Comparative Historical Study Research Articles

Towards more reasonable prescription in private law?

The author presents original research method enabling to answer the question ‘what is the ratio (rationale, justification) of prescription?’ not from theoretical but practical standpoint, as well as the results of its application in historical-comparative study. This study demonstrates that even bearing in mind the potential differences across legal systems and historical periods, it may be argued that there is something permanent and common in prescription, that the notion of a universal core of the ratio is indeed viable. Thus the aim of this paper is to assess — taking into account findings concerning the ratio of prescription — Swiss (OR 2020) and Polish proposals of modification and recent developments in the civil-law regulation of the said institution.

KEKERABATAN KOSA KATA BAHASA KARO, BAHASA NIAS, DAN BAHASA SIMALUNGUN DI KOTA MEDAN: KAJIAN LINGUISTIK HISTORIS KOMPARATIF

Abstract This article is entitled "The Lexical Kinship of Karo Language, Nias Language, and Simalungun Language in Medan City: Comparative Historical Linguistic Study". The research method used is a qualitative method. The methods and data collection techniques used are the method of referring to tapping, skillful, and recording techniques. The data analysis methods and techniques used are qualitative and quantitative methods with lexicostatistics techniques. In lexicostatistics, language kinship is seen based on the sound equations in the lexicon that appear in these languages. This phonetic resemblance will be the basis of whether a word in one language has a relationship with another language. The indicator used to determine the word kinship is a basic vocabulary called the basic Swadesh vocabulary which amounts to 200 vocabulary which is considered to exist in all languages in the world. The results of the study indicate that there was a kinship between the three languages. Keywords: kinship; Karo; Nias; Simalungun; lexicostatistics

Russian federalism: genesis and main stages of development (comparative historical and state studies)

The article discusses a set of prerequisites (geopolitical, historical, economic, socio-cultural, state-legal) and the immediate causes that influenced the formation of a federal state in our country. The multi-component nature of the Russian Empire is analyzed, which had a powerful system-forming territorial core and a core-forming ethnos. The process of proto-federalization is described, the Soviet-Russian model of federalism and the main stages of its development are disclosed; including the modern stage of adapting federal relations to the tasks of postmodern development. Suggestions were made to improve the functioning of individual authorities.

«НЕМЕЦКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА» ЯКОБА ГРИММА И ШКОЛЬНЫЕ ГРАММАТИКИ НЕМЕЦКОГО ЯЗЫКА В ГЕРМАНИИ XIX ВЕКА

The article is devoted to the place of J. Grimm's «German grammar» among school German grammar books of the XIX century Germany. The work that appeared at the beginning of the century opened a new page in the history of linguistics – the development of comparative historical language study and the formation of linguistics as a science. The paper provides information on some of the most important German grammar textbooks in Germany of the XIX century, used in secondary schools. They were grammar books by J. Ch. Gottsched, J. Ch. Adelung, J. Ch. A. Heyse, J. G. Radlof, S. G. A. Herling, F. J. Schmitthenner, M. W. Götzinger, etc. The author of the article compares J. Grimm's «German grammar» with the above-mentioned grammar works of that time and puts forward a hypothesis that in the XIX century Germany there appeared an opposition between scientific approach to grammar and that of school grammar books, which, according to the author, reflects dramatically different goals set by both sides. Unlike school textbooks which task is to consistently initiate students into the system of their native language, often on the basis of the matrix created by Alexandrian grammarians, scientific grammar is based on the results of linguistic research and seeks to answer questions about language phenomena. J. Grimm rejected any normative grammar based on logics, that resulting in the aversion on the part of the pedagogical community. Nevertheless, the publication of «German grammar» resulted in appearance of German language textbooks the writers of which tried to build their work on the basis of Grimm’s work, thereby contributing to the popularization of the ideas of the great linguist both among the pedagogical community and the students (A. F. H. Vilmar and K. A. J. Hoffmann).

