Structural Components Research Articles

Gigartina skottsbergii Setchell & N.L.Gardner (Rhodophyta) Incorporated Organic@Inorganic Hybrid Cu3(PO4)2 Nanoflowers with an Intrinsic Antioxidant and Catalytic Activities

AbstractIn this study, the extract of one of the red algae, Gigartina skottsbergii was used for synthesis of organic@inorganic hybrid nanoflower (hNFs) for the first time. hNFs were sytematically synthesized with different concentrations of algal extract (from 0.5 to 1.65 ml) and Cu2+ in different pHs (7.4 and 9) of PBS. Hierarchical synthesis of hNFs in the PBS buffer did not occur in the acidic medium (pH: 5). The morphological structures of hNFs were detailed with FE-SEM images. hNFs synthesized in morphology closest to the ideal flower structure with variable algal extract concentrations and pH were determined by FE-SEM. Organic and inorganic groups (structural components of hNFs), crystallinity of optimum synthesized hNFs were detailed by FT-IR, EDX and XRD analysis, respectively. It has been recorded that synthesized hNFs have antioxidant properties. hNFs have captured catalytic dyes with peroxidase-like activity. The ability of hNFs in destroying the dye in the presence of H2O2 has been attributed to the Fenton reaction. As a result, an easily applicable, inexpensive, one-step catalyst was synthesized using the Fenton mechanism. It is foreseen that the study data can be applied for nanotechnology field and basic sciences.

Co-Design Model of Support for Child and Family Health Nurse Practice with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Families

Culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) mothers with young children face multiple inequities in accessing primary health services, such as language barriers, social isolation, low health literacy, and the availability of appropriate interpretation services. These inequities are persistent and indicate that child and family health nurse (CFHN) services, the providers of primary healthcare in many developed countries, require better support to address the needs of these families. This study engaged with CFHNs and healthcare interpreters to co-design a model of support for practice using workshops that included individual and collective brainstorming and visual representations. Transcripts of the discussion were analysed using thematic analysis. CFHNs and interpreters were able to articulate their perfect service model: a central multidisciplinary team of CFHNs, interpreters, and bilingual educators who could facilitate nurse–interpreter and nurse–interpreter–client relationships, allowing CFHNs and interpreters to do their jobs properly. This central structural component would support and be supported by rapport, trust, client choice and access, continuity of care, and cultural comfort. The study concluded that CALD mothers’ access and engagement require CFHNs to have support for their cultural comfort through the mechanism of bilingual educators and the expansion of healthcare interpreters’ role and scope in working with CFHNs in the delivery of services.

Assertive behavior. Structural analysis

Introduction. A brief history of the emergence of the concepts of “assertiveness” and «assertive behavior» is presented , and their definitions are given. The importance of assertive behavior for personality development is shown. Argues for the need to investigate the structural components of assertive behavior. Materials and Methods. The research methods used were: structural analysis of modern scientific literature on the research problem, summarizing, comparing, systematizing and interpreting data. Results. Based on the analysis, comparison and systematization of the concepts of assertiveness and assertive behavior presented in modern domestic and foreign scientific literature, a complex of the most significant structural components of assertive behavior is identified. These include: self-confidence, autonomy, responsibility, self-control, communication skills, positive and tolerant attitudes, constructive ways of resolving conflicts and disputes. A model of assertive behavior is presented. It is shown that in the works aimed at increasing assertiveness and assertive behavior, the emphasis is placed on improving individual personality traits, but this approach will not give an optimal result, since it is necessary to have a complex impact on all components of the assertive conduction structure. Discussion and Conclusions. The study of theoretical approaches to the study of assertive behavior allows us to propose an expanded definition of this concept as a holistic entity, identify its main structural elements, and develop a model of assertive behavior. It is shown that when developing formative programs of assertive behavior it is necessary to have a complex impact on all components of its structure.

The critical roles of caveolin-1 in lung diseases.

