Concept Of Competition Research Articles

Teorijske osnove i metrika konkurentnosti zemalja u četvrtoj industrijskoj revoluciji

On the one hand, the paper attempts to determine the complex phenomenon of competitiveness of countries conceptually and essentially, and on the other hand, it presents the competitiveness of the ten most competitive countries in the world, Serbia and 8 selected countries, according to Global Competitiveness Index 4.0. A wide range of views of economic theorists, concerning the justification of using the concept of country competitiveness, was stated. The position on the justification of treating the competitiveness of countries was stated and it was concluded that the basis of this concept is the increase in productivity as the most important determinant of long-term economic growth, i.e. the improvement of all significant factors that enable more efficient use of factors of production. The concept is based on the observation of economic growth as the sum of growth factors of production - i.e. labor and capital - and total factor productivity, as measures of factors that cannot be explained by labor, capital or other inputs. Also, the paper provides an analysis of the indicators of competitiveness and innovation ability of the ten most competitive countries in the world, the Republic of Serbia and selected countries from its surroundings in 2019, based on data from the World Economic Forum. It was stated that Serbia and the countries from its surroundings lag far behind the most competitive and most innovative countries in the world. However, a relatively favorable position of Serbia in terms of innovation capacity was noted, which leaves room for Serbia to make significant and faster progress in terms of improving international competitiveness than most of the observed countries in the region.

Innovations as sustainable competitive advantages in the digital economy: substantiation and forecasting

Sustainable development is possible only on the basis of the growth of innovation and the introduction of digitalization in modern conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to speak about the concept of systemic competitiveness, the basis of which is sustainable competitive advantages. This paper is devoted to the problems of forming the competitiveness of construction in the modern economic conditions of the transition to a new technological structure and a digital economy, based on the implementation of sustainable competitive advantages predicted on the basis of foresight and activated by creating “points of innovative growth”.

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF UNFAIR COMPETITION IN UKRAINE

The article considers the concept of fair and unfair competition from the point of view of different scientists. Concepts and types of measures that contradict trade and other fair business practices are revealed, namely: illegal use of the business reputation of the business entity, creation of obstacles in the competitive process and achievement of illegal competitive advantage and collection, disclosure and use of trade secrets. characteristics of these instructions. The essence of the influence of various factors on the conditions of development of competitive positions in the economy of Ukraine is revealed. The state policy on restriction of monopoly and development of competition as an integral part of internal economic and social policy of the state is considered. An analysis of the dynamics of the main structural competitive conditions in the economy of Ukraine. The number and structure of terminated violations of unfair competition are explained. The main goals and objectives of the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine, directions of antimonopoly policy are established. The directions of improvement of activity of bodies of the Antimonopoly committee concerning regulation of consequences of non-price competition in Ukraine are established. It should be noted that one of the methods of protection against unfair competition is to conduct antitrust activities, ie the activities of individual companies (legal entities and individuals) aimed at creating and maintaining a competitive environment, especially competitive relations. The mechanisms of protection against unfair competition provided by the current legislation of Ukraine are stated. The factors influencing the choice of methods to protect the company from unfair competition are identified. The main problems of introduction of the EU competition legislation into the legislation of Ukraine are analyzed. In particular, it is noted that in order to deepen relations with the EU, regulatory norms must be improved in accordance with European standards. In analyzing the rules of competition law, their complexity is highlighted and it is emphasized that the competition law of Ukraine contains rules, categories and institutions of several branches of law governing relations of different content using the rules of substantive and procedural law.

Gaining a Competitive Advantage through Sustainability Strategy: Managerial Applications for the Mining Sector

In today’s business environment, sustainability is becoming an increasing issue for decision-makers, because it is concerned with sustainable development in terms of environmental, economic, and social dimensions. In view of this, mining companies worldwide understand the significance of the strategic approach to sustainability management. However, the formulation and implementation of the appropriate sustainability strategy in order to gain a competitive advantage of sustainability initiatives may be a challenging task for organizations. The paper aims to clarify the concept of sustainable competitiveness in the context of the mining industry and define the main focus areas of strategic sustainability management at the firm level. Based on a literature review a conceptual framework for strategic sustainability management of mining companies is presented, which includes key drivers and organizational factors that should be taken into account to embed efficiently the sustainability strategies into the business practice. From a management viewpoint, the presented framework can be conceptualized at the firm level as a business model which is oriented towards the achievement of competitive advantage, long-term value creation, and enhancing corporate sustainability performance of the mining operators.