A Historical and Architectural Comparative Study of Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and Great Mosque of Hama

A Historical and Architectural Comparative Study of Umayyad Mosque in Damascus and Great Mosque of Hama

ОСОБЕННОСТИ УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЯ СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИХ ПРИЕМОВ В ДРЕВНЕАНГЛИЙСКОЙ ПОЭЗИИ НА ОСНОВЕ ДРЕВНЕАНГЛИЙСКОГО ПИСЬМЕННОГО ПОЭТИЧЕСКОГО ПАМЯТНИКА «БЕОВУЛЬФ»

Statement of the problem. Learning the canons of the Old German art of poetry is the main instrument for forming the skills of poetic syllable as a source of new cultural information for the specialists in the field of the history of the Old English language and German Philology in general. The object for the analysis is the mythological praising epos with its strictly limited lexical models and metric rules. The Old English metrics is considered as a result of a linguistic experiment absolutizing the principal of conditional stylistic figures as language signs. Extraordinary stylistic devices such as hending, scothending, aldahending, and kenning present a great interest for understanding the opportunities in the old English poetry and demand a thorough textual analysis. The purpose of this article is to consider the canons of the old English poetry in the aspect of comparative historical language study for overcoming intercultural dissonance in the cognitive perception of the epos by a modern reader. The methodology of study is based on comprising the materials of the old English epos using the comparative historical method and the method of the purposeful search of examples of stylistic devices which are not typical for present day poetry. The method of their etymological analysis corrects the notion of the poetic form used in the literary creation. Research results. The textual material of the old English epos researched by the authors leads to the conclusion that a poetic form is shown in the diachronic interaction of a poetic word and old English culture. Conclusion. The methodology of the study allowed pointing out the main directions of using metric rules on the phonetic level and lexical patterns on the level of language usage. The research of extraordinary stylistic devices contributes to the development of methods for studying old English and old German poetry in general.

CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE UKRAINIAN NATION IN THE NEWEST ERA AS PRESENTED BY DMITRY DONTSOV

Summary. The purpose of the research. The purpose of the study is to characterize the evolution of the Ukrainian nation in the period of recent times as presented by D. Dontsov. The research methodology is based primarily on the principle of historicism, concretized by the approach to historical phenomena and processes from the standpoint of dynamics, the study of the relationships between them and their interdependence. A number of general historical methods were also applied, namely: comparative-historical, historical comparative studies, retrospective for the analysis and comparison of D. Dontsov’s ideology with other ideological directions. To characterize the ideology of the «acting» («strong-willed») nationalism of D. Dontsov, methods of the history of ideas are used. The scientific novelty is connected with the fact that D. Dontsov’s ideas and views regarding the problems of the evolution of the Ukrainian nation are still not well understood. In particular, this primarily concerns his heritage contained in the journalism of authorship of D. Dontsov, published in the socialist periodicals of 1909–1911. Conclusions. In the context of modern Russian aggression, the problem of establishing an independent Ukrainian state is becoming crucial. Under these conditions, the ideology of «valid» («strong-willed») nationalism of D. Dontsov and his vision of the direction of development of the Ukrainian nation is of particular importance. In particular, his teaching on the significance of national-spiritual leaders who are capable of contributing to the transformation of an oppressed people from an amorphous mass into a nation is significant. In the history of Ukraine, among other few ideological leaders of the nation, this is precisely the role played by Dmitry Dontsov. The rejection of all of Russia as imperial and hostile to Ukraine has become one of the cross-cutting ideas that interweave Dmitry Dontsov’s work. He believed that it was not enough to realize the isolation of Ukraine from Russia, it was not enough to see the enemy in Russia, it is necessary that one should also resolutely overcome the servility of the Ukrainian intelligentsia to all Russians. Therefore, at the current stage of the struggle for the establishment of a full-fledged Ukrainian nation, the ideas of D. Dontsov play a special role in upholding the Ukrainian national dignity and identity.