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1), a structural and functional component in the caveolae, plays a critical role in transcytosis, endocytosis, and signal transduction. Cav-1 has been implicated in the mediation of cellular processes by interacting with a variety of signaling molecules. Cav-1 is widely expressed in the endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts in the various organs, including the lungs. The Cav-1-mediated internalization and regulation of signaling molecules participate in the physiological and pathological processes. Particularly, the MAPK, NF-κB, TGFβ/Smad, and eNOS/NO signaling pathways have been involved in the regulatory effects of Cav-1 in lung diseases. The important effects of Cav-1 on the lungs indicate that Cav-1 can be a potential target for the treatment of lung diseases. A Cav-1 scaffolding domain peptide CSP7 targeting Cav-1 has been developed. In this article, we mainly discuss the structure of Cav-1 and its critical roles in lung diseases, such as pneumonia, acute lung injury (ALI), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and lung cancer.

Aviation aspects of engine oil conveying copper tiny particles embedded in a rotating disk with a binary chemical reaction

Nanofluids have significant industrial applications and motivating heat transfer characteristics for various factors that contribute to the movement of nanofluids are essential significance. The aim of the present study focused on importance of heat transfer analysis on engine oil conveying copper nano particles embedded in a porous rotating disk with potential application in aerospace technology. In this model we considered magnetohydrodynamics, non-linear thermal radiation, thermophoresis and Brownian motion. The present investigation utilized copper nanoparticle and engine oil as a base fluid. The mathematical flow equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by employing suitable self-similarity variables. The resultant ordinary differential equations are solved numerically by using the Midrich technique in the Maple software. The results are calculated to measure the impact of active parameters on velocity, temperature, concentration equations are presented graphically and in tabular form. Higher values of the magnetic field parameter the velocity profile decreased while the opposite tendency we noticed on energy profile. When increasing the radiation parameter values the energy profile increased. In both cases when increasing the magnetic field and radiation parameter values the Nusselt number profile increased. The research has important implications in a number of real-world situations. In particularly, the advancement of aircraft technology has presented manufacturers with new criteria and problems for the functioning of their devices. It is essential that, in order to guarantee the secure operation of aerospace machinery, the failure mechanisms be identified and the operational durability of critical structural components be improved as quickly as possible.

Research methods in cultural studies

Introduction: The issue of using research methods in cultural studies is a key factor in the analysis of cultural phenomena and processes. Contemporary approaches include hermeneutics, structuralism, semiotics, ethnographic, comparative, phenomenological, sociological, and psychoanalytic methods. Each of them provides unique tools for cultural research.Objective: The purpose of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of various research methods in cultural studies and to identify their advantages and disadvantages in the conditions of modern challenges. The research methodology involves the analysis of the structural components of cultural studies and the possibility of applying variable methods for their identification.Methods: The research sample consists of a set of methods: hermeneutics, structuralism, semiotics, ethnographic, comparative, phenomenological, sociological and psychoanalytical. The article examines the practices of applying methods for the interpretation of cultural texts, the analysis of structural elements of cultural systems. Results: Results of the study emphasize the importance of the integration of interdisciplinary approaches and modern technologies to increase the effectiveness of cultural studies. The conclusions of the study indicates the need to adapt traditional methodological approaches to the conditions of globalization and cultural hybridization. Prospects for further research are aimed at the development of new methodological tools and the use of modern technologies for data collection and analysis. Special attention should be paid to international cooperation and exchange of experience between researchers for the development of global cultural knowledge.Conclusions: Research methods in cultural studies are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of cultural phenomena, but they face challenges such as subjectivity in interpretation, necessitating improved methodologies and interdisciplinary cooperation

Evaluation of hydrogen permeation in fretting corrosion interfaces with Ti-6Al-4V alloy and varying lubricants using a modified Devanathan-Stachurski cell.