Финансовые факторы повышения конкурентоспособности корпоративного сектора Республики Коми

The paper demonstrates the importance of a stable financial state of the corporate sector for the competitiveness of the region, limited tools of regional budget policy and the possibility of increasing the financial support of small and me-dium-sized businesses in the Komi Republic. The analysis is based on the indicators of investment in fixed assets and the size of bank lending to small and medium-sized businesses, which are both indicators of the finances of the corpo-rate sector of the economy and the macro-financial block in the concept of regional competitiveness. In the Komi Re-public, as in other northern regions of Russia, the volume of bank lending to small businesses is extremely limited – but the specific investment per capita, and with it the growth rate of the economy, significantly lags behind the average northern and average Russian values. Similarly, in the Komi Republic, as in the rest of the resource economies of Rus-sia, the effects of the "resource curse" (low revenue of small and medium-sized businesses and the volume of innovative products) are manifested – while the poverty of the population is high, the size of average monetary incomes is small and, in comparison with regions with similar income levels, informal employment is very limited. The paper suggests a way to overcome the identified negative trends and restore competitiveness – stimulating demand from the corporate sector of the Komi Republic, primarily small and medium-sized businesses, for financial resources offered by federal development institutions. The problems of intersectoral unevenness and the impact of the system of “northern benefits” on the finances of enterprises are considered.

УПРАВЛІННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНІСТЮ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА В СУЧАСНИХ УМОВАХ

In the course of the study, the main theoretical approaches to the definition of the content of the concept of competitiveness of the enterprise were considered, its main features were revealed. The scientific opinions of different authors are also characterized to understand the process of managing the competitiveness. The basic organizational characteristics of the implementation of the process of forming a system of management of the competitive status of the enterprise in the modern economic conditions are determined. The main characteristics of the methodical support of the enterprise competitiveness management system are presented. According to the results of the analysis of economic literature, the components of the mechanism of competitiveness competitiveness management are substantiated, which allows to outline the main structural elements of the system of management of the competitive status of the organization. In order to improve the methodical principles of enterprise competitiveness management in modern economic conditions, an integrated approach to managing business processes on the main systems of balanced indicators is proposed. It also allows us to use this approach in constructing empirical models for simulating business processes of the organization, which is an important condition for their optimization and, accordingly, increasing the level of its competitive potential. The relevance of the research topic is that the effective use of modern management tools gives the company the opportunity to be the first to respond in a timely manner to market changes, better than others to adapt to the negative factors of the macro environment. From this point of view, the company receives an information advantage that allows to increase the level of competitiveness in the market. Modern management tools allow you to regulate the direction of any department of the company. With regular receipt of the necessary data, the company can easily make adjustments to the activities and organization of its business processes. In this case, such a product (service) can bring additional value to the consumer, as their needs will be met. Thus, competitiveness management allows not only to minimize the risks and threats to the operation of the enterprise in a competitive environment, to constantly maintain a stable competitive position in the market. In modern conditions, we can identify a number of important trends that affect the process of forming the organizational support of the process of managing the competitiveness of the enterprise. First, we are talking about the changes that have taken place with consumers. They have become more careful in choosing a product. Quality plays an important role because it brings a certain value to the consumer. It should also be noted the unprecedented impact of globalization of information technology on the process of organizing management. Computerization allows you to improve the tools of analysis, product promotion. There is a large amount of research in the economic literature that examines the problems of competitiveness management. However, further development is needed to develop integrated approaches to improving the methodological foundations of competitiveness management in today's economic environment.

