Soybean Components Research Articles

Revaluation of the concept of developmental abnormality: the importance of faulty perinatal imprinting

The classic definition of developmental abnormalities referred to malformations observed at birth. Later the functional teratogenicity was also recognized and accepted, which can be revealed in functional abnormalities caused by harms during the intrauterine development and can be manifested at any time of life. However, the ontogeny is not closed with the birth, because some systems or organs are developing for a long time after it, and can be influenced by different factors. From this aspect the perinatal period is especially important when the mutual adjustment of the receptor-hormone system is taking place and the hormonal imprinting develops. If this is faulty, it influences the hormone binding capacity of receptors that has consequences for life. The faulty hormonal imprinting is functionally teratogen; it provokes a fault up to the level of a malformation and aggravated with its heredity to the progenies. False imprinting is provoked (in animal experiments, proportioning to human doses) by drugs acting at receptor level, as oxytocin, steroid hormone analogues (pregnancy protectors, oral contraceptives, surfactants), vitamin A and D, environmental pollutant endocrine disruptors (benzpyrene, bisphenol A, pesticides, herbicides) and certain soybean components, etc. From this aspect these are functional teratogens, and their evasion in prevention as well as therapy seems to be vital. This means that the concept of developmental abnormality must be broadened, as developmental abnormalities: 1.) can originate not only in the intrauterine period, but also perinatally or even later, 2.) it can be manifested at any time of life, 3.) it can be present in a latent form which can be activated by inner or outer environmental factors, 4.) the faulty hormonal imprinting is a teratogen factor.

The effectiveness of flame weeding and cultivation on weed control, yield and yield components of organic soybean as influenced by manure application

AbstractPropane flaming in combination with cultivation could be a potential alternative tool for weed control in organic soybean production. Field experiments were conducted at the Haskell Agricultural Laboratory of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), Concord, NE in 2010, 2011 and 2012 to determine the level of weed control and the response of soybean grain yield and its components to flaming and cultivation within two fertility regimes (FRs) (with and without manure) utilizing flaming equipment developed at the UNL. The treatments included: weed-free control, weedy season-long and different combinations of banded flaming (intra-row), broadcast flaming and mechanical cultivation (inter-row). The treatments were applied at VC (unfolded cotyledon) and V4–V5 (4-leaf–5-leaf) growth stages. Propane doses were 20 and 45 kg ha−1 for the banded and broadcast flaming treatments, respectively. The data were collected for visual ratings of crop injury and weed control at 7 and 28 days after treatment (DAT) at V4–V5 growth stages, weed dry matter at 60 DAT, crop yield and yield components. The annual application of 101 t ha−1 manure did not alter weed community or influence the effectiveness of weed management treatment; however, it decreased soybean yield by 0.25 t ha−1 through an increased weed biomass of 0.16 t ha−1. The weed-free control plots yielded 4.15 t ha−1. The combination of mechanical cultivation and banded flaming applied twice (at VC and V4–V5) was the best treatment resulting in 80–82% weed control and 6–9% crop injury at 28 DAT and 3.41–3.67 t ha−1 yield. Cultivation conducted twice provided only 19% weed control at 28 DAT and 1.75 t ha−1 yield. Soybean plants recovered well after all flaming treatments, with the exception of broadcast flaming conducted twice (28% crop injury at 28 DAT). Combining flaming with cultivation has a potential to effectively control weeds in organic soybean production across a range of FRs.

A biotechnology perspective of fungal proteases.

Proteases hydrolyze the peptide bonds of proteins into peptides and amino acids, being found in all living organisms, and are essential for cell growth and differentiation. Proteolytic enzymes have potential application in a wide number of industrial processes such as food, laundry detergent and pharmaceutical. Proteases from microbial sources have dominated applications in industrial sectors. Fungal proteases are used for hydrolyzing protein and other components of soy beans and wheat in soy sauce production. Proteases can be produced in large quantities in a short time by established methods of fermentation. The parameters such as variation in C/N ratio, presence of some sugars, besides several other physical factors are important in the development of fermentation process. Proteases of fungal origin can be produced cost effectively, have an advantage faster production, the ease with which the enzymes can be modified and mycelium can be easily removed by filtration. The production of proteases has been carried out using submerged fermentation, but conditions in solid state fermentation lead to several potential advantages for the production of fungal enzymes. This review focuses on the production of fungal proteases, their distribution, structural-functional aspects, physical and chemical parameters, and the use of these enzymes in industrial applications.