Titanium alloys are commonly used in biomedical applications for structural components such as hip femoral stems and acetabular cup shells [1]. Whilst the fretting-corrosion degradation of Ti-alloys has been well documented, the role of hydrogen permeation within these contacts has not received much attention despite evidence in clinical retrieval studies. This is likely due to the complexity of measurement and simulation. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of tribological and electrochemical mechanisms on hydrogen permeation. A novel detection cell based on the Devanathan-Stachurski cell (DS cell) was designed to investigate hydrogen permeation in fretting corrosion contacts found in Ti-6Al-4V alloy. Hydrogen permeation was found to be dependent on the amplitude of fretting displacement. Hydrogen permeation was not detected at lower amplitudes (10 and 50 μm). Whereas a significant increase in hydrogen permeation was found at 150 μm displacements. Furthermore, hydrogen permeation was found to be affected by the components of the tested physiological saline solution. Presence of hydrogen permeation was noticed in 0.9% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and physiological saline combined with Albumin protein. However, the amount of permeated hydrogen was reduced (38%) when H2O2 was added. While corrosion rate and hydrogen permeation increased (6%) significantly when both Albumin and H2O2 were added to the solution. These results show that fretting induced hydrogen ingress can be simulated and detected in situ within simulated aqueous environments. Furthermore, a framework to assess the interactions between fretting and hydrogen ingress, which can be translated to other industrial challenges, has been developed.

A review of multiaxial low-cycle fatigue criteria for life prediction of metals

Most of real-world structural components that undergo cyclic loading feature multiaxial fatigue. When the cyclic loading involves also significant plastic deformation, multiaxial low-cycle fatigue takes place. Applications where multiaxial low-cycle fatigue can be observed very often involve metal components. To predict their lives multiple criteria and models have been proposed, but their development has not followed a regular path. Multiple reviews are available in literature. However, many of them are outdated, they often employ different classification methods to categorize available criteria, many focus on specific families of criteria, and others do not include sufficient theoretical background. Moreover, none of the available reviews is based on a systematic literature search method. As a result, approaching the topic can result arduous and chaotic, especially for first timers. This work aims at providing a clear, comprehensive, and definitive review of available criteria for multiaxial low-cycle fatigue. First, the basic theoretical background is explained. Secondly, a systematic approach is described and employed to identify all major currently available criteria. Then, they are classified and commentary about different classification styles that can be found in literature is added. Eventually they are described, together with their latest proposed variations. In this way this review can be employed as a guiding reference, especially for engineers approaching the topic for the first time.

Resilience of code compliant reinforced concrete buildings to progressive collapse: A numerical analysis investigation

This study investigates the resilience of dual-system reinforced concrete (RC) structures impacted by progressive collapse where the local failure of a primary structural component leads to the sequential collapse of adjoining elements. The study is conducted on buildings designed in the United Arab Emirates in the context of extreme events. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of twenty-seven different building models is performed to evaluate the impact of critical variables, building height, and column spacing on progressive collapse potential under the Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) regulations. The research methodology aims to study impacts associated with sudden removal of critical columns (corner, edge, and internal) that replicate severe accident scenarios in buildings. The structural responses were assessed based on the ASCE 41 performance design criteria. The formation of plastic hinges was analyzed to determine the ductility and resilience of the structures. The study finds that buildings with removed corner columns exhibit more significant vertical displacements than those with edge or internal column removals. The results also indicate that columns adjacent to the removed ones generally remained elastic and within their structural capacities, showing structural resilience to localized damage. However, the flexural strength of RC flat slabs near removed or adjacent columns demonstrates insufficient flexural capacities. This study underscores the imperative for enhanced design strategies and emphasizes the critical importance of bolstering structural resilience against extreme events. Moreover, it intends to draw the attention of policymakers locally to the need to consider progressive collapse when designing reinforced concrete structures.

The SG‐Climbot: An Adaptable, Efficient, Inspection and Repair Robot for Steam Generator Heat Transfer Tube Sheet

ABSTRACTThe steam generator plays a crucial role as a safety component and protective barrier in nuclear power plants. Regular inspection and repair of heat transfer tubes, which operate in high‐temperature, high‐pressure, corrosive, and abrasive environments for extended periods, are essential. Inspection and repair robots move inside the steam generator to conduct comprehensive inspections and evaluations of the heat transfer tubes. However, existing robots have relatively simple execution devices and fixed movement methods, resulting in poor adaptability to different specifications of tube sheets and limited flexibility in handling maintenance tasks. In response to these limitations, the SG‐Climbot, a quadruped crawling tube sheet inspection and repair robot, has been proposed. This robot is designed to adapt to full‐specification tube sheets and operate efficiently by conducting inspections while moving. By comparing different motion modes, a robot configuration with a quadruped parallel structure was suggested. Kinematic and static analyses were conducted, resulting in the development of both forward and inverse kinematic models, along with the identification of conditions leading to tipping. Using parametric modeling and optimization design, optimized design parameters were obtained. Finite element simulation analysis was performed on the overall structure and main components, leading to an optimized structural model. Finally, based on the design model and computational analysis, a prototype was developed and tested. The experimental results indicate that the robot has achieved the expected functionality and performance targets. Its efficient maintenance operation mode of conducting inspections while moving provides a basis for the autonomous and intelligent development of steam generators.