Competitiveness of the enterprise: the concept, approaches and methods of evaluation

Within the framework of this article, various scientific views on the definition of the essence of the concept of competitiveness analyzed. It has established that competitiveness is a key category used in the theory and practical aspects of economic research, and is a multifaceted concept. Recommended to consider the competitiveness of an enterprise as a set of opportunities effectively use its resource potential, which is advisable to evaluate through a set of qualitative and quantitative characteristics in accordance with scientific approaches and methods of assessing competitiveness in the form of classification. Сonfirmed that the presented approaches and methods will help to solve most of the problems faced by enterprise managers in the course of their activities.

STRATEGIC PRIORITETI OF THE USE OF MANAGEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES COMPETITIVENESS

An estimation and strategic management of enterprise a competitiveness are investigated in the article. Considered basic conceptions of management and question of improvement of management innovations that is sent to the increase of competitiveness of enterprise. Reasonably, that the important aspect of the system of providing of the proper level of competitiveness of enterprise is a process of his evaluation, during that appear him strengths and weaknesses, hidden possibilities and potential threats, that in further gives an opportunity effectively to plan and develop activity on the basis of competitive edges. Determination of level of competitiveness of enterprise is the initial moment of planning of his activity and development of strategy of competitiveness. For functioning of organizationally-economic mechanism of providing of competitiveness of enterprise necessary system of estimation of competitiveness, that would take into account interests of investors, enterprises, consumers, state. Attention is accented on that absence of the only understanding stipulated the core concepts of competitiveness of enterprise ambiguousness of interpretation of this category. In modern market conditions enterprises operate in a competition environment. Drawn conclusion, that for providing of effective activity to the enterprises it is needed to study a competition environment, determine competitive edges and competitiveness. Certainly, that different approaches are to determination of competitiveness of enterprise. Drawn conclusion that competitiveness of enterprise it: comparative advantage, difference or relative description, index; property of management (subject of market relations) object to satisfy necessities; system of indexes of competitiveness and efficiency; total score of firmness of work of enterprise, effective use of resources, ability to resist or produce and sell off goods and services; ability to sustain competition at the market; touched market share; a criterion of exit of enterprise is to the commodity markets; flexibility and adaptivity; level of competense of enterprise; priority aspects of competitiveness are taking into account interests of the interested users of information about a competitiveness; quality and competitiveness of products that is produced. Drawn conclusion, that the levers of increase of level of competitiveness of enterprise are factors of competitiveness. Establishments of determinatives of competitiveness carry out after their influence and depending on aims and tasks of management a competitiveness.

Конкурентоспроможність підприємства: сутність і підходи до визначення

The article is aimed at generalizing the views of various scholars on the essence of the concept of «competitiveness» and allocating the properties and factors that characterize the competitiveness of enterprise. In modern conditions of economic development, of particular importance are the theoretical foundations of the conception of competitiveness, which should be based on the comprehensive approach and should be considered by means of this approach. The concept of «competitiveness» derives from the concept of «competition», which acts as an element of the market mechanism for regulating supply and demand; as a form of interaction between economic actors in the market; as an economic rivalry of individual producers for market share and receipt of an order; finally, as a mechanism for regulating the proportions of public production. In order to successfully operate in conditions of high competition in the market and to maintain the necessary level of competitiveness, enterprises and organizations master new types of services, introduce new forms of business, stimulate their employees and fight for the involvement of each client. When planning its activities, a company takes into account not only the needs of customers, but also the strategies of competitors. Based on the information obtained during the study of competition conditions, the company’s development strategy in the market is largely formed, and the general strategy of the enterprise goes the same way. Thus, a positive result in competition is achieved as a natural result of constant and competent management efforts. How positive this result will be depends largely on the competitiveness of the enterprise. The article discusses the essence of the concept of «competitiveness» as an economic category, analyzes various approaches to the definition of this concept and carries out an analysis of competitiveness of enterprise. Competitiveness is an important element concerning entering the market and keeping the enterprise’s positions at the market, especially in the context of pandemic and quarantine, so the topic under research is very relevant nowadays.

