and harvest index (0.08) compared to the other ASW deficit treatments. The degree of sensitivity to drought increased dramatically (from 0.0423 at 25% to 0.9604 at 75%) with increase in water deficit level. Tissue analysis results indicated that the highest seed P concentration (1.285%) and uptake (432.5 g·plant-1) were obtained at the 0 ASW deficit and 30 kg·P·ha-1 and the lowest were obtained at 75% ASW deficit and all rate of applied P. On the contrary, the highest straw P concentration (1.88%) and uptake (552.7 g·plant-1) were recorded at 75% and 25% of ASW deficit levels and 30 kg·P·ha-1, respectively. However, the total P uptake was influenced only by ASW deficit levels in that the relatively minimum and maximum values were observed at 75% and 0% of ASW deficit levels, respectively. It can be concluded that the critical ASW deficit levels that affect yield and yield components of soybean and uptake of total P lie between 25% and 50% of available water deficit levels. The parameters started to decline significantly from the 50% of ASW deficit onwards. As it is a green house experiment, further study on more number of ASW deficit levels and soil types under different field conditions need to be done to reach at a conclusive recommendation.

Relationships between soybean shoot nitrogen components and soybean aphid populations

Defining the relationships between soybean (Glycine max [L.] merr.) shoot nitrogen (N) components and soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) populations will increase understanding of the biology of this important insect pest. In this 2-year field study, caged soybean plants were infested with soybean aphids (initial infestation of 0, 10, 50, or 100 aphids plant−1) at the fifth node developmental stage. Soybean aphid populations, soybean shoot dry weight, and shoot concentrations of nitrate-N, ureide-N, and total N were measured starting at full bloom through full seed soybean development stages. Soybean aphid population as well as shoot concentration of ureide-N increased rapidly starting at full bloom, peaked at beginning seed, and dramatically decreased by full seed soybean reproductive stages. Regression analysis indicated significant relationships (P = 0.01; r = 0.71) between soybean aphid populations and shoot ureide-N concentration. Thus, soybean aphid population levels appear to coincide with shoot ureide-N concentrations in the soybean plant.

Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on seed growth characteristics and yield components in soybean

In order to understand the effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation on soybean yield components and seed growth characteristics, three determinate soybean cultivars, Hai339 (H339), Heinong35 (HN35) and Kennong18 (KN18) were grown for 2 years in a field experiment exposed to enhanced UV-B radiation. Enhanced UV-B radiation decreased plant height, dry weight of individual stem and yield per plant of three soybean cultivars on average by 15.5%, 16.9% and 43.7%, respectively. Pod number per plant was the most responsible component for yield change under UV-B radiation in the 2-year study. Seed number per pod was less affected by change in light treatment in our experiment, compared with the pod number per plant. UV-B radiation had no significant effect on effective filling period, however, seed size was negatively impacted by UV-B radiation and it decreased 12.3% for three soybean cultivars. Reduction of seed size was mainly due to the decrease of cotyledon cell number. Enhanced UV-B radiation had no significant effect on cotyledon cell volume, cell growth rate or cell weight. Our results suggested that the reduction of seed ABA concentration was directly responsible for lower cotyledon cell number under enhanced UV-B radiation.