Carbon-mechanic dual-control design decision model of prefabricated structural components

Prefabricated enclosure structures (PES) have become the key technology for low-carbon construction in the engineering field due to their low labor demand, fast construction speed, and low environmental pollution. In the context of low-carbon development, efficiently designing PES that not only possess high-strength but also demonstrate significant greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction benefits has become a critical challenge. The objective of this study is to address the challenges of automated design and scientific decision-making methods for PES components. First, the Carbon-mechanic dual-control assessment model (CDAM) is proposed, providing a novel evaluation dimension for the design of prefabricated components. Subsequently, based on the CDAM, an automated design decision-making process, and model for components are established using an improved genetic algorithm and parameterized method. Finally, under the constraints of actual engineering conditions, adaptive solutions were automatically generated for specific cases. These solutions were comprehensively evaluated and optimized using CDAM, resulting in design guidelines and optimal solutions for PES that balance environmental performance and load-bearing capacity. The case analysis results show that the optimal scheme based on the carbon-mechanic dual-control (CM) index is: the sectional dimension is 830 mm, the reinforcement ratio is 0.9 % and the cavity ratio is 45 %, which shows the ideal characteristics of low-carbon and high-strength. Compared with the single index decision scheme, this scheme achieve a maximum of 42 % GHG emissions reduction. The high comprehensive performance scheme is characterized by small sectional dimension, high reinforcement ratio, and high cavity ratio. Cavity ratio is a key parameter to achieve high performance design. The research findings provide an important theoretical basis and technical support for the low-carbon transformation in the engineering field.

Health System Structural Factors Associated with Use of Scorecard to Improve RMNCAH Performance Indicators in Public Primary Health Facilities in Kenya

Purpose: Researchers looked into how the structure of the health system affects the use of scorecards to boost reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health (RMNCAH) in Kenya's Kwale and Kilifi Counties' public primary health facilities. Specifically, this includes use of the RMNCAH indicators, trainings received on RMNCAH indicators, and factors associated with the utilization of the RMNCAH indicators. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study to gather quantitative data from 119 primary healthcare workers in chosen public primary facilities via one-on-one interviews. We collected data using tablets and the Kobo Collect app. Findings: The findings revealed that 89% of the selected facilities analyzed RMNCAH variables, whereas only 13% used scorecards at the time of the study. The study found that 75% of the facilities that used scorecards did not indicate the specific type of scorecard they received training on. Further research revealed a relationship between scorecard type and utilization (p<0.001, χ2= 2.365), with 84% of facilities analyzing RMNCAH indicators on a monthly basis, focusing on immunization and family planning. However, 63% of healthcare workers rated the health system's structures as either low or poor. Only 11% of facilities had monitoring and evaluation budgets, yet 78% had RMNCAH indicator targets. While most public primary facilities analyze RMNCAH indicators, only a small percentage of these facilities use scorecards due to barriers such as limited training on different types of scorecards, a lack of monitoring and evaluation budget commitments, and poor structural components of the health system Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: While facilities appreciate the availability of RMNCAH indicators, still the main focus is on immunization and family planning, hence the need for a more comprehensive monitoring of all RMNCAH indicators.