THE TRANSFORMATIVE CAPACITY OF COMMEMORATION: COMPARING MNEMONIC ACTIVISM IN PHILADELPHIA, MISSISSIPPI

Much attention has centered on the causes and composition of commemorations, yet research on commemorations' causal consequences remains relatively unexplored. This study examines the relationship between commemorative events and subsequent mnemonic activism through a comparative historical study of two seemingly similar mnemonic projects with divergent outcomes: the twenty-fifth and fortieth anniversary commemorations in Philadelphia, Mississippi, the city notorious as the site of the 1964 “Mississippi Burning” murders. Drawing insights from the social psychological literature on intergroup contact clarifies how members of the 2004 commemoration task force developed a distinct collective identity across significant social divides through personal storytelling, a development that encouraged local mnemonic activism beyond the commemoration itself. More generally, this research suggests that commemorations both emerge out of and catalyze associated memory movements, and that a commemoration's transformative potential lies in its planning process.

The bitter and the sweet: a cultural comparison of non-alcoholic beverage consumption in Japan and Australia

ABSTRACTThis article is part of a broader interdisciplinary project investigating the historical, social, and cultural contexts behind individual and collective differences in taste and consumption. It offers a comparative historical study of nonalcoholic beverage (NAB) consumption in Australia and Japan. Australia and Japan are among the largest NAB consumers in the world, and they have a similar history of progression from brewed tea as the main beverage consumed at meals and between meals, to a widespread consumption of bottled beverages. Yet in the contemporary context, both consumer behavior and its impact on nutrition health differ significantly in the two countries. We compare the Australian case, where “soft drinks” are equated with sugar-sweetened beverages, seen as contributing to the global rise in obesity, with thecase of Japan, where sugar-sweetened sodas are widely available, but people also consume large amounts of cold bottled green teas and herbal teas, that are not just “sugarless” but are not sweet at all. We propose that comparing the NAB consumption cultures of Japan and Australia offers us valuable insight into the importance of the cultural dimension of consumption and nutrition health, and the need to consider it when formulating policy.

Visibly Invisible: TribalCrit and Native American Segregated Schooling

The significant racial project known as Brown v. Board of Education has been the subject of numerous articles related to critical race theory scholarship and sociological analysis. But what of the racial projects represented in other racial groups, specifically, Native Americans? Through comparative historical case study and legal storytelling, I introduce five cases involving Native American plaintiffs into the segregated schooling narrative. Using a blend of TribalCrit (Native American critical race theory) and Omi and Winant’s theories on racial projects and racialization, I analyze the court opinions and argue that these cases represent more than racial projects. They are colonizing racial projects that offer very complicated contributions to the historical, legal, and social construction of race in the United States.

617 Outcomes of Patients With Small Bowel Angiodysplasia Treated With a Small Bowel Radiofrequency Ablation Catheter: A Multicenter Case Series

