Comparative History Research Articles

Oil in Venezuela: Triggering Violence or Ensuring Stability? A Context-Sensitive Analysis of the Ambivalent Impact of Resource Abundance

This paper studies the causal factors that make the oil-state Venezuela, which is generally characterized by a low level of violence, an outlier among the oil countries as a whole. It applies a newly elaborated “context approach” that systematically considers domestic and international contextual factors. To test the results of the systematic analysis, two periods with a moderate increase in internal violence in Venezuela are subsequently analyzed, in the second part of the paper, from a comparative‐historical perspective. The findings demonstrate that oil, in interaction with fluctuating non‐resource‐specific contextual conditions, has had ambiguous effects: On the one hand, oil has explicitly served as a conflict‐reducing and partly democracy‐promoting factor, principally through large‐scale socioeconomic redistribution, widespread clientelistic structures, and corruption. On the other hand, oil has triggered violence—primarily through socioeconomic causal mechanisms (central keywords: decline of oil abundance and resource management) and secondarily through the long‐term degradation of political institutions. While clientelism and corruption initially had a stabilizing effect, in the long run they exacerbated the delegitimization of the traditional political elite. Another crucial finding is that the impact and relative importance of oil with respect to the increase in violence seems to vary significantly depending on the specific subtype of violence. Erdol in Venezuela: Ausloser von Gewalt oder Stabilitatsfaktor? Eine kontextsensible Analyse der ambivalenten Auswirkungen von Ressourcenreichtum Dieser Beitrag analysiert die Faktoren, die den Erdolexporteur Venezuela, der sich durch ein grundsatzlich niedriges Gewaltniveau auszeichnet, zu einem abweichenden Fall innerhalb der Debatte um die erhohte Gewaltwahrscheinlichkeit in Erdolstaaten machen. Methodisch kommt ein neu erarbeiteter „Kontextansatz“ zur Anwendung, der den jeweiligen Einfluss innerstaatlicher und internationaler Kontextfaktoren systematisch uberpruft. Um die Befunde der systematischen Analyse zu verifizieren und zu erweitern, werden im zweiten Teil des Papers in einer historisch‐vergleichenden Analyse zudem zwei Phasen eines moderaten innerstaatlichen Gewaltanstiegs in Venezuela untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Erdol im jeweiligen Zusammenspiel mit unterschiedlichen nicht‐ressourcenspezifischen Kontextfaktoren einen ambivalenten Einfluss ausuben kann: auf der einen Seite hat Erdol in Venezuela – primar uber breit angelegte staatliche Verteilungspolitiken, klientelistische Strukturen und Korruption– eindeutig als konfliktreduzierender und teils auch demokratiefordernder Faktor gewirkt. Auf der anderen Seite hat Erdol aber auch niedrigschwellige Gewalt gefordert; dies vor allem uber soziookonomische Kausalmechanismen (Verfall der Erdolpreise und spezielles Ressourcenmanagement) und nachrangig uber den langfristig verursachten Verfall politischer Institutionen. Wahrend folglich Klientelismus und Korruption kurzfristig einen stabilisierenden Effekt hatten, haben sie langfristig zur Delegitimierung der politischen Elite gefuhrt. Ein weiterer zentraler Befund ist, dass der konkrete Einfluss des Erdols auf Gewalt je nach spezifischer Form der Gewalt deutlich zu variieren scheint.

The Public Sphere and Comparative Historical Research

In state-of-the-field surveys of historical sociology and of historical social science at large, the study of the public sphere is missing. The rise of historical social science has not led to an established tradition of comparative historical research on the public sphere. This article gives an introduction to this topic and to this special issue, seeking to clarify the definition of the object of study and its stakes and providing an overview of analytic and historical dimensions relevant to the comparative historical study of the public sphere. The article argues that this search for an integrative framework is a necessary condition for well-defined comparative historical research, for incorporating the fragmented research from numerous disciplines, and thus for improving our understanding of the historical formation and the transformations of this central sphere of social life.

Parallels and Intersections: the International Federation for Research in Women’s History in Comparative Historical Perspective: a plenary address presented at the twentieth anniversary conference, Sofia, Bulgaria, August 2007

This article is a plenary address presented at the twentieth anniversary conference, titled ‘Women, Gender and the Cultural Production of Knowledge’, of the International Federation for Research in Women’s History (IFRWH), Sofia, Bulgaria, 8–12 August 2007. It places the IFRWH within a broad comparative historical context, namely that of the growth of civil society and of women’s international associations, networks and publications.