A multi-scale deep residual network-based guided wave imaging evaluation method for fatigue crack quantification

Abstract As a promising structural health monitoring (SHM) technology, guided wave (GW) imaging is gaining increasing attention for crack monitoring of aircraft structures. However, actual fatigue crack propagation is a complex dynamically evolving process affected by various variabilities. It is still challenging to accurately track and quantify the dynamic fatigue crack propagation with GW imaging methods. Therefore, in order to achieve more accurate fatigue crack quantification, this paper proposes a multi-scale deep residual network-based GW imaging evaluation method. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is utilized to evaluate the entire pixel distribution of GW imaging maps to fuse damage-related information from multiple GW monitoring paths. By designing multi-scale convolutional kernels and deep residual learning, a robust quantitative image feature extraction is ensured with the dynamic evolution process of fatigue crack growth and the performance degradation is avoided as the CNN goes deeper, thereby improving the quantification accuracy. The method is validated on a fatigue test of landing gear beams, which are important load-carrying aircraft structural components. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can extract multi-scale crack length-related features and accurately track fatigue crack propagations. For batch specimens, the maximum quantification error is reduced from the original 6.1mm to 1.6mm, marking a significant improvement.

Bending Analysis of Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Functionally Graded Composite Cylindrical Shell

The curved structural components of aircraft, automobiles, and marine vessels, such as cylindrical panels, are primarily exposed to loading, which can result in bending failure, particularly in lightweight structures. The bending analysis of cylindrical panels made of functionally graded multiwall carbon nanotube (FG-MWCNT) epoxy composites is subjective in this study. In the first section, FG-MWCNT composite cylindrical panels are simulated in the ANSYS software. There are three methods for distributing uniaxially aligned reinforcements. The material properties of the carbon nanotubes uniformly distributed and functionally graded over the thickness of the shell structure are estimated using an extended rule of mixture micromechanical model that incorporates certain useful characteristics. To demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed finite element approach, deflection data are presented. The analysis of the shell structure's bending includes an investigation of the impact of CNT volume fraction, boundary condition, lengthto-thickness ratio, and other geometrical factors

Карьерная ориентация «профессиональная компетентность» как фактор успешного освоения роли врача студентами медицинских специальностей

Introduction. The article reflects the results of the study that made it possible to identify the connection between subjective personality traits and the severity of career orientation, manifested in the desire to improve their knowledge and skills in the chosen field among medical university students. The maturity of the studied career motivation can be an important factor determining the success of future doctors mastering role-related professional behavior. Theoretical analysis. The results of modern research allow us to talk about the importance of the formation of a career orientation “professional competence” for the successful self-realization of young doctors, but do not reveal the features of its relationship with the structural components of the subjective organization of an individual in the conditions of interpersonal interaction. Empirical analysis. Connections were found between motivation for self-improvement in the chosen professional activity, the ability to exercise self-control in communication conditions, as well as manifested ego positions in communication and self-regulation styles. Conclusion. The formation of a career orientation “professional competence” can be an important factor in the successful development of professional role behavior by medical students, subject to the actualization of subjective properties in the conditions of interpersonal interaction: volitional regulation of behavior, the optimal combination of required and demonstrated behavior in communication, the use of optimal styles of self-regulation and interaction strategies.

Mechanism-based shift factors to predict the fatigue performance of cemented pavement materials

AbstractCemented pavement materials (CPMs) are essential components in pavement structures, yet accurately predicting their service life due to fatigue damage remains challenging. Laboratory fatigue test results are commonly employed to predict the service life of CPMs by applying a lab-to-field shift factor (SF). However, traditional approaches rely heavily on experimental data, posing challenges in ensuring the certainty of lab-to-field results. Additionally, inconsistencies in lab-to-field fatigue failure criteria further complicate SF development. To address these challenges, this study proposes a mechanism-based methodology for developing SF. This methodology comprises a rigorous two-scale fatigue model developed by the authors to characterise the fatigue performance of CPMs at the lab scale and predict their performance at the field scale, thereby facilitating the development of SFs. These SFs are established based on a consistent lab-to-field fatigue failure criterion (i.e. the modulus reduction of CPMs). By accounting for strain differences between laboratory and field scales, SFs are derived in the strain-fatigue life space. Application of this approach to typical Australian CPMs, namely siltstone and hornfels, yields mechanism-based SFs of 1.19 and 1.21, respectively.

Investigation of the Robust Integration of Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors in Structural Concrete Components.