Assessment of the enterprises competitive advantages on the basis of financial and economic activity indicators

Object of the research is the level of competitiveness, competitive behavior and efficiency of making logistic decisions at PJSC «AVK» as key representative of national confectionery market. One of the most problematic aspects is the absence of mechanism of support of sustainable competitive status of domestic enterprises in conditions of crisis that requires daily and permanent monitoring and strategic assessment of the state of ensuring competitiveness and existing advantages, analyses of the key factors of leading competitors functioning at current confectionery market. The objective of this investigation is theoretical overview of the concepts of competitiveness and competitive behavior, analysis of competition in the domestic confectionery market in Ukraine in conditions of accelerating globalization and maintaining negative trends in the world economy, as well as identifying prospects for logistics in further development of domestic enterprises in conditions of crisis. In order to achieve this goal, the authors applied such research methods as: analysis and synthesis, comparison, method of classification and generalization, due to which the final conclusions are made. Also, economic and statistical methods are used in this paper, namely: horizontal analysis and index method for the determination of competition intensity in the market, traditional methods of statistical information processing, SWOT-analysis, methods of economic analyses, method of five forces of competition by M. Porter, method «Square of potential» to assess the effectiveness of making logistics decisions in the nearest future. The priority meaning of recommendations, proposed in the paper, is to form a set of organizational, managerial, financial, economic and logistical measures to increase the competitiveness of PJSC «AVK», which is implemented by means of management of key competitive advantages at tactical and strategic levels, and will have a positive impact on future results of production and economic activity of the enterprise and its financial indicators while maintaining negative trends in world and domestic economy. The authors proposed the set of organizational and economic measures based on systematization of sectoral peculiarities of financial and economic activities that will ensure stable competitive advantage of PJSC «AVK» and provides, first of all, introduction of new types of bar chocolate, and its further implementation will increase net income of the enterprise, performance, and accordingly – will allow to predict potential competitive advantages and improve the level of competitiveness of the enterprise as a whole in the domestic confectionery market.

Glavni faktori koji utiču na konkurentnost kompleksa za preradu ulja

The development of the economic situation in Russia in recent years is characterized by the achievement of stabilization at the macro level, the strengthening of investment activity, the expansion of the scope of activities of the processing industry, the strengthening of public confidence in domestic goods and finished products. The research urgency is caused by the fact that in Russia economic competition becomes more acute in oil and fat processing sector, also has a problem of lack of training organizations to consider the impact of external factors and competitive advantages of the industry to ensure financial stability. The purpose of the study is to study the features of factors affecting the competitiveness of the oil processing complex. On the basis of sources of economic literature, the authors studied the competitiveness of vegetable oil production by comparison and identified the problems of insufficient methodological support for studying the impact of factors that determine the current state of the vegetable oil market, methods and approaches for assessing the competitiveness of organizations. The leading direction is a comprehensive approach presented by the authors in the article, including the study of domestic and international experience in determining the factors of internal and external environment that affect the development of the industry. The study of the traditional system of assessing the competitiveness of vegetable oils is given, proposed by Russian and foreign scientists. As a result of the conducted research it is established that modern domestic and foreign methods of the analysis of the competitiveness of vegetable oils do not differ in high quality and have shortcomings. The authors noted that the analysis of the concept of competitiveness of vegetable oils does not take into account the quality indicators are not always fully represented the composition and structure of the concept, not justified organizational and methodological approaches to the analysis of the concept of competitiveness applicable to vegetable oils. The researchers note the need for an objective assessment of the analysis of the concept of competitiveness of vegetable oils to supplement it with a more detailed study of improving the level of competitiveness. In their opinion, the lack of a single definition of the term "competitiveness of products" is one of the most difficult in the formation of an adequate approach to the assessment of the phenomenon. This leads to the fact that the most common assessment is a comparative assessment of similar vegetable oils with ethanol. The study conducted by the authors has scientific and practical significance and will allow to develop a methodological apparatus (parameters and criteria for assessing the level of competitiveness of vegetable oils) in accordance with the requirements of the industry in the world economy, as well as to form a set of strategic and tactical management decisions to improve the competitiveness of vegetable oils and mechanisms of interaction in creating competitive advantages and strengthening the market position of vegetable oils.