Effect of intercropping patterns and nitrogen fertilization levels on yield and yield components of maize and soybean

Effect of intercropping patterns and nitrogen fertilization levels on yield and yield components of maize and soybean

Linkage mapping, molecular cloning and functional analysis of soybean gene Fg3 encoding flavonol 3-O-glucoside/galactoside (1 → 2) glucosyltransferase.

BackgroundFlavonol glycosides (FGs) are major components of soybean leaves and there are substantial differences in FG composition among genotypes. The first objective of this study was to identify genes responsible for FG biosynthesis and to locate them in the soybean genome. The second objective was to clone the candidate genes and to verify their function. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were developed from a cross between cultivars Nezumisaya and Harosoy.ResultsHPLC comparison with authentic samples suggested that FGs having glucose at the 2″-position of glucose or galactose that is bound to the 3-position of kaempferol were present in Nezumisaya, whereas FGs of Harosoy were devoid of 2″-glucose. Conversely, FGs having glucose at the 6″-position of glucose or galactose that is bound to the 3-position of kaempferol were present in Harosoy, whereas these FGs were absent in Nezumisaya. Genetic analysis suggested that two genes control the pattern of attachment of these sugar moieties in FGs. One of the genes may be responsible for attachment of glucose to the 2″-position, probably encoding for a flavonol 3-O-glucoside/galactoside (1 → 2) glucosyltransferase. Nezumisaya may have a dominant whereas Harosoy may have a recessive allele of the gene. Based on SSR analysis, linkage mapping and genome database survey, we cloned a candidate gene designated as GmF3G2″Gt in the molecular linkage group C2 (chromosome 6). The open reading frame of GmF3G2″Gt is 1380 bp long encoding 459 amino acids with four amino acid substitutions among the cultivars. The GmF3G2″Gt recombinant protein converted kaempferol 3-O-glucoside to kaempferol 3-O-sophoroside. GmF3G2″Gt of Nezumisaya showed a broad activity for kaempferol/quercetin 3-O-glucoside/galactoside derivatives but it did not glucosylate kaempferol 3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 → 4)-[rhamnosyl-(1 → 6)-glucoside] and 3-O-rhamnosyl-(1 → 4)-[glucosyl-(1 → 6)-glucoside].ConclusionGmF3G2″Gt encodes a flavonol 3-O-glucoside/galactoside (1 → 2) glucosyltransferase and corresponds to the Fg3 gene. GmF3G2″Gt was designated as UGT79B30 by the UGT Nomenclature Committee. Based on substrate specificity of GmF3G2″Gt, 2″-glucosylation of flavonol 3-O-glycoside may be irreconcilable with 4″-glycosylation in soybean leaves.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0504-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Intercrop Advantages of some Improved Sweet Potato + Soybean in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

Field trials were conducted during 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State located in Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. The objective of the study was to evaluate the response of some improved sweet potato varieties planted at three densities to intercropping with soybean. The experiment was a 2x3x3 split-split plot laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot consisted of two cropping systems [sole cropping (sweet potato, soybean) and intercropping (sweet potato + soybean). The sub-plot consisted of three sweet potato varieties (CIP440037, NRSP/05/007C and CIP440141). The sub-sub-plot treatment comprised of three sweet potato planting densities (25,000 plants/ha, 33,000 plants/ha and 50,000 plants/ha). Intercropping severely depressed the yields of both sweet potato varieties and the soybean component, such that intercrop yields were rarely above 50% of sole crop yields, irrespective of the sweet potato variety used. The number and weight of the sweet potato component was not significantly affected at the planting density of 50,000 plants/ha. Indices used to measure intercrop advantage showed that intercropping these sweet potato varieties with soybean was biologically efficient and percentage land saved varied from 23.08 and 32.43. Soybean was more competitive than sweet potato at all densities tested.