INTRODUCTION: Small bowel angioectasia (SBA) are the most common cause of small bowel GI bleeding, usually treated with argon plasma coagulation (APC). Bleeding recurs in >40%. The outcomes of patients with SBA treated with a dedicated radiofrequency ablation catheter was reported. METHODS: Patients were treated using a commercially available small bowel radiofrequency ablation catheter (SBRFA) during enteroscopy which is 25 mm wide, 260 cm long, and the treatment paddle is 7.5 mm wide deployed, and 10 mm long. The paddle was advanced to the lesion, and gentle pressure was applied delivering 10 J/cm2 with each application. The same area could be treated twice. Patient demographics, pre and post treatment hemoglobin, time to recurrent bleeding, and need for repeated therapy were reported. RESULTS: 20 subjects were treated from March to October 2018: 6 females (age 68; SD 11.1) and 14 males (age 73; SD 10.4). Three subjects had a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). 19 (95%) had at least one previous EGD (total at least 43, range 1 to >10), and at least one previous colonoscopy (total 42, range 1 to >10). 14 subjects (70%) had an abnormal video capsule endoscopy; 14 (70%) had previous APC. Median hemoglobin before treatment was 8.3 g/dL (5.1-14.4), and 13 subjects (65%) had a mean of 4 (SD 2.1) units of blood transfused. A median of 23 SBA were treated (2 to 99 total). No other treatments such as APC were used. Median follow-up was 195 days (30-240). The most recent median hemoglobin in 15 subjects (75%) was 9.4 g/dL (5 to 13) (P = 0.04). Repeat endoscopy rate was 20%; once in 2 subjects (at 45 and 210 days after SBRFA), and twice in one subject (60 days after SBRFA treatment). One subject with LVAD had a repeat upper endoscopy and no treatment, one subject with GAVE had a push enteroscopy and no treatment, and the third subject with LVAD had two assisted enteroscopies: SBA were re-treated with APC once, and no treatment was needed the last time. One patient with an LVAD had overt ileum bleeding and underwent embolization. 2 subjects (10%) required repeat blood transfusion (2 units each). Two deaths at 60 and 180 days were unrelated to GIB. CONCLUSION: In this series of SBRFA therapy of SBA up to 240 days of follow up 3/20 subjects (15%) required repeat endoscopy. Repeated endotherapy was necessary in 1 subject. All subjects with LVAD had repeat procedures. 2 subjects required more blood transfusions. The data compares favorably to historical SBA outcomes but comparative studies are needed.

Tendências e desafios da pesquisa em educação comparada: entrevista com Jürgen Schriewer

A entrevista com Jürgen Schriewer, professor emérito da Humboldt Universität (Berlim) foi realizada no contexto de suas atividades como pesquisador visitante na Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos-Unisinos, no mês de março de 2018, com o tema: “Estudos internacionais e comparados em educação: Fundamentos, concepções e metodologias”. Na entrevista ele relata aspectos de sua biografia acadêmica e sua formação como pesquisador em educação comparada. Compartilha o desenvolvimento de sua visão de estudos histórico-comparados, relacionando-os com as atuais tendências das pesquisas na área dos estudos comparados. Por fim, reflete sobre alguns desafios para o desenvolvimento da educação comparada na América Latina.

HUBUNGAN KEKERABATAN BAHASA BENUAQ, TONYOOI, DAN BAHAU: KAJIAN LINGUISTIK HISTORIS KOMPARATIF

It is a comparative historical linguistic study that discusses about the kinship of Benuaq, Tonyooi, and Bahau languages. Those are used and exist in East Kalimantan. This research is quantitative by using lexicostatistics of Swadesh-200 lists and also qualitative by describing the kinship of those languages. The lexicostatistical calculations indicate that those three languages are related. Benuaq and Tonyooi language relation percentage is 46.15%. Benuaq and Bahau language relation percentage is 27.18%. Tonyooi and Bahau language relation percentage is 30.77%. It shows that Benuaq and Tonyooi languages are classified as one language family, Benuaq and Bahau are classified as one language group, and Tonyooi and Bahau are classified as one language group. Thus, those three languages are not classified as one language. Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:Table Normal; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:Times New Roman; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

Should the African lion learn from the Asian tigers? A comparative-historical study of FDI-oriented industrial policy in Ethiopia, South Korea and Taiwan

Ethiopia’s economy has been growing at breakneck speed for well over a decade now, earning the nickname as Africa’s lion. In recent years, the development literature on Ethiopia has paid particular attention to the role of industrial policy, especially the ways in which the Ethiopian experience compares to that of the Asian tigers. But through this comparative-historical perspective, little attention has been devoted to an important aspect of industrial policy in Ethiopia – foreign direct investment (FDI) in the manufacturing sector. This paper compares FDI-oriented industrial policy in Ethiopia in the current era (particularly focusing on light manufacturing) to that of South Korea and Taiwan between 1960 and 1990, arguably the two most generalisable cases among the Asian tigers. The paper argues that FDI-oriented industrial policy in Ethiopia seems to be bringing about short-term economic benefits, and is showing promise for further industrialisation. At the same time, it could benefit from taking more lessons from the long-term economic development perspective that characterised South Korea’s and Taiwan’s approach to FDI. Such a long-term perspective most importantly includes pro-active strategies to transfer technology from foreign firms to the domestic economy and the creation of backward linkages from foreign to domestic firms.