여러 종류 콩의 일반 및 기능성 성분 분석

본 연구는 검정콩 2호, 대원콩, 선흑콩, 소명콩, 신팔달콩 2호, 진품콩 2호, 태광콩, 푸른콩에 대해 이화학적 특성과 기능성 성분에 대한 기초 자료를 얻기 위하여 실시하였다. 일반성분 분석 결과, 수분함량은 5.50~6.16% 범위였고, 조단백 함량은 40% 내외로 시료 간 큰 차이는 없었다. 조지방 함량은 푸른콩, 대원콩, 소명콩 및 검정콩 2호가 20% 내외로 비교적 높은 편이었고, 진품, 선흑, 신팔달콩 2호, 태광콩는 15% 내외로 비교적 낮은 편이었다. 회분 함량은 4.89~5.86%로 나타내어 품종 간의 큰 차이를 보이지 않고, 탄수화물 함량은 26.20~35.45%로 분포하였다. 무기질의 함량에서 콩나물용 칼슘 함량은 소명콩이 406.36 mg/100 g으로 가장 높았고, 마그네슘 함량은 신팔달 2호가 247.79 mg/100 g으로 가장 높았다. 이에 반해 진품콩은 칼슘이 199.51mg/100 g으로 가장 낮았고, 선흑콩은 가장 낮은 마그네슘함량(90.03 mg/100 g)을 나타냈다. 총 이소플라본 함량은97.54~402.00 mg/100 g으로 품종 간 차이를 보였다. 시료중 가장 높은 함량을 나타낸 것은 콩나물용 소명콩이었고, 가장 낮은 함량을 나타낸 것은 밥밑용 선흑콩이었다. 총 올리고당 함량은 5.84~9.35 mg/100 g이었다. 총 올리고당 중 sucrose의 함량이 약 50% 정도로 나타났다. Raffinose는 0.52~0.81 mg/100 g으로 함량이 나타났고, stachyose의 함량은 2.05~3.45 mg/100 g으로 나타났다. Bracassisterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol을 분석한 것으로 β-sitosterol이 평균적으로 식물성 sterol의 50%를 차지하였고, 그 다음으로 campesterol, stigmasterol 순서였으며 bracassisterol은 소량이 분석되었다. Phytic acid 함량은 신팔달콩 2호와 진품콩 2호가 0.86%, 1.65%로 이를 제외한 시료들은 약 2% 정도를 함유한 것으로 분석되었다. 식이섬유소 함량은 24.20~29.20% 범위로 나타났다.

The effect of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizer rates on performances of soybean and maize component crops of a soybean/maize mixture at Bako, Western Ethiopia

The experiment was conducted to determine the best compatible soybean varieties in intercropping systems and the most economically optimum integrated fertilizer rate. The factorial experiment consisted of two soybean varieties (Didessa and Boshe) treated with eight levels of combined organic and inorganic fertilizer applications in three replications. Both sole soybeans and maize under recommended fertilizer recommendation were also included for comparison purposes. The result indicated that there were significant differences in leaf area index, plant height and grain yield of maize due to integrated fertilizer application, but not in harvest index. However, statistically significant variations were observed on nodule number per plant, leaf area per plant and yield of intercropped soybeans as a result of soybean varieties and the interaction of varieties with fertilizer application. Higher nodules and leaf areas per plant were recorded in Didesa variety than Boshe. This could be due to varietal difference, integrated fertilizer application and cropping systems as well. Yield advantage obtained due to various combinations of fertilizer rates ranged from 6 to 28% over the yield of sole maize. Monetary advantage (MA) obtained due to intercropping systems ranged from the lowest Birr 1927 ha -1 to Birr 8446 ha -1 under various proportions of fertilizer applications. Application of both

Curcumin and Genistein: the Combined Effects on Disease-associated CFTR Mutants and their Clinical Implications

Genistein and curcumin are major components of Asian foods, soybean and curry turmeric respectively. These compounds have been intensively investigated for their chemical and biological features conferring their anti-cancer activity. Genistein and curcumin have also been investigated for their potentiation effects on disease-associated CFTR mutants such as ΔF508 and G551D. Recently, we investigated the combined effect of genistein and curcumin on G551D-CFTR, which exhibits gating defects without abnormalities in protein synthesis or trafficking using the patch-clamp technique. We found that genistein and curcumin showed additive effects on their potentiation of G551D-CFTR in high concentration range and also, more importantly, showed a significant synergistic effect in their minimum concentration ranges. These results are consistent with the idea that multiple mechanisms are involved in the action of these CFTR potentiators. In this review, we revisit the pharmacology of genistein and curcumin on CFTR and also propose new pharmaceutical implications of combined use of these compounds in the development of drugs for CF pharmacotherapy.