Intercrop Advantages of some Improved Sweet Potato + Soybean in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

Field trials were conducted during 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Agriculture Makurdi, Benue State located in Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. The objective of the study was to evaluate the response of some improved sweet potato varieties planted at three densities to intercropping with soybean. The experiment was a 2x3x3 split-split plot laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot consisted of two cropping systems [sole cropping (sweet potato, soybean) and intercropping (sweet potato + soybean). The sub-plot consisted of three sweet potato varieties (CIP440037, NRSP/05/007C and CIP440141). The sub-sub-plot treatment comprised of three sweet potato planting densities (25,000 plants/ha, 33,000 plants/ha and 50,000 plants/ha). Intercropping severely depressed the yields of both sweet potato varieties and the soybean component, such that intercrop yields were rarely above 50% of sole crop yields, irrespective of the sweet potato variety used. The number and weight of the sweet potato component was not significantly affected at the planting density of 50,000 plants/ha. Indices used to measure intercrop advantage showed that intercropping these sweet potato varieties with soybean was biologically efficient and percentage land saved varied from 23.08 and 32.43. Soybean was more competitive than sweet potato at all densities tested.

Desempenho agronômico da soja cultivada em diferentes épocas e distribuição de plantas

Períodos favoráveis à semeadura bem como a disposição espacial em que plantas se encontram na área de cultivo são fatores que influenciam diretamente a produtividade da soja. A melhor equidistância entre plantas para determinada época de cultivo pode resultar em maior aproveitamento de água, luz e nutrientes. Nesse contexto, por duas safras agrícolas de verão contínuas, foram realizados experimentos de campo com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho agronômico da soja semeada em diferentes épocas e distribuição espacial de plantas. O delineamento utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas, foram alocadas quatro épocas de semeadura equidistantes de 15 dias a partir de 3 de outubro (2014/15 e 2015/16) e nas subparcelas foram dispostos, aleatoriamente, os espaçamentos entre linhas de semeadura de 0,5 e 0,25 m (tradicional e adensado, respectivamente). Na colheita, avaliaram-se características morfológicas, componentes do rendimento e a produtividade de grãos. A época de semeadura influenciou as características morfológicas e componentes do rendimento da soja. O retardamento da época de semeadura proporcionou menores rendimentos de grãos. As cultivares de soja se comportaram de maneira distinta quanto à redução no espaçamento entre linhas. A BMX Desafio RR® apresentou maior produtividade quando cultivada em espaçamento entre linhas de 0,25 m em relação ao tradicional (0,5 m).

Soya Biyoaktif Bileşenleri ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkisi

Depending on scientific developments and advancement in consumer awareness differences in types of nutrition and choice of foods resulted in increment on tendance to functional foods which have favorable effects on human health. The occurrence of positive effects on human health and inclusion of functional characteristics of the bioactive components in soybean compound has made possible adding of these soybean components in to the foods. In this compilation the importance of soybean active components in food are mentioned and along with this their positive effects on human health are introduced.

Yield and Economics of Maize (Zea mays) + Soybean (Glycin max L. Merrill) Intercropping System under Different Tillage Methods

A study was conducted to determine the most profitable crop arrangements for maize and soybean intercropping system. The effect of tillage {conventional (CT) versus zero tillage (ZT)} and six crop arrangements (sole maize, sole soybean, maize+soybean intercropping at different row ratio arrangements) on grain yield and economics was investigated in Chitwan, Nepal during the summer of 2013. The grain yields of maize and soybean were not affected by tillage methods. However, crop arrangements significantly affect yield component and yield of both maize and soybean. Sole crop of maize and soybean recorded significantly higher grain yield than corresponding yields under intercropping systems. Planting maize+soybean at 1:1 ratio recorded highest maize grain yield (4.58 Mg ha-1) and 2:2 ratio recorded the highest soybean yield (1.70 Mg ha-1). Yield reduction due to intercropping ranged from 21.44% to 31.9% in maize and 22.3% to 53.88% in soybean as compared to their sole cropping. Remarkably higher net return was obtained in ZT (NPRs 110.4 thousands ha-1) than CT (NPRs 105.8 thousands ha-1). Intercropping of maize and soybean at 2:2 ratio recorded maximum benefit (NPRs 132.7 thousands ha-1), maize grain yield equivalent (8.74 Mg ha-1) and land equivalent ratio (1.47) than sole and intercropping treatments. It was found that paired rows of soybean between two rows of maize under ZT system could achieve higher productivity and profitability.