A brief review on proximal fibular osteotomy for treating medial compartment osteoarthritis of knee

It was seen that Proximal fibular osteotomy (PFO) is a very simple to perform and a very low-cost surgery when compared to knee arthroplasty and high-tibial osteotomy and was seen to be useful in treating low socio-economic populations that cannot afford expensive surgical treatment methods. The literature available currently consists of mainly of case series and finds PFO useful in symptomatic improvement of medial compartment osteoarthritis. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the functional outcome of this surgery and also the exact mechanism that is in action. This study was hence conducted to analyse all the evidence on proximal fibular osteotomy which is available, to know its benefits and the mechanisms in action. The theories like non-uniform settlement, slippage phenomenon, the too-many cortices theory, dynamic fibular distalization theory, the concept of competition of muscles, ground reaction vector readjustment theory are various mechanisms have been proposed previously. We have discussed these mechanisms and proposed directives for future research. However, to be sure of the benefits of this procedure when compared to other established treatment modalities, large trials and long-term follow-up studies are required.

МЕТОДИЧНІ ЗАСАДИ ФОРМУВАННЯ МЕХАНІЗМУ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА НА ОСНОВІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ПОТЕНЦІАЛОМ ІНВЕСТИЦІЙНОГО (ІННОВАЦІЙНОГО) РОЗВИТКУ

Based on the conditions of operation of enterprises in Ukraine, the relevance of the study of new methodological approaches to increasing competitiveness, which will be able to provide a higher level and contribute to the integrated development of domestic enterprises. Based on the literature, two approaches to understanding the concept of competitiveness are identified. Using a systematic approach, competitiveness is defined as a property of the production and economic system (enterprise) to change the trajectory of development or a certain mode of operation in the process of adaptation to environmental influences in order to preserve and develop existing or create new competitive advantages. The factors of competitiveness of the enterprise based on certain classification features are given. Such features include: place of origin, area of origin, nature of the factor, the degree of interdependence, the degree of usefulness, the role in ensuring the competitiveness of the enterprise, economic reliability and potential competitiveness. It is noted that ensuring the competitive advantages of enterprises must produce innovative products (goods), provide innovative services. It is noted that an important condition for ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises and the country is the formation and implementation of the National Innovation System of Ukraine. A methodical approach to assessing the competitiveness of the enterprise is proposed, which is based on the use of six parameters, namely: financial stability, liquidity, business activity, management efficiency, profitability, sales and ranking of enterprises studied in the matrix. It is noted that using this methodological approach it is possible to determine the most competitive enterprise in comparison with other researched enterprises. It is noted that such a methodological approach can be useful for investors who choose the company to invest and other stakeholders. It is noted that the practice of using the proposed methodological approach to assessing the competitiveness of enterprises has confirmed the correctness of the obtained values and gives almost identical results. Therefore, it was concluded that the proposed method adequately reflects the real ratio of competitiveness of enterprises. It is noted that when assessing the investment (innovation) potential of the enterprise it is necessary to distinguish between its actual level and prospects.

Od projektu ideowego do pragmatycznej polityki: Chrześcijańska demokracja we Włoszech w początkach zimnej wojny 1943‑1948