The Small Molecule Genistein Increases Hepcidin Expression by Activating Stat3 and Bone Morphogenic Protein Signaling

Hepcidin, a peptide hormone produced in the liver, decreases intestinal iron absorption and macrophage iron release via effects on ferroportin. Hepcidin is a potential drug target for patients with iron overload syndromes because its levels are inappropriately low in these individuals. We conducted a small‐scale chemical screen to identify small molecules that modulate Hepcidin expression. We found that treatment of zebrafish embryos with genistein, a major dietary component of soybeans, enhanced hepcidin transcript levels. By treating human hepatocytes (HepG2), we found that genistein caused a significant increase in Hepcidin transcript levels and promoter activity. We discovered that genistein's effect on Hepcidin expression did not depend on estrogen receptor signaling or increased cellular iron uptake, but was impaired by mutation of either the Stat3 binding site or the bone morphogenic protein (BMP) response elements in the Hepcidin promoter. RNA sequencing, chromatinimmunoprecipitation, and ELISA experiments revealed that genistein enhanced BMP and Stat3 signaling in HepG2 cells. In conclusion, genistein is the first nontoxic small molecule identified that increases Hepcidin expression in vivo and in vitro. Genistein and other candidate molecules may subsequently be developed into new therapies for iron overload syndromes. Funding: March of Dimes, NIDDK, US Army Research Office.

Rendimento de grãos de soja em diferentes sistemas de produção integração lavoura-pecuária

In Brazil, there are relatively few papers about soybean crop in succession of pasture to steer performance. This work aimed to study changes in yield and yield components of soybean in succession in crop-livestock production systems, under no-tillage, were assessed in Coxilha, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during ten years. Six crop-livestock production systems were studied: system I - wheat/soybean, and common vetch/corn; system II - wheat/soybean, and black oat pasture/corn; system III - wheat/soybean, and black oat pasture/soybean; system IV - wheat/soybean, and field pea/corn; system V - wheat/soybean, common vetch/soybean, and triticale double purpose/soybean; and system VI - wheat/soybean, white oat double purpose/soybean, and double wheat purpose/soybean. The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized block design, with four replications. In the year, no differences were found between grain yields, weight of 1,000 kernels, plant height and insertion first legumes height of soybean in crop-livestock production systems. The soybean cultivated in succession after common vetch showed higher number of pods, number of grains and weight of grain per plant than the other crop systems.

Response of Soybean Yield Components to 2,4-D

Soybean plants exposed POST to 2,4-D can have reduced seed yield depending on the dose and time of exposure, but it is unclear how 2,4-D affects specific yield components. Objectives were to quantify soybean injury, characterize changes in seed yield and yield components of soybean plants exposed to 2,4-D, and determine if seed-yield loss can be estimated from visual assessment of crop injury. Ten rates (0, 0.1, 1.1, 11.2, 35, 70, 140, 280, 560, and 2,240 g ae ha−1) of 2,4-D were applied to Becks brand 342 NRR soybean at three soybean growth stages (V2, V5, or R2). The soybeans were planted near Lafayette, IN and Urbana, IL in 2009 and 2010 and near Fowler, IN in 2009. Twenty percent visual soybean injury was caused by 29 to 109 g ha−12,4-D at 14 d after treatment (DAT) and 109 to 245 g ha−1at 28 DAT. Nonlinear regression models were fit to describe the effect of 2,4-D on seed yield and yield components of soybean. Seed yield was reduced by 5% from 87 to 116 g ha−1and a 10% reduction was caused by 149 to 202 g ha−12,4-D at all application timings. The number of seeds m−2, pods m−2, reproductive nodes m−2, and nodes m−2were the most sensitive yield components. Path analysis indicated that seeds m−2, pods m−2, main stem reproductive nodes m−2, and main stem nodes m−2were the most influential yield components in seed-yield formation. Seed-yield loss was significant (P < 0.0001) and highly correlated (R2= 0.95 to 0.99) to visual soybean injury ratings. A 10% seed-yield loss was caused by 35% soybean injury observed at 14 DAT, whereas a 10% seed-yield loss was a result of 40, 19, and 15% soybean injury observed at 28 DAT when soybean was exposed to 2,4-D at the V2, V5, and R2 growth stages, respectively.