The Fate of the Nineteenth Century in German Historiography

Previous articleNext article No AccessReview ArticleThe Fate of the Nineteenth Century in German Historiography*H. Glenn PennyH. Glenn PennyUniversity of Iowa Search for more articles by this author University of IowaPDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Modern History Volume 80, Number 1March 2008 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/529078 Views: 180Total views on this site Citations: 4Citations are reported from Crossref © 2008 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Till van Rahden , ( 2018): 255.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-20477-8_9Christian Goeschel A Parallel History? Rethinking the Relationship between Italy and Germany, ca. 1860–1945, The Journal of Modern History 88, no.33 (Aug 2016): 610–632.https://doi.org/10.1086/687475Gurminder K. Bhambra Comparative Historical Sociology and the State: Problems of Method, Cultural Sociology 10, no.33 (Jun 2016): 335–351.https://doi.org/10.1177/1749975516639085Nikolaus Wachsmann The Nazi Concentration Camps in International Context: Comparisons and Connections, (Jan 2015): 306–325.https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137347794_17

Thomas D. Cravens,Comparative Historical Dialectology.Italo-Romance clues to Ibero-Romance sound change

Article Thomas D. Cravens, Comparative Historical Dialectology. Italo-Romance clues to Ibero-Romance sound change was published on December 20, 2005 in the journal Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie (volume 121, issue 4).

The Iraqi Intervention and Democracy in Comparative Historical Perspective

Is military occupation likely to be the midwife of democracy? Can democracy be imposed by force from the outside? This is the assumption driv ing America's intervention in Iraq and posited as a potential new pillar of am bition for U.S. foreign policy elsewhere. But is this assumption historically grounded? The architects of the Iraqi intervention point to the success of America's occupation of postwar Germany and Japan as evidence that occupa tion can deliver on democratic objectives. But careful examination of the his torical record suggests that we should be tentative about drawing lessons from these cases to guide our endorsement of military occupation today. Germany and Japan began with a set of endowments, many of them anticipated by demo cratic theory, but others peculiar to the cases' unique historical context and time, that favored democratic outcomes. These endowments are not replicated in Iraq, nor does military occupation guarantee them elsewhere. Cases of occupation more comparable in initial endowment to Iraq suggest more pessimism about occupation's capacity to deliver democracy. Historical experience suggests that although military occupation may increase the likelihood of democratization, and wise policy choices certainly improve its chances, the outcome is largely shaped by factors, both domestic and international, that cannot be controlled by military engineers operating within the confines of current cultural norms and conventional limits of time and treasure.

The Burma Development Disaster in Comparative Historical Perspective

This paper reviews the post-independence performance of the Burmese economy. It is argued that the devastation of war and the slow pace of economic recovery after 1950 meant that Burma took a very long time even to regain levels of per capita GDP that had been attained in the 1930s. There has been very little change in the sectoral shares of either national product or the labour force. The paper explores the reasons for this long-term stagnation, and examines the implications for long-term changes in living standards. Comparisons are also made with other countries in South East Asia.

Research Strategies in Comparative Education

L'auteur souhaite faire un bilan des methodes de collectes des donnees en education comparee. Ce bilan permet de repondre a cinq questions : La methodologie de recherche fait-elle partie des discussions dans ce champs de recherche? Quelles sont les strategies de recherche de ceux qui publient actuellement en education comparee? La variete des strategies de recherche est-elle reduite dans ce domaine? Les zones geographiques concernees par les travaux se sont-elles elargies? De la recherche qualitative ou de la recherche quantitative, laquelle tient le plus de place? Les sources de l'auteur pour realiser cette synthese sont essentiellement les periodiques specialises : Comparative education review, Comparative education et International Journal of educational development. L'auteur definit une typologie des recherches et procede a l'analyse de contenu des publications du point de vue des strategies de recherche de 1960 a 1995.

Postmodernism and Its Comparative Education Implications

the 1950s. In artistic circles, particularly in architecture and literary criticism, the discussion of a shift from aesthetic modernism to postmodernism has been continuous and sustained,' while in the social sciences postmodernism has gone through two phases. The first was rather disparate, and, in fact, various labels were invented to describe it, such as "postindustrialism," the "information society," or the "technetronic society."2 In the 1970s the discussion of postmodernism all but disappeared from social science literature;3 however, in the past decade social scientists again discussed it, and by the mid-1980s postmodernism had left the ghetto of esoteric debates and had entered the mainstream of intellectual and public discourse.4 The term "postmodernism" now refers to a discussion involving not only social scientists but also three other strands of influence more closely connected with artistic modernism.

Different Methods- Contradictory Results? Research On Development and Democracy1

During the past three decades, research on the conditions of democracy and its relation to capitalist development has proceeded in two different methodological modes: quantitative cross-national research stands side by side with qualitative comparative historical studies. The results of these two modes of research diverge as much as their methods. This paper describes the two research traditions, reflects on their methodological choices, and proposes ways in which to reconcile them.

Bureaucratic Approaches to the Bureaucracy: A Conference Report

Abstract The “First International Conference on Comparative Historical and Critical Analysis of Bureaucracy” was held October 4-8,1982 near Zurich, Switzerland at the “Gottlieb Duttweiler Institut fur wirtschaftliche und soziale Studien” which is supported by the “Migros Community” — a large Swiss firm that is organized along cooperative lines and, according to its literature, committed to “social responsibility” and “democratic participation” as well as profits. The Institut stages primarily conferences organized by its lone resident scholar and director, Rolf Homann (a leftist sinologist from Germany), and a small staff. Though the Migros presence was minimal, the participants could hardly avoid embourgeoisment from the plush surroundings high above Lake Zurich with an excellent view of the Alps.