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The paper attempts a comparative analysis of competitive concepts of development of the Italian Christian democratic party (Democrazia Cristiana, DC) in the immediate post-WWII period. RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The Italian Christian demo‑ cratic party was created in 1942 as a joint effort of various currents of political Catholicism in Italy. The common denominator of groups originating from pre[1]war Christian democratic circles, student organizations and catholic, antifascist intellectuals, was an urge to overcome the legacy of fascism and to create an Ital‑ ian democracy founded on Christian principles. Between 1943 and 1948 DC un‑ derwent an evolution from a cadre party of a distinctive ideological profile to a mass party with loosely defined ideological principles. The application of a his‑ torical reconstruction of the subsequent phases of clashes between competitive conceptions of party allows to identify the timing and positions in this debate. THE ARGUMENTATION PROCESS: The analysis opens by recalling the context of the dissolution of the Christian democratic party in Italy in 1926 which is followed by the reconstruction of the consolidation process that took place during the WWII. Next, the focus is shifted towards the wartime ideology and programmatic achievements of catholic groups. The fourth part of the text focuses on the discussions between the leader of the DC, Alcide De Gasperi conducted with Giuseppe Dossetti – on one hand – and the conservative mem‑ bers of ecclesiastical hierarchy – on the other. The stake of this debates was the future of the party: while De Gasperi argued for remaining in the centre of the political scene, Dossetti wanted an alliance with the “popular parties” – social‑ ists and, not unconditionally, communists, whereas the hierarchy pushed for the establishment of a catholic-conservative bloc. RESEARCH RESULTS: The attempted re construction allowed to point out that De Gasperi’s success – which consisted in holding the party unity and autonomy from the Church, had its price, which was the loosening of the ideo‑ logical cohesion of the party. DC entered the cold war as a federation of circles and interest groups held together by a will of prolonging their power. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS: In the concluding part of the paper I stressed the need for an in-depth study of the catholic political culture of the post-WWII period in order to fully understand the differences between Christian democrats and Christian democratic ideas from the interwar period, the hopes and goals of the wartime programmatic work, and the Cold War period when often these ideas were confronted with the pragmatism of a day-to-day politics. This is particularly important given the secularisation of the Christian democratic party in the post-1945 period.

SMART POWER NETWORKS FOR INCREASING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

The article deals with the essence of the national economy competitiveness concept, as well as factors influencing its level, among which an important place is occupied by energy efficiency of the state. Theoretical aspects of the smart grids development are considered, the expediency of their implementation in the context of the national economy competitiveness level increasing is established. A study by reports from the European Commission and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe has shown that the introduction and deployment of smart grids is one of the priority thematic areas in the implementation of the Trans-European Energy Networks concept. Their use will help to integrate renewable energy sources, optimize the energy market and increase the level of self-regulation of energy use by consumers, as well as to implement the main directions of sustainable development, which today has become an urgent requirement around the world. The ability of smart grids to generate supply and demand information is analyzed, which is important for the integration of an increasing number of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, while maintaining the stability and efficiency of the energy system. To ensure the effective operation of the network, it is necessary to form a vision and organize the further deployment of technology platforms, as well as to integrate intelligent network applications that will support this vision. The article also examines the functional characteristics of smart grids, the benefits of their use, as well as the main issues related to their use. It is established that the main shortcomings of the smart grids introduction are insufficient confidentiality of customers and the level of information security, as well as network instability and lack of flexibility. The functions of smart grids are grouped according to separate paragraphs, their significance for consumers, investors, environment and competitiveness of the national economy is analyzed. In particular, it is determined that they are more intelligent, decentralized and sustainable than modern networks, and their use will improve the economic efficiency, investment attractiveness and sustainable development.

Green competitiveness: the evolution of concept formation

The modern tendencies confirmed the necessity to consider the environmental factors in companies' effectiveness. The goal of the article is to investigate the structural and functional environment of the development of the green competitiveness concept. In the paper were used the methods of bibliometric analysis for determining vectors of green competitiveness concept development. The hypothesis of the study is the growing tendency of analysing sustainable competitiveness by scientists. In this order, a bibliometric analysis of the spread of the concept of «green competitiveness» in scientific articles indexed by the Scopus database was performed. The authors reviewed about 30000 papers from Scopus base in the period from 1996 till 2019. The Scopus screening tools showed that in 2004 the number of articles that focused on green competitiveness began to increase. On the international level, the investigated area was represented by the next countries: the United States, China, India, Great Britain, Taiwan. Using the VOS viewer program were identified the main clusters of the scientific papers, which have investigated green competitiveness with the interconnection of such categories: green marketing, green innovation and sustainable development. The findings could be used for improving the basis for the creation of the strategies for green competitiveness promotion.