Ultrastructural and functional analysis of secretory goblet cells in the midgut of the lepidopteran Anticarsia gemmatalis

Defoliation caused by Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae affects the commercial production of the soybean. Although regulation of the digestion of soybean components has become part of the suggested strategy to overcome problems caused by Anticarsia larvae, few studies have focused on the morphological and cellular aspects of Anticarsia intestinal tissue. We have therefore further analyzed the morphology and ultrastructure of the midgut of 5th instar larvae of A. gemmatalis. Dissected midgut was subjected to chemical or cryo-fixation and then to several descriptive and analytical techniques associated with both light and electron microscopy in order to correlate anatomical and physiological aspects of this organ. Histological analysis revealed typical anatomy composed of a cell layer limited by a peritrophic membrane. The identified lepidoptera-specific goblet cells were shown to contain several mitochondria inside microvilli of the goblet cell cavity and a vacuolar H(+)-ATPase possibly coupled to a K(+)-pumping system. Columnar cells were present and exhibited microvilli dispersed along the apical region that also presented secretory characteristics. We additionally found evidence for the secretion of polyphosphate (PolyP) into the midgut, a result corroborating previous reports suggesting an excretion route from the goblet cell cavity toward the luminal space. Thus, our results suggest that the Anticarsia midgut not only possesses several typical lepidopteran features but also presents some unique aspects such as the presence of a tubular network and PolyP-containing apocrine secretions, plus an apparent route for the release of cellular debris by the goblet cells.

Oral Sensitization to Peanut in Balb/c Mice Is Enhanced by Dietary Elimination of Soybean Components - towards a Better Mouse Model for Food Allergy

Oral Sensitization to Peanut in Balb/c Mice Is Enhanced by Dietary Elimination of Soybean Components - towards a Better Mouse Model for Food Allergy

Structure of internals tissue of first generation of rats fed by natural and transgenic soybean

Studied of macro- and microstructure of kidney, liver and spleen of female and male rats did not show significant deviations from such structures of the control group. It has been found that structure of spleen follicles of female and male control groups of rat is better expressed comparing to those whose diet included soybean. The animals whose diet included both conventional and transgenic soybean were found to have a slight increase of Bowman’s capsule in kidney tissues enabled by glomerulus reduction that is apparently due to the effect of both soybean varieties of biologically active components on water-salt metabolism in animals. Considering that the internal structure was preserved and conformed with the norms for animals of given species and age in both control and experimental female and male rat groups, a conclusion on the absence of significant negative or positive effect of GM soybean components on the histological structure of liver, spleen and kidneys can be proposed. Keywords: genetically modified soybean, histology of internals, liver, spleen, kidney.

Construction of ethylene regulatory network based on the phytohormones related gene transcriptome profiling and prediction of transcription factor activities in soybean

High floral abscission ratio in soybean (Glycine max L.) leads to serious yield loss in field culture condition. Ethylene is a phytohormone responsible for the regulation of developmental changes and floral abscission ratio in soybean. It is clear that different phytohormones affected overlapping physiological processes, and the physiological effects of phytohormone depended on specific hormone combination rather than the independent activity of each one. Little is known about how ethylene is integrated into the phytohormone metabolism and signal network. The results of phytohormone content analysis and three RNA-seq libraries after silver thiosulfate (STS), ethephon (ETH) and control treatment showed that ethylene biosynthesis and signal pathway was affected by STS treatment according to suppress the mRNA abundance of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) syntheses genes, while the ETH treatment induced both ethylene biosynthesis and signal pathway components in soybean. A number of genes involved in IAA, GA, CTK and ABA pathways components were activated or depressed correspondingly. The analysis of transcription factors (TFs) in differential transcriptome profiling and TFs prediction of the differentially transcription genes related to all phytohormone biosynthesis showed that TFs MYB played pivotal roles in the process of ethylene interplaying the whole phytohormones metabolism and signal network.