In recent times, the value of data has grown. This tendency is also observeable in the construction industry, where research and digitalisation are increasingly oriented towards the collection, processing and analysis of different types of data. In addition to planning data, measurement data is a main focus. fibre optic measurements offer a highly precise and comprehensive approach to data collection. It is, however, important to note that this technology is still in research regarding concrete structures. This paper presents two methods of integrating filigree sensors into concrete structures. The first approach entails wrapping a fibre around a tendon duct and analysing the installation and associated measurements. The second method involves bonding polyimide and acrylate-coated fibres with 2K epoxy and cyanoacrylate in the grooves of rebars, exposing them to chemical environments. The resulting measurement data is evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively to ascertain its resilience to environmental factors. These developed criteria are consolidated in a decision matrix. Fibre-adhesive combinations necessitate protection from chemical and mechanical influences. The limitations of the solutions are pointed out, and alternative options are proposed.

Feasibility study on additive-manufactured honeycomb sandwich structural solutions for a Fast Patrol Vessel

This work represents a significant step toward integrating additive-manufactured honeycomb sandwiches into ship hull structures. The sandwich structure consists of two continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastic faces and a regular honeycomb core made of chopped fibre-reinforced thermoplastic. The primary goal is to create optimal manufacturing and design methods to determine to which extent the sandwich solution that has been analysed may be used as a structural component of a fast patrol vessel. The core of the design procedure is a purposely developed evolutionary multiobjective optimisation routine suited to evaluate the flexural response of the structure under investigation. The analytical formulations utilised to predict the structural response of an additive-manufactured honeycomb sandwich subjected to 3-point bending have been derived using a combined analytical and experimental approach. A fast patrol vessel made of steel has been taken as a reference to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed solution. A steel primary stiffener and its associated plate have been extracted from the midship section and replaced by an additively manufactured honeycomb sandwich. By maintaining the same structural encumbrances, it has been found that a pseudo-optimal combination of the mechanical properties of the sandwich base materials can accomplish an exceptional weight reduction of three times.

Efficient and Controllable Preparation of Super-Hydrophobic Alumina-Based Ceramics Coating on Aviation Al-Li Alloy Surface for Corrosion Resistance and Anti-Icing Behavior

Al-Li alloys have been widely applied in aircraft structural component and shell material. However, Al-Li alloys are prone to corrosion failure, which leads to a considerable safety risk in the aerospace field and greatly limits their industrial application. Herein, a simple, low-cost, and large-scale air-spraying technique is developed for the preparation of an alumina-based ceramics coating with enhanced corrosion resistance and anti-icing behavior. The results show that the static contact angle of the as-prepared coating is 157.2 ± 0.4°, and the rolling angle is only 9.8°, suggesting a super-hydrophobic surface. Meanwhile, the electrochemical corrosion potential of the coating is 70 mV higher than that of the substrate, and the corrosion current density of the coating also decreases by 1 order of magnitude, indicating a significantly improved corrosion resistance. In addition, the fabricated super-hydrophobic coating also shows excellent anti-pollution and anti-icing characteristics. This work provides positive guidance for expanding the application of hydrophobic coating in the aerospace industry, especially in some complex corrosion, icing, and pollution environments.

Effect of Residual Stresses on the Fatigue Stress Range of a Pre-Deformed Stainless Steel AISI 316L Exposed to Combined Loading

AISI 316L austenitic stainless steel is utilized in various processing industries, due to its abrasion resistance, corrosion resistance, and excellent properties over a wide temperature range. The physical and mechanical properties of a material change during the manufacturing process and plastic deformation, e.g., bending. During the combined tensile and bending loading of a structural component, the stress state changes due to the residual stresses and the loading range. To characterize the component’s stress state, the billet was bent to induce residual stress, but a phase transformation to martensite also occurred. The bent billet was subjected to combined tensile–bending and fatigue loading. The experimentally measured the load vs. displacement of the bent billet was compared with the numerical simulations. The results showed that during fatigue loading of the bent billet, both the initial stress state at the critical point and the stress state during the dynamic loading itself must be considered. Analysis was demonstrated only for one single critical point on the surface of the bent billet. The residual stresses due to the phase transformation of austenite to martensite affected the range and ratio of stress. The model for the stress–strain behaviour of the material was established by comparing the experimentally and numerically obtained load vs. displacement curves. Based on the description of the stress–strain behaviour of the pre-deformed material, guidelines have been provided for reducing residual tensile stresses in pre-deformed structural components.