Rent Seeking, Noncompensated Transfers, and Laws of Succession

My purpose in this paper is to analyze inefficiencies that may emerge from the noncompensated transfer of valued rights among persons. This source of inefficiency has not, to my knowledge, been fully incorporated either in the economic theory of property rights or in orthodox tax analysis. My discussion is based on the elementary fact that all noncompensated transfers are rents to the recipients. Implications for the emergence of rent-seeking behavior follow straightforwardly. The now-familiar propositions to the effect that rent seeking may dissipate economic value can be applied to a variety of transfer settings, only a few of which are explored in this paper.1 To the extent that the efficiency criterion is the relevant norm, direct implications may be drawn for policy with respect to the laws or rules for succession.

What is German History? Reflections on the Role of the Nation in German History and Historiography

At the end of the sixteenth century, when the humanist and geographer Matthias Quad tried to find the boundaries for " Germany," he was forced to conclude that "there is no country in all of Christendom which embraces so many lands under one name." Two hundred years later, Goethe and Schiller wrote their famous epigram: " Germany? But where is it? I don't know how to find such a country." In 1832, Leopold von Ranke remained pessimistic that an answer to this question might easily be found:

Judaism, modernization, and anti-modernization

The manner in which etements of Judaism as a religion may have been active in mediating the effects of early stages of modernization in Eastern and Western Europe, and how that religion itself may have been altered, call for careful examination The concept of shifting boundaries has been used to underscore both the dialectical relationship and numberable positions between tradition and modernity as useful designations While dealing primarily with Prussia as an example of certain Western patterns of change, and different regions of prepartition Poland illustrating Eastern patterns, this analysis of shifting boundaries can be extended to other areas—France, England, Holland and the Americas—to understand movements and developments of modern Jewish history The broad comparative historical sociology for which this paper calls will relate the more universal and regional studies of Judaism and nuxtemization, ennched by the newer conceptualizations of the relationship between religion and modemizattion

A COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF STREETCAR SUBURBS IN BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS AND LEEDS, ENGLAND: 1850–19201

(1964). A COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF STREETCAR SUBURBS IN BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS AND LEEDS, ENGLAND: 1850–1920. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 54, No. 4, pp. 477-489.

A COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF TWO RAILNETS: COLUMBIA BASIN AND SOUTH AUSTRALIA

(1962). A COMPARATIVE HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF TWO RAILNETS: COLUMBIA BASIN AND SOUTH AUSTRALIA. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 394-413.

The Immanent Evolution of Education: A Neglected Aspect of Comparative Education

Previous articleNext article No AccessThe Immanent Evolution of Education: A Neglected Aspect of Comparative EducationFriedrich Schneider, Ursula Kirkpatrick, Lisa Fellner, and George BeredayFriedrich Schneider Search for more articles by this author , Ursula Kirkpatrick Search for more articles by this author , Lisa Fellner Search for more articles by this author , and George Bereday Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Comparative Education Review Volume 4, Number 3Feb., 1961 Sponsored by the Comparative and International Education Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/444845 Views: 8Total views on this site Citations: 10Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Danijela Milošević, Jelena Maksimović, Methodology of Comparative Research in Education: Role and Significance, International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education 8, no.33 (Dec 2020): 155–162.https://doi.org/10.23947/2334-8496-2020-8-3-155-162Denise Bianca Maduro Silva, Maria José Batista Pinto Flores, Luisa Fernanda Mejía Toro Otros caminos para la Educación Comparada, Paideia Surcolombiana , no.2424 (Dec 2019): 123–139.https://doi.org/10.25054/01240307.2165Andreas Kazamias , European Education 50, no.22 ( 2018): 84.https://doi.org/10.1080/10564934.2018.1462664Klara Skubic Ermenc The Role of Comparative Pedagogy in Comparative Educational Research, (May 2015): 37–56.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-367920140000026008Marianne A. Larsen and Jason Beech Featured Article: Spatial Theorizing in Comparative and International Education Research, Comparative Education Review 58, no.22 (Jul 2015): 191–214.https://doi.org/10.1086/675499Wing On Lee, Diane B. Napier, Maria Manzon Does context still matter? The dialectics of comparative education, Asia Pacific Journal of Education 34, no.22 (Mar 2014): 139–152.https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2014.887989Marianne A. Larsen Comparative Education, Postmodernity and Historical Research: Honouring Ancestors, (Jan 2009): 1045–1059.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6403-6_66 Erwin H. Epstein and Katherine T. Carroll Abusing Ancestors: Historical Functionalism and the Postmodern Deviation in Comparative Education Epstein and Carroll, Comparative Education Review 49, no.11 (Jul 2015): 62–88.https://doi.org/10.1086/426161 Michael M. Henry Methodology in Comparative Education: An Annotated Bibliography, Comparative Education Review 17, no.22 (Oct 2015): 231–244.https://doi.org/10.1086/445696 Reginald Edwards Comparative Education and the Psychology of Learning, Comparative Education Review 10, no.11 (Oct 2015): 21–29.https://doi.org/10.1086/445187