Somatic Lexemes in the Kartvelian Linguistic Space

Comparative-historical study of languages makes it possible to represent the diachronic process of structuring the world and forming the corresponding concepts. The abovementioned process is inherently integral and reflected in such socio-cultural areas of human life as language, art, religion, farming, ethno-traditional customs, culture (in its broadest sense), etc. The proto-language reconstructed as a result of the comparative-historical study and the picture of its diachronic development provide some information about the genetic relations between the people speaking the corresponding related languages, about their original homeland and the directions of their historical migrations, about their knowledge, ideas and representations. This time we have analyzed the semantic field of the lexemes denoting the human body parts, which are reconstructed at the Proto-Kartvelian language and exist in the contemporary Kartvelian languages (Georgian, Megrelian, Laz, and Svan) and some dialects (notably, Gurian, Rachian, Xevsurian, and Kiziqian). Our goal is to reveal the semantic structure of the mentioned field, to analyze the respective concepts as well as to outline processes of the development and the establishment of corresponding tokens (resp. lexemes). Vocabulary denoting a human body (resp. Somatic lexemes), its parts and inner organs is a constituent part of the basic core vocabulary of a language and presumably ought to be fixed in the ancient times’ reflecting data. Analysis of the lexical units, which have been reconstructed either at the Common-Kartvelian or Georgian-Zan level on the basis of regular sound correspondences between the Kartvelian languages, allows us to highlight the main course of forming and developing the linguistic units we are concerned with; namely, the accumulation of “knowledge” had been carried out due to the process of differentiation and detailed elaboration of the human body anatomy and respectively, the corresponding semantic field, somatic vocabulary, had been underway to be enriched based on the relation of cognitively interpreted markedness. Language changes and development, formation of new categories and concepts, and consequently, creation of new linguistic units is mainly carried out as the result of detailed elaboration, further specification and partition of unmarked categories: an unmarked category undergoes the division-differentiation on the basis of formally marked oppositions that leads to the formation of new linguistic units and structures and reflects the dynamic picture of enhancement of linguistic cognition of the universe. Dialectic material enriches the semantic space even more and specifies and fills the meanings of lexemes to be studied.

Ideology and civilian victimization in Northern Ireland’s civil war

ABSTRACT Why do some groups fighting in civil wars target civilians more than others? We propose an explanation that challenges the current focus on material and organizational factors and instead brings back and emphasizes the role of ideology. We argue that the ideological frameworks of armed groups, whether state or non-state, condition their decisions about targeting, in some cases setting normative constraints on action even if such choice involves higher costs and risks. We examine these hypotheses using a mixed-method approach that combines a statistical analysis of a newly constructed disaggregated data set on all fatalities in Northern Ireland’s conflict between 1969 and 2005 with a comparative historical study of the interaction between key ideologies and the armed groups that adopted them.

냉전 시기 중국 핵개발 사례를 통해 본 북핵 문제의 현재와 미래

First ever US-North Korea summit in June 2018 and February 2019 has elevated hopes for peaceful settlement of the North’s denuclearization prospect. Against this background, the article attempts to analyze it through a comparative historical study of China’s nuclearization case. Whether such an approach is realistically valid or not is the question in challenge. There are many similarities between the North Korean case and the Chinese in that their nuclearization was motivated by the same adversary and its deterrence was aimed at one common enemy: all in the United States. Conversely, the United States also relied on the similar responsive procedures against the two, only allowing them to succeed with nuclear armament. Given the “success” of North Korea’s nuclear tests and test firings of various carriers, the prospect for soft-landing of the North’s denuclearization has risen, as evidenced in the resultant summit between the United States and North Korea. Although tt may be too early to be optimistic about the consequence, however, the conditions and conditionalities are ripe for such optimism.