BASIC INNOVATION CONCEPTS OF DIGITAL ECONOMY DEVELOPMENT IN MODERN SOCIETY

The bases of economy digitalization in modern society are analyzed; problems of managing the documentary and professional activity in the economic sphere and the opportunities of information technologies application are indicated. The aim of the research is to optimize the fundamental ideas in the structure of digitalization processes in modern society. The article substantiates the development of digital modification in the economic sphere of the society which forms a single concept of competitiveness and scientific and technical independence of modern economy. The signs that distinguish a digital company are identified and industries are determined by the complexity of transition to the digital economy. The relevance of the topic is determined by an inevitable transition to the digital economy, which causes complex changes both at the state level and at the level of companies. Using general scientific and comparative methods, the authors analyzed the world experience of transition to digital environment, and drew analogies between digitalization of the Russian and world economic systems. The result of economic activity is the systematic, reasoned aspect of digitalization – creation of bases of economic reality abstract models, as well as affirmation of the significance of Big Data economy, which directly affects the transformation and modification of industries.

Kajian 14 Pillar Pada Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI) Sebagai Indikator Daya Saing Pariwisata Suatu Negara

The concept of competitiveness is undergoing a revolution. The revolution of competitiveness theory becomes a new paradigm. Initially, competitiveness theory discusses the ability of a company to survive in a dynamic market. The new paradigm regarding the theory of competitiveness that has become normal science is currently being defined as a concept of competitiveness between countries. One of the competitiveness of a country can be obtained from the tourism sector. Why tourism? Because tourism has developed into a major and mainstay industry in the world. The World Economic Forum (WEF) as an international institution issued a report measuring the travel and tourism competitiveness of its 136 member countries. The report in question is better known as the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index (TTCI), in which there are 14 pillars that are indicators of a country's competitiveness. This study uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method, which aims to examine the 14 pillars as an indicator of the competitiveness of a country's tourism. These indicators are actually quite good in describing the competitiveness of a country in travel and tourism, but in developing countries there are several indicators that are still difficult to achieve because development in certain sectors is still in the process of development and takes a long time to be assessed to reach the minimum value of the TTCI indicator. This has an impact on the assessment based on indicators on TTCI for developing countries that is not optimal.

Tax

Paying tax or avoiding tax is part of everyday life across the globe. But what kinds of payments are taxes, and how do fiscal systems shape society? Taxes are often conceived of as a nexus of state-citizen relations and an intrinsic part of a social contract where they are exchanged for political representation and a level of state protection. But ethnographic evidence demonstrates that separating out taxes from other payments is not straightforward, and the motivations for paying tax, or collecting tax, are far from universal. In addition to shaping national and international economies, taxes construct social and political relations which cast citizens and communities in particular roles, such as ‘contributor’ and ‘wealth creator’, or ‘dependant’ and ‘scrounger’. As such, taxes are political tools that are wielded in processes of governance. Yet fiscal systems are also crafted from the bottom up, through taxpayer action and taxpayer logics, and gain meanings from the broader historical and cultural contexts in which they exist. In recent years, and in the context of multiple financial, environmental, and health crises across the globe, discussions about how we might build better futures have put the spotlight on taxes as a tool for redistribution. The logics that drive new tax policies and laws are embedded in specific concepts of tax justice and tax competition, as well as the relation between the sovereign state and the international community. Tax is a locus of many important themes, both academic and political. Understanding tax is crucial to understanding our societies.

ФОРМУВАННЯ КОНКУРЕНТНИХ ПЕРЕВАГ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ СФЕРИ ТУРИЗМУ

У нинішніх умовах нестабільної економіки, яка постраждала через пандемію COVID-19, конкурентні переваги і стратегії їх досягнення являють собою практичний інтерес для туристичних підприємств і виступають невід'ємним елементом формування загальної виробничої стратегії в цілому. У статті проаналізовано концепції як вітчизняних дослідників проблеми конкурентоспроможності підприємств, так і зарубіжних вчених. Перераховано фактори, які мають вплив на формування конкурентних переваг підприємства. Розглянуто зміни у конкурентній ситуації в туристичній галузі, викликані сучасним станом внаслідок пандемії COVID-19. Особливу увагу приділено напрямкам досягнення конкурентних переваг, або діловим стратегіям, які можуть застосовуватися туристичними підприємствами. За результатами дослідження, автори приходять до висновку, що чітке формулювання, визначення, реалізація конкурентних переваг і вибір конкурентної стратегії, а також всебічний аналіз факторів, що впливають на конкурентні переваги, забезпечить конкурентоспроможність підприємства на ринку туристичних послуг.