Evaluation of growth parameters and physiological basis of yield in summer soybean genotypes

Pod and seed number are the most important yield components of soybean. Leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD) during the reproductive period strongly influence yield components. The study was undertaken with objectives to investigate the significant differences in yield components, physiological traits and growth parameters among genotypes and to examine the dynamics of LAI and LAD during the reproductive period for the high-yielding genotypes. Significant variations were found for LAI, LAD, leaf area, number of branches, plant height and physiological traits. Photosynthetic rate was closely related to stomatal conductance, transpiration and PAR.The rate of photosynthesis is an important physiological parameter which governs the dry matter production and consequently the yield.The genotype KDS-347 (63.60 μmol m -2 s -1 ) showed higher photosynthesis rate reflected in high grain yield (2708.33 kg/ha) in these genotypes during summer season. The efficiency of converting biological yield in to economic yield and explained the cause of high grain yield in KDS-347 due to a higher harvest index (46.78%). The high yielding genotypes possessed higher rate of photosynthesis indicating the importance of the parameter in determining the productivity.

Assessment of the Agronomic Performance of Two Varieties of Soybean as Influence by Time of Introduction of Maize and Cropping Pattern

Field experiments were conducted to assess the effect of time of introduction of maize and cropping pattern on two varieties of soybean in a soybean/maize intercrop in 2007 and 2008 seasons at the University of Agriculture Makurdi. Three periods of introduction of maize were evaluated: (i) planting at the same time with soybean;(ii) introduction of maize two weeks after planting soybean and (iii) introduction of maize four weeks after planting soybean. There were five cropping patterns viz: (i) soybean variety Samsoy-2 planted sole (ii) soybean variety TGX 1448-2E planted sole (iii) maize variety DMR-ESR-Y planted sole (iv) Samsoy -2 intercrop with maize and (v) TGX1448-2E intercrop with maize. The experiment was a split plot laid on complete randomized block design replicated three times. Results obtained revealed that there was no significant effect of time of introduction of maize on any soybean parameter observed. Yield and yield components of soybean indicated significant effect of cropping pattern (P<0.01) with number of pods per plant and grain yield. Grain yield and number of pods per plant decreased in intercrop with soybean variety Samsoy-2 having the highest number of pods per plant and grain yield. The result on maize indicated that maize planted sole was significantly (P<0.01) taller than intercropped maize, there was significant (P<0.01) effect of time of introduction of maize and cropping pattern on maize plant height, ear length, ear diameter, survival and barrenness percentage and grain yield. The Land Equivalent ratio (LER) values indicated that higher yield advantages were obtained from maize introduced two weeks after planting soybean and maize intercropped with soybean variety Samsoy-2 (1.35) than with soybean variety TGX1448-2E (1.12).

Genetic Analysis and QTL Mapping of Isoflavone Contents and Its Com-ponents in Soybean

Genetic Analysis and QTL Mapping of Isoflavone Contents and Its Com-ponents in Soybean

ダイズ種子成分の分子育種に関する研究

ダイズ種子成分の分子育種に関する研究

Assessment of the Agronomic Performance of Two Varieties of Soybean as Influence by Time of Introduction of Maize and Cropping Pattern

