Comparative Analysis Of Approaches Research Articles

Do We Have to Choose Between Different Concepts of Social Structure? A Comparative Analysis of Approaches and Ideas From Nigel Pleasants, Douglas V. Porpora, and David Easton

This study of three different approaches to social structure finds Pleasants’s ideas for the use of different concepts of social structure intriguing but based on an untenable view about the possibility to discern an empirical modality. Porpora’s approach is based on the idea that the relational concept of social structure cannot be bypassed, ontologically speaking. Easton’s idea is to apply the two relational concepts of higher-order and lower-order structure. Relational structures are also salient in the specific scholarly debate studied, which strengthens the idea that it is this concept of social structure that we primarily should focus on.

Law Applicable to the Procedure for Notifying a Party of a Court Proceeding on the Territory of a Foreign State

The paper examines the problem of legal uncertainty that arises when courts resolve the issue of the law applicable to the procedure for notifying a party to a court proceeding on the territory of a foreign state. The author identifies and considers two procedural stages at which the court is obliged either to determine in what order to notify the party, or to assess compliance with the notification procedure by another court. Based on the analysis of doctrine and law enforcement practice, the author identifies regulatory problems inherent in each procedural stage. The author concludes that, regardless of the procedural stage, there is no uncertainty about the applicable law if there is an international agreement between the States. The lack of an agreement makes law enforcement agencies look for alternative approaches that vary in practice. Based on a comparative analysis of approaches used in international practice, the author suggests ways available to the Russian regulator to overcome these problems in relation to each procedural stage.

GD2-targeting therapy: a comparative analysis of approaches and promising directions.

Disialoganglioside GD2 is a promising target for immunotherapy with expression primarily restricted to neuroectodermal and epithelial tumor cells. Although its role in the maintenance and repair of neural tissue is well-established, its functions during normal organism development remain understudied. Meanwhile, studies have shown that GD2 plays an important role in tumorigenesis. Its functions include proliferation, invasion, motility, and metastasis, and its high expression and ability to transform the tumor microenvironment may be associated with a malignant phenotype. Structurally, GD2 is a glycosphingolipid that is stably expressed on the surface of tumor cells, making it a suitable candidate for targeting by antibodies or chimeric antigen receptors. Based on mouse monoclonal antibodies, chimeric and humanized antibodies and their combinations with cytokines, toxins, drugs, radionuclides, nanoparticles as well as chimeric antigen receptor have been developed. Furthermore, vaccines and photoimmunotherapy are being used to treat GD2-positive tumors, and GD2 aptamers can be used for targeting. In the field of cell therapy, allogeneic immunocompetent cells are also being utilized to enhance GD2 therapy. Efforts are currently being made to optimize the chimeric antigen receptor by modifying its design or by transducing not only αβ T cells, but also γδ T cells, NK cells, NKT cells, and macrophages. In addition, immunotherapy can combine both diagnostic and therapeutic methods, allowing for early detection of disease and minimal residual disease. This review discusses each immunotherapy method and strategy, its advantages and disadvantages, and highlights future directions for GD2 therapy.

Breaking news: Unveiling a new dataset for Portuguese news classification and comparative analysis of approaches.

Every day thousands of news are published on the web and filtering tools can be used to extract knowledge on specific topics. The categorization of news into a predefined set of topics is a subject widely studied in the literature, however, most works are restricted to documents in English. In this work, we make two contributions. First, we introduce a Portuguese news dataset collected from WikiNews an open-source media that provide news from different sources. Since there is a lack of datasets for Portuguese, and an existing one is from a single news channel, we aim to introduce a dataset from different news channels. The availability of comprehensive datasets plays a key role in advancing research. Second, we compare different architectures for Portuguese news classification, exploring different text representations (BoW, TF-IDF, Embedding) and classification techniques (SVM, CNN, DJINN, BERT) for documents in Portuguese, covering classical methods and current technologies. We show the trade-off between accuracy and training time for this application. We aim to show the capabilities of available algorithms and the challenges faced in the area.

Network Intrusion Detection in Cloud Environments: A Comparative Analysis of Approaches

Network Intrusion Detection in Cloud Environments: A Comparative Analysis of Approaches

Current methods for the microglia isolation: Overview and comparative analysis of approaches.

Microglia represent a distinct population of neuroglia, constituting ~ 10% of all CNS cells and exhibit high plasticity. Proper functioning of microglia is critical in the event of CNS damage due to the rapid modulation of their functions. Microglia are not only the first stage of immune defense against injury and infection, contributing to both the innate and adaptive local immune response, but also play a vital role in maintaining homeostasis of the brain and spinal cord. For this reason, microglia deserve special attention in the study of neuropathological responses. Studying microglia behavior in various in vivo models of neuropathologies is certainly a priority, as it allows us to evaluate the behavior in the context of the changing microenvironment of nervous tissue. However, sometimes there are some technological problems that hinder the identification of the features of intercellular interactions, ensured cooperation between microglia and other cell types. In this regard, the use of in vitro models remains relevant today, contributing to a more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of microglial involvement in neuropathology. The methods considered in this review for obtaining an isolated culture of microglia, along with their advantages and disadvantages, can help researchers in selecting the appropriate source and method for obtaining these cells, thereby opening up opportunities for gaining new neurobiological knowledge.

The role of digital technologies in improving library and information communication: Trends and challenges

The relevance of the study is driven by the rapid development of digital technologies and their significant impact on all areas of life, including the library and information field. Digital resources and online services are increasingly displacing traditional printed media, necessitating the transformation of libraries to maintain their relevance and competitiveness. The aim of the research is to examine the impact of digital technologies on the library and information field, identify their potential, and identify challenges arising during this transformative transition. Various methods were employed during the study, allowing for a deep and comprehensive understanding of the process of digital transformation in the library and information field. The application of a comprehensive methodological approach, which included literature analysis and the involvement of various sources of information, enabled a thorough investigation of the issues. Comparative analysis of approaches allowed for objective conclusions and recommendations regarding the optimal implementation of digital innovations in this field. The research results indicate promising opportunities for using digital technologies to optimize communication and expand user capabilities. Key aspects of the impact of digital technologies on the library and information field were identified, highlighting their importance in the context of the modern information landscape. Trends and challenges associated with digital innovations were analyzed, revealing significant changes in the functioning of libraries and the transformation of their role. The question of the adequacy of libraries to modern requirements and the need to develop development strategies were raised. It was clarified that the further development of the library and information field will be determined by prioritizing digital innovations and flexible adaptation to changes in the information environment. The conclusions and recommendations obtained have practical significance for contemporary librarians, drawing their attention to the importance of adapting to the digital environment. Considering the dynamics of the information society, the focus on preparing librarians to use advanced technologies determines their successful adaptation to new challenges

EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMY AND SOCIAL ENGINEERING: COMMON AND DIFFERENT

The last 30-50 years of the development of economic science were marked by the rapid development of new directions of research, and interdisciplinary, which today is increasingly entering the social sciences, only strengthened this trend. Behavioral economics, global political economy, experimental economics, social engineering, information economics, post-industrial economics, etc. In particular, global institutional changes, the Covid-19 pandemic and the war with Russia led to the actualization of the concept of "social engineering" in the domestic socio-economic and political space, and the results of experimental economics research are actively used not only in fundamental and theoretical research, but also in real economic practice. which unfolds the status of economic science in a completely different way - economics becomes a truly empirical science. The article examines theoretical and methodological aspects of experimental economics and social engineering. The content of the "social engineering" category was clarified, a comparative analysis of approaches was carried out, and the methodological principles of theimplementation of social engineering were determined. Thus, it was found that the vast majority of domestic scientists consider social engineering from the standpoint of a system of constructing a new social reality, a specific social practice of managing industrial objects, and an experimental technology for changing social life. Experimental economics, as one of the newest directions of economic science, is analyzed in the context of key studies of Nobel laureates, representatives of experimental economics. Despite certain similarities between social engineering and experimental economics, the authors conducted a critical analysis of these two directions, identified fundamental differences in approaches, limits, and opportunities of each.

ИНТЕГРИРОВАННЫЙ ПОДХОД ОЦЕНКИ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ РЕГИОНОМ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ ОБЩЕСТВА

The purpose of the article is to substantiate the use of an integrated approach to assessing the efficiency of regional management in the context of digitalization of society. Based on theoretical developments and social practice, a comparative analysis of approaches was carried out to determine promising areas for the inclusion and use of assessment methods. The conclusions and provisions presented in the article are based on the results of an analysis of formalized methods for assessing the efficiency of regional management. The work shows that existing approaches and methods can be divided into three separate classes according to the sources of primary information: statistical data, results of public opinion polls, analysis of information posted on the Internet. Assessing the efficiency of regional management is an urgent task in the current realities. Today, a complex of various methods is used to assess the efficiency of regional management, based on various sources of information. However, in the context of the digitalization of society and the active use of social media and social networks, their inclusion in the general system for assessing regional management is required to obtain more objective and timely information. Consequently, the priority task today is the methodological justification and practical use of an integrated approach to assessing the efficiency of regional management. As a result of the study, the author argues for the feasibility of integrating the results of analyzing data from social networks and social media publications with methods that use statistical indicators and the results of sociological research as initial data. The use of integrated methods for assessing a region in the context of digitalization of society, including a synthesis of quantitative and qualitative methods, will allow us to obtain the most reliable, relevant and complete information.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE ASSESSMENT OF THE TOURIST AND RECREATIONAL POTENTIAL OF A REGION (A CASE OF THE CHECHEN REPUBLIC)

The purpose of the study is a comparative analysis of approaches and methods for assessing the tourist and recreational potential of a region. The information base was the work of domestic and foreign researchers, data from the Federal State Statistics Service, the Federal Agency for Tourism, the Ministry of the Chechen Republic for Tourism; Ministries of Culture, Red Book of the Chechen Republic. Methods of comparative analysis, content analysis, computation and scoring were used. Currently, there are many concepts, approaches and methods for assessing potential, among which qualitative and quantitative methods dominate. Assessment of tourist and recreational potential based on indicators characterizing the natural, recreational, cultural, historical and infrastructure potential on the example of the Chechen Republic revealed territorial differentiation in the context of administrative districts. The maximum values of the integral potential (18 scores) were obtained for the highland Itum-Kalinskiy district, where there is high biodiversity, relatively intact natural landscapes and many objects of historical and cultural heritage. The group with smaller potential values included the lowland Groznenskiy (11) and mountain Vedenskiy (13) and Shatoyskiy (11) districts. Grozny district is included due to the provision of a hotel fund, and mountainous areas - significant biodiversity, the presence of residential and military tower buildings of the Middle Ages. The Naursky, Nadterechny, Nozhai-Yurtovsky and Kurchaloy districts are less significant for recreation and tourism due to insignificant biodiversity and low infrastructure potential. The assessment of the tourist and recreational potential, taking into account regional specifics, revealed favorable prerequisites for the development of a wide variety of types of tourism in the Chechen Republic - from sports and recreation to gastronomic. In order to form a high-quality tourist product in the region, systematic work is needed to identify the recreational needs of the population, to assess tourist and recreational resources and the state of infrastructure, to introduce innovations.

Assessment of the Sharing Economy in the Context of Smart Cities: Social Performance

The sharing economy (SE) provides new opportunities to solve social, economic, and environmental problems, as well as increasing resource efficiency and releasing underutilized assets. However, social aspects of the sharing economy remain to be fully appraised. The present study aims to develop and apply a technique for assessing the sharing economy in the context of improving the social performance of smart cities. When considering social performance, we examine the relationship between the development of SE services and the public goods sector, as well as the potential of the sharing economy for improving the quality of life of citizens. A comparative analysis of approaches used to evaluate the sharing economy concluded that the social and environmental significance of the sharing economy can be most appropriately considered at the level of cities. The proposed technique is based on the use of the Smart City Index and Sharing Economy Index databases, data on collaborative economy platforms presented by Eurostat. The methodology used to assess the sharing economy comprises three stages: substantiation of the selected indicators for assessing SE; calculation of the presented integral index of the sharing economy; and construction of a matrix of indices of the sharing economy. At the first stage, correlation analysis was used; at the second stage, the TOPSIS system analysis method was used; and at the third stage we used graphical analysis. As a result, a ranking of 31 European cities was compiled in terms of the level of development of the sharing economy. It is shown that the sharing economy has a greater impact on public goods in cities with lower rates of economic development. In addition, significant changes in the 2020 ranking occurred due to restrictions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It is hoped that the obtained results will contribute to the development both of sharing economy methodologies and the urban environment by supporting sharing services.

Актуальные подходы к позиционированию в социальных сетях образовательных цифровых платформ и добровольческих организаций

The research is aimed at identifying approaches to the promotion of educational resources among the youth audience. Modern educational resources are actively trying to attract young people to self-education, at the same time, the coronavirus pandemic has made the issue of participation in volunteer activities urgent among young people. The article presents a comparative analysis of approaches to the positioning of accounts in social networks aimed at attracting the youth audience to self-education and volunteer activities.

Foreign Competition as a Factor Defining Geographic Bound-aries of Market. Scientific Research of Faculty of Economics

As a result of world globalization, competition in the markets for goods and services is also becoming global. Since national market participants are under pressure from foreign competition, when defining geographic boundaries, consideration should be given not only to agreements and actions in the domestic market, but also to the behavior of foreign competitors. This leads either to the expansion of the geographical boundaries, or to the inclusion in the economic analysis of factors external to the relevant market, explaining the state of world stocks / shortages of goods and the price movement. The article provides a comparative analysis of approaches to geographical market defi-nition, taking into account foreign competition (actual and potential). The theory of industrial organ-ization and the new institutional economic theory are used as a methodological basis for the study. The results of the study indicate the need to use a “broad” approach in defining the relevant market, that is, based on the analysis of commodity flows, potential competition and switching costs.

Implementation of Statewide Election Data to Examine Fairness of South Carolina District Maps: A Comparative Analysis of Approaches for Approximating Results in Uncontested Races

Implementation of Statewide Election Data to Examine Fairness of South Carolina District Maps: A Comparative Analysis of Approaches for Approximating Results in Uncontested Races

The "freight frame" model as a method of freight transport traffic urban organization

The paper justifies the use of the "freight frame" as a method of organizing the movement of freight vehicle in large metropolitan areas on the example of Samara city district. The study presents the characteristics of the "freight frame" of major European cities, Kazan and Moscow. A comparative analysis of approaches to the organization of the movement of freight vehicle on the basis of the "freight frame" of Russian cities and cities of foreign countries is carried out. Based on the use of the Yandex.Traffic service, an analysis of the congestion of the main transport highways of the city was carried out, a map of the transport accessibility of the city of Samara was compiled with the calculation of the transport accessibility indices of its districts. To analyze the load of freight transport in the Samara region and the city of Samara, the intensity and composition of the traffic of freight transport on the major streets of the city were calculated using the NETVISION Traffic software and hardware complex, differentiated by months and day time. The result of the analysis allowed to identify the most significant problems of traffic management. On the basis of the used methods of freight traffic analysis, the necessity of implementing the "freight frame" model in the city of Samara was justified. A set of sequential measures is proposed to ensure the step-by-step formation of the freight frame model.

Инструмент «мягкой силы» в содействии международному развитию

In the present article the authors substantiate the following thesis: in the context of real polycentrism and increased confrontation between the states with liberal system of values and the states that defend real sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs of aid-recipient states through a variety of development assistance tools, exceptionally "soft power" can become an effective mechanism of creating conditions for sustainable development of the world community as a whole. In preparing the study the authors applied the methods of historicism and comparative analysis of approaches to the policy of realizing the "soft power" goals.

Analysis of the state of electronic banking services in the Arab countries

The analysis of the provision of electronic banking services in Arab countries has been performed. The banking sector is an important part of the economy in any country, however in the Arab countries there are certain problems in the application of the concept of electronic banking. The purpose of this study is a comparative analysis of approaches to the application of information and communication technologies in the banking sector in Algeria, the United Arab Emirates and Syria, identification of the features and bottlenecks in the development of electronic banking services.It has been shown that in order to develop a strong economy and provide quality services that meet customer needs, Arab countries are clearly keen to implement the concept of electronic banking in their banks, but there are still some obstacles which prevent them from competing with international financial organisations. On the other hand, there are several successful scenarios for providing electronic services around the world, for example, the experience of the United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Lebanon and other Arab countries.To assess the level of use of electronic services by the Syrian population at the present time, the authors conducted a survey of clients of the Syrian state and private banks. Based on the survey results, it has been concluded that customers are interested in receiving services in electronic form, but this is hindered by the political situation in the country and a number of other problems. General conclusions have been made about the priority of measures that should be taken at the state level in order for Arab banks to meet modern trends in the financial sector.

ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ СТРАТЕГИИ РАЗВИТИЯ МУНИЦИПАЛЬНЫХ ОБРАЗОВАНИЙ

The article discusses the theoretical aspects of the formation of the concept of the development strategy of municipalities and approaches to the process of developing a development strategy at the local level. The role of municipalities in the general structure of state administration is determined. The place and importance of the municipal education development strategy in the system of integrated socio-economic development of the country is revealed. The analysis of the main concepts related to the formation of the development strategy of municipalities is carried out. The connection between the interaction of the concepts of development strategy with the concepts of strategic planning and municipal education management is revealed. A comparative analysis of approaches to the formation of the concept of development strategy, strategic planning and management is carried out. The article analyzes the legislative framework in the process of forming a development strategy by the municipality. The article examines the trends in the process of forming a development strategy by municipal education and corporate governance. The necessity of developing a thorough and effective strategy for the development of a municipal formation as one of the directions for improving the competitiveness of the region and the country as a whole is justified.

Comparative Analysis of Exemplar-Based Approaches for Students’ Learning Style Diagnosis Purposes

A lot of computational models recently are undergoing rapid development. However, there is a conceptual and analytical gap in understanding the driving forces behind them. This paper focuses on the integration between computer science and social science (namely, education) for strengthening the visibility, recognition, and understanding the problems of simulation and modelling in social (educational) decision processes. The objective of the paper covers topics and streams on social-behavioural modelling and computational intelligence applications in education. To obtain the benefits of real, factual data for modeling student learning styles, this paper investigates exemplar-based approaches and possibilities to combine them with case-based reasoning methods for automatically predicting student learning styles in virtual learning environments. A comparative analysis of approaches combining exemplar-based modelling and case-based reasoning leads to the choice of the Bayesian Case model for diagnosing a student’s learning style based on the data about the student’s behavioral activities performed in an e-learning environment.

Evaluating ecological outcomes from environmental stewardship initiatives: A comparative analysis of approaches

Understanding the extent to which stewardship initiatives achieve objectives of enhanced ecological outcomes is important for enhancing effectiveness and efficiency of environmental management initiatives. Alternative approaches – community science, stakeholder perceptions, and remote sensing - are emerging in lieu of the conventional approach of collecting field data that present different benefits and drawbacks and to date have not been directly compared. This research compared the use of four approaches to evaluating ecological outcomes of a grassland restoration project on a 2 ha Niagara Parks Commission property in Ontario, Canada. We collected three levels of quantitative data, from general site assessments to species-specific data using standardized questionnaires and multi-spectral imagery from a remotely piloted aircraft system. We found that community scientists and stakeholders provided comparable general site assessments to the field data, but that as the assessments became more detailed, differences emerged. Further, remotely sensed data were assessed and provided a more positive site assessment than any other method. Experiences and knowledge of nature did not influence assessments by community scientists or stakeholders. Our findings show that for overall site assessments, community scientists and stakeholders may be able to provide a reasonably accurate assessment. If monitoring and evaluation needs (either research-based or practical) extend beyond a broad assessment, use of a field expert or multiple methods of data collection may be warranted.