Tenuous belonging: diversity, power, and identity in the U.S. Southwest

ABSTRACT Discrimination among social groups is an integral feature of contemporary immigration and citizenship policies, often reflecting historical trajectories of inclusion and exclusion produced by nation-building over time. This comparative historical study of the contentious incorporation of Arizona and New Mexico captures the legacies of racial hierarchy and the ways membership and identity are shaped by the intersection of race, language, and class. When the U.S. forcibly subsumed Arizona and New Mexico during the Mexican-American War, these territories vexed federal officials because their large Spanish-speaking populations of Mexican descent conflicted with dominant conceptions immigrant rights, and they present competing nativist and pluralistic policy responses to undocumented immigrants and Latino residents. This article tackles the question of why two U.S. states that share much in common – a border with each other and with Mexico, nearly identical geography and historical birth as members of the U.S., and large Latino and immigrant populations – diverged in the worlds they created for diverse ethnic and racial groups including immigrants. We find that the development of two distinct racial regimes in the American Southwest were profoundly shaped by the distribution of group power and distinct claims to national belonging.

Research methods and techniques of the phraseological stock studies in the Mari language

The article analyzes in detail methodological framework used for phraseological stock studies in the Mari language. It results in increasing level of validity and reliability of the research. The subject of the article is the methods and techniques of phraseological studies (general scientific, philosophical and specialized ones). The objective of this research is to reveal the methodological procedures used to study phraseological units of the Mari language. The article is based on monographs, articles, textbooks, theses on phraseology of the Mari language. When considering the methodological framework for phraseological studies in the Mari language, it employed general research methods such as analysis, synthesis, generalization and chronological classification combined with specialized linguistic techniques (e.g. data collection method) within diachronic and synchronic approaches. The first research into the field of Mari phraseology are characterized by the application of semantic and contextual analyses in order to systematize and classify phraseological units. The interpretation of empirical material is closely connected with the semantic description, valence and communicative-functional methods. Further development of the methodology is related to the application of culture and historical, anthropological and linguistic genetic approaches, as well as the elements of transformational analysis and syntactic modeling. Modern phraseological science takes into consideration interdisciplinary approach while exploring phraseological stock of the Mari language. In the initial state of the development of phraseology the most productive techniques in Mari linguistics were general research methods of description and analysis (semantic-syntactic, structural, componential and contextual ones). In 1980–1990 methodological framework was supplemented by specialized linguistic methods of comparative-historical, typological, comparative and communicative-functional studies. Nowadays interdisciplinary approach interpreted from psycholinguistic, linguoculturological and cognitivistic standpoints is widely applied to reveal the nationally significant concepts functioning in the described linguoculture.

Orphaned Children in Traditional Chinese Religious and Philosophical Doctrines: Social Aspect

The article studies the historical and pedagogical aspects of the Chinese social care over orphaned children system`s establishment, in particular - the reflection of the social care over orphans idea in traditional Chinese philosophical and religious doctrines (Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism). The aim of the article is to analyze the reflection of the idea that orphaned children are to be over the social care and guardianship (social welfare and social care system) in theory and practice of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. The methodological basis of the article is represented by the methodology of historical pedagogical and comparative pedagogical studies. The article presents the author`s personal point of view that the idea of social guardianship over the orphaned children in forms familiar to Europeans (orphanages, shelters attached to religious organizations, adoption), which was brought to China in the middle of the 18th century by abroad religious adepts, is not reflected in the traditional Chinese religious and philosophical doctrines. Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism at the theoretical level practically did not develop the idea of social care over the defined category of children, confining themselves to general declaration of the need to be mercy to unfortunates. In practice it resulted in the non-inclusion of the doctrines and their adepts as equal agents of socialization in the system of social welfare for orphans in Traditional China and modern PR China as well.