Field experiments were conducted to assess the effect of time of introduction of maize and cropping pattern on two varieties of soybean in a soybean/maize intercrop in 2007 and 2008 seasons at the University of Agriculture Makurdi. Three periods of introduction of maize were evaluated: (i) planting at the same time with soybean;(ii) introduction of maize two weeks after planting soybean and (iii) introduction of maize four weeks after planting soybean. There were five cropping patterns viz: (i) soybean variety Samsoy-2 planted sole (ii) soybean variety TGX 1448-2E planted sole (iii) maize variety DMR-ESR-Y planted sole (iv) Samsoy -2 intercrop with maize and (v) TGX1448-2E intercrop with maize. The experiment was a split plot laid on complete randomized block design replicated three times. Results obtained revealed that there was no significant effect of time of introduction of maize on any soybean parameter observed. Yield and yield components of soybean indicated significant effect of cropping pattern (P<0.01) with number of pods per plant and grain yield. Grain yield and number of pods per plant decreased in intercrop with soybean variety Samsoy-2 having the highest number of pods per plant and grain yield. The result on maize indicated that maize planted sole was significantly (P<0.01) taller than intercropped maize, there was significant (P<0.01) effect of time of introduction of maize and cropping pattern on maize plant height, ear length, ear diameter, survival and barrenness percentage and grain yield. The Land Equivalent ratio (LER) values indicated that higher yield advantages were obtained from maize introduced two weeks after planting soybean and maize intercropped with soybean variety Samsoy-2 (1.35) than with soybean variety TGX1448-2E (1.12).

Keragaman Karakter Morfologi, Komponen Hasil, dan Hasil Plasma Nutfah Kedelai (Glycine max L.)

Abstract
 Soybean (Glycine max L.) is annual crop that have high morphologies and yield components diversity. The research was conducted at the first season of 2011, the objective of the research were to find morphological, yield, and yield component of Soybean germplasm (Glicine max L.). The research was carried out at experimental station BB-BIOGEN Citayam, Depok, and laboratory of Gene Bank BB-BIOGEN. The experiment used randomized block design with 100 different accessions and three replications for each accession. Based on the observation, the morphological characters have many visual forms. They are as follows: growth percentage in which 19.33 – 99%; growth types were determinate and indeterminate, the leave form was triangle to sharp; purple and white flowers; yellow and black seeds color. The range of values for each characteristic component are as follows: plant height 29,23 – 104,25 cm; number of pods per plant was 23,6 – 99,82; flowering time 33 – 47 days after planting; 100 seed weight 5,98 – 20,77 gram; maturing time 75 – 96,67 days after planting; root nodule’s weight 0,004 – 0,109 gram; seed’s weight 3,15 – 11,45 gram/plant. Among the accessions, the highest yield was shown by B 4323 (643,27 gram/3,6 m2). Significant correlation was shown between soybean’s yield components and yield which were plant’s height, growth percentage, numbers of main stem’s node, numbers of pods, seeds weight for each plant and root nodule’s weight. 100 seeds weight showed significant negative correlation with soybean components.
 
 Key words: germplasm, morphological characteristics, soybean, yield components

Productivity and Economic Assessment of Maize and Soybean Intercropping under Various Tillage and Residue Levels in Chitwan, Nepal

A field experiment was conducted at National Maize Research Program (NMRP) in Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during May-Nov 2013. The experiment was laid out in strip- split design with twelve treatments and three replications. Treatments consisted of two different tillage methods namely conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) as vertical factor, two different levels of residue (residue kept and residue removed) as horizontal factor and three different levels of cropping systems namely sole maize, sole soybean and maize + soybean intercropping system as sub plot factor. Manakamana-3 and Puja were the variety of maize and soybean used for the experiment respectively. The results revealed that the grain yield and yield attributing components of maize and soybean was significantly influenced by cropping systems but not by tillage methods and residue levels. The grain yield of maize obtained under sole cropping (4.76 t ha-1) was significantly higher than maize + soybean intercropping system (4.27 t ha-1). Similarly, the grain yield of sole soybean was significantly higher (1.99 t ha-1) than that of maize + soybean intercropping system (1.26 t ha-1). Moreover, the total grain yield equivalent of 6.45 t ha-1 obtained from sole soybean system was significantly higher and was followed by maize and soybean intercropping system with 4.99 t ha-1. Whereas, sole maize produced significantly the lowest maize grain yield equivalent of 3.47 t ha-1. Significantly, higher LER (1.38) was recorded with maize and soybean intercropping system over sole system (1.0). Tillage and residue levels did not affect the gross and net return and B: C ratio but the effect was found obvious due to intercropping system. Significantly higher net return (NRs.140.49 thousands ha-1) was recorded in intercropping of maize with soybean as compared to sole soybean (NRs. 89.85 thousands ha-1) which was at par with sole maize system (NRs. 80.91 thousands ha-1). Maize and soybean intercropping system produced significantly the higher (2.47) B: C ratio than sole soybean (2.28) and was at par with sole maize (2.18).

