Communication Norms Research Articles

FORMATION OF STUDENTS' COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE WITH THE HELP OF NONFICTION TEXTS

The importance of forming communicative competence through the lens of nonfiction texts is considered in the article. Several directions are offered - exercises on forming the culture of publicistic speech of students in the process of learning German, and the effectiveness of using the basic communicative method of teaching a foreign language in higher pedagogical education. Communication is defined as communication, combination, transmission, and perception of information in interpersonal relationships that implies a communication process. The norm of communication depends on adherence to certain moral qualities and the culture of speech of the interlocutors, in our case students. Today, as ever, foreign language is becoming an effective factor in the socio-economic, scientific, technical, and cultural progress of society.
 In the article, nonfiction texts are also considered as one of the factors in the formation of nonfiction speech in student youth. The culture of nonfiction, after all, is the meaning of language and its use in the whole set of functional styles inherent in it. After all, according to the authors, the texts of newspaper and journalistic journalism most strongly encourage students to exchange ideas and opportunities for creative self-realization, formation of critical thinking, associative thinking, and spontaneous foreign language.

INTERAKSI SOSIAL SISWA TUNARUNGU

The problem of social interaction of deaf students is very diverse. This study aims to describe the social interaction skills of deaf students. The research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The research subjects were two deaf students. Data were collected through interview, observation, and documentation studies. The data were analyzed using the Miles and Hubermasn flow, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that each student has different interaction skills starting from aspects of communication, attitudes, group behavior, and social norms. Guidance and counseling teachers should provide social interaction skills training in order to be able to develop their social potential optimally.

Opportunities and challenges for advance care planning in strongly religious family-centric societies: a Focus group study of Indonesian cancer-care professionals

BackgroundMost studies on advance care planning in Asia originate in high-income Asian countries. Indonesia is a middle-income Asian country characterized by its religious devoutness and strong family ties. This study aims to explore the perspectives and experiences of Indonesian healthcare professionals on advance care planning for cancer patients.MethodsFocus-group discussions were conducted in July and August 2019 and were analysed using thematic content analysis enhanced by dual coding and exploration of divergent views. Purposive sampling of physicians and nurses actively engaged in cancer care in a national cancer centre and a national general hospital.ResultsWe included 16 physicians and 16 nurses. These participants were open to the idea of advance care planning. We further identified four aspects of this planning that the participants considered to be important: 1) the family’s role in medical decision-making; 2) sensitivity to communication norms; 3) patients’ and families’ religious beliefs regarding the control and sanctity of life; and 4) the availability of a support system for advance care planning (healthcare professionals’ education and training, public education, resource allocation, and formal regulation). Participants believed that, although family hierarchical structure and certain religious beliefs may complicate patients’ engagement in advance care planning, a considerate approach to involving family and patients’ religious perspectives in advance care planning may actually facilitate their engagement in it.ConclusionIndonesian healthcare professionals believed that, for culturally congruent advance care planning in Indonesia, it was essential to respect the cultural aspects of collectivism, communication norms, and patients’ religious beliefs.

When Products Come Alive: Interpersonal Communication Norms Induce Positive Word of Mouth for Anthropomorphized Products

AbstractAcross five experiments, this research finds that product anthropomorphism enhances consumers’ intention to share positive thoughts in their word-of-mouth (WOM) communication about such products, in the hope of creating a favorable interpersonal impression about themselves. Our theorizing suggests that the effect occurs because consumers apply a norm that originates in human-related communication—namely, that speaking positively of other people creates a more likable impression of speakers by making them seem more kind and polite—to their WOM for anthropomorphized products (study 1). As a result, when an impression management motive is salient, consumers display greater overall positivity in their WOM for an anthropomorphized product than for its non-anthropomorphized equivalent (study 2). Support for this prediction is found across various measures of WOM positivity. Furthermore, in line with this conceptualization, anthropomorphism-induced positivity diminishes (a) when consumers are less concerned about impression management, such as when talking to a close friend (study 3), (b) when an opposing accuracy motive overpowers the impression management motive (study 4), or (c) when the underlying belief that positivity will yield favorable impressions is itself challenged (study 5). Our conceptualization and findings inform and extend research on consumer WOM communication, product anthropomorphism, and impression management.

