Od projektu ideowego do pragmatycznej polityki: Chrześcijańska demokracja we Włoszech w początkach zimnej wojny 1943‑1948

Abstract

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The paper attempts a comparative analysis of competitive concepts of development of the Italian Christian democratic party (Democrazia Cristiana, DC) in the immediate post-WWII period. RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The Italian Christian demo‑ cratic party was created in 1942 as a joint effort of various currents of political Catholicism in Italy. The common denominator of groups originating from pre[1]war Christian democratic circles, student organizations and catholic, antifascist intellectuals, was an urge to overcome the legacy of fascism and to create an Ital‑ ian democracy founded on Christian principles. Between 1943 and 1948 DC un‑ derwent an evolution from a cadre party of a distinctive ideological profile to a mass party with loosely defined ideological principles. The application of a his‑ torical reconstruction of the subsequent phases of clashes between competitive conceptions of party allows to identify the timing and positions in this debate. THE ARGUMENTATION PROCESS: The analysis opens by recalling the context of the dissolution of the Christian democratic party in Italy in 1926 which is followed by the reconstruction of the consolidation process that took place during the WWII. Next, the focus is shifted towards the wartime ideology and programmatic achievements of catholic groups. The fourth part of the text focuses on the discussions between the leader of the DC, Alcide De Gasperi conducted with Giuseppe Dossetti – on one hand – and the conservative mem‑ bers of ecclesiastical hierarchy – on the other. The stake of this debates was the future of the party: while De Gasperi argued for remaining in the centre of the political scene, Dossetti wanted an alliance with the “popular parties” – social‑ ists and, not unconditionally, communists, whereas the hierarchy pushed for the establishment of a catholic-conservative bloc. RESEARCH RESULTS: The attempted re construction allowed to point out that De Gasperi’s success – which consisted in holding the party unity and autonomy from the Church, had its price, which was the loosening of the ideo‑ logical cohesion of the party. DC entered the cold war as a federation of circles and interest groups held together by a will of prolonging their power. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS: In the concluding part of the paper I stressed the need for an in-depth study of the catholic political culture of the post-WWII period in order to fully understand the differences between Christian democrats and Christian democratic ideas from the interwar period, the hopes and goals of the wartime programmatic work, and the Cold War period when often these ideas were confronted with the pragmatism of a day-to-day politics. This is particularly important given the secularisation of the Christian democratic party in the post-1945 period.