Association mapping of oil content and fatty acid components in soybean

Soybean is a globally important oil crop, and the flavour, stability and nutritional value of soybean oil is dependent on the relative proportions of five primary fatty acids. In this study, association mapping was performed to identify molecular markers associated with QTL regions related to oil traits in soybean. Oil and fatty acid contents were measured in soybean accessions grown under field conditions for 2 years. Based on polymorphisms at 142 SSR loci, 94 soybean accessions were divided into two clusters corresponding to accessions from Asian and American gene pools. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) among the SSR loci suggested a structure across the soybean genome (LD decay) of approximately 12 cM. Pairwise kinship estimates among the accessions showed low values. A mixed linear model (MLM) adjusted using false discovery rate (FDR) and minimum Bayes factor (BFmin) values identified 110 strongly associated marker-traits. Oleic acid content had the highest number of associated SSR loci (33), followed by linoleic acid (26), palmitic acid (24), oil (16) and linolenic acid (14). Specific alleles at eight loci yielded high performing soybeans with respect to fatty acid content, and these are presented in a crossing matrix. Analysis of SSR loci and oil traits confirmed previous findings, and many new markers were also identified that may be useful for quickly improving oil traits in soybean.

Isoflavones of the soybean components and the effect of germination time in the cotyledons and embryonic axis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the content of different forms of isoflavones of BRS 284 soybean components and the effect of germination time in the cotyledons, radicle, and hypocotyl. Seeds were germinated until 168 h at 35 °C and collected each 24 h. The isoflavone content was determined by ultraperformance liquid chromatography, and the data were subjected to regression analysis. In cotyledons, germination time had a quadratic effect on daidzin and genistin contents and a linear effect on malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin contents. In radicles, germination time had a quadratic effect on daidzin, glycitin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin contents in addition to a linear effect on malonyldaidzin content. In hypocotyls, germination time showed a cubic effect on daidzin and genistin contents, a quadratic effect on malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, and malonylglycitin contents, and a linear effect on genistein content; glycitin, daidzein and glycitein were detected in a few germination times.

The Sg-6 saponins, new components in wild soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.): polymorphism, geographical distribution and inheritance

Hypocotyl saponin composition of 1,198 accessions of wild soybean (Glycine soja) collected from China, Korea, Japan and Russia Far East was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography to determine polymorphic variation and geographical distribution. Eight common distinguishable saponin phenotypes were identified: Aa, Ab, AaBc, AbBc, Aa+α, Ab+α, AaBc+α and AbBc+α. The latter four +α type were new. All eight types were identified in China. Type Ab+α was absent in Korea. Types Ab+α and AbBc+α, and Aa+α and Ab+α were not identified in Japan and Russia far east, respectively. Six new triterpene saponins were detected in +α type via LC-PDA/MS/MS analyses. They were, tentatively, designated as H-αg, H-αa, I-αg, I-αa, J-αg and J-αa. These saponins were inherited together by a single dominant allele. A gene symbol Sg-6 was assigned. Hence, the new saponins were collectively named as Sg-6 saponins. The frequency of Sg-6 allele was 17.6 % in Chinese, 10.0 % in Korean and 1.0 % in Japanese wild soybean. The wild soybeans having Sg-6 saponins can be utilized in soybean breeding programs as well as in saponin biosynthesis studies in soybean.