Science fiction literature as a prediction of human’s communication 
 with artificial intelligence

Science fiction literature simulates our reality in a specific way. It also provides opportunities to predict not only the development of technologies, particularly the artificial intelligence, but also the modes of the humans communication with these technologies, that are resented in the written works via anthropomorphic images. In this article there have been analyzed the organizational interaction modes between a human being and artificial intelligence within the scope of science fiction as exemplified by the works of Ph. Dick, A. Azimov, D. Adams, A. Clarke and W. Gibson. It has been pointed out that the authors conceptualize the artificial intelligence via three methods: comparison to a human being, creating the images of supercomputers and super-mind. The authorial communication models oriented on the interaction with artificial intelligence are focused on the development of the human inner world, the search of the answers on the key being questions. Interaction with the other, non-human consciousness collides with the technological limits and the destruction of the subject-object communication sphere. The analysis of the authorial communication models oriented on the interaction with artificial intelligence has shown that the basic problems of such communication is the impossibility of creating the dialogue-like relations and understanding of the other as the main communicative efficiency norm. The artificial intelligence, becoming the communication subject, continues to be perceived by the characters of the literature work as am object. The above-mentioned situation in the end leads to destruction of dialogical communication. True communication is possible under circumstances, when a human being understands technological restraints of artificial intelligence and he / she is ready to enrich it proactively with sense within the context of functional objectives solutions.

НАЙВАЖЛИВІШІ АСПЕКТИ ВИВЧЕННЯ ТЕРМІННОЇ ЛЕКСИКИ ЗІ СТУДЕНТАМИ ІНЖЕНЕРНО-ТЕХНІЧНИХ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОСТЕЙ

The paper outlines the most relevant aspects of the study of term vocabulary while working with students of engineering and technical specialties. A number of general scientific research methods were used: analysis, classification, systematization, interpretation. This made it possible to solve a number of specific tasks: a) to identify the most relevant issues in the current context of terminology and group them into certain areas of study; b) describe typical problems related to the understanding of each aspect; c) identify the latest challenges in the study of term vocabulary and propose original approaches to their analysis. Emphasis is placed on five problematic issues that are especially important in the current context of globalization of society and internationalization of the educational process. Firstly, clarification of the basic concepts of terminology (term, terminology, terminological system) and the specifics of the term as a special language unit, characterized by standardized, unambiguous, systematic, and so on. Secondly, determining the ratio of national and borrowed in terminology. This problem is still acute, as at the present stage Ukrainian terminological systems are under intense foreign influence, including the saturation of English-language elements. Thirdly, the study of the experience of terminological work in the historical and comparative context, which allows modern scholars to involve in the terminological systems of previous periods and the most suitable examples of terminological creation of other languages. Fourthly, the study of the functional characteristics of term vocabulary, in particular the processes of terminologisation and determinologisation, because in the context of intellectualization of modern society is intensive migration of vocabulary from industry terminologies to general literary language and vice versa. Fifthly, the analysis of cultural problems of scientific and technical speech, as in the terminology and in general in the scientific style of the literary Ukrainian language there are numerous deviations from the norm, partly related to phonetic and orthographic adaptation of borrowed terminological units. It is highlighted that all these aspects are inextricably linked, and the study of term vocabulary requires a comprehensive approach and systematic work with students. Linguistic competence of future scientists and engineers involves a high culture of speech, highly skilled vocabulary due to the need for accurate and normative professional communication at all levels of professional activity, the ability to responsibly and on the basis of thorough mastery of all aspects of terminology analysis implement them in all areas of scientific and technical development to ensure the harmonious and full development of Ukrainian scientific and technical terminology. Prospects for further research are identified in the detail of these five main aspects in the context of individual terminological systems.

ВІДОБРАЖЕННЯ МОВЛЕННЄВИХ СТРАТЕГІЙ У АНГЛОМОВНОМУ ДІЛОВОМУ ДИСКУРСІ

The research is dedicated to the reflection of speech strategies used in English discourse. The English language of business communication, which has become global in recent decades due to the internationalization of the business community and the steady growth of international business contacts, serves as a tool for intercultural communication. Target settings and typical strategic models of language behavior of interacting parties together with specific features of the functional space of English business discourse determine its generally regulated (vocabulary, pragmatics, stylistics), conventional nature, which implies the existence of a well-established communicative norm and orders. Formal business discourse is characterized by strict accuracy, objectivity, specificity, conciseness, lack of imagery and emotionality, and the choice of means for it will be determined by the same features. In business discourse, as well as the types of institutional type, we can name a number of such properties as: specific strategies, values ​​and specific characteristics of texts. Discursive action is verbalized in a certain type of text, the genre specificity of which is determined by the type of discourse (eg, employment, personnel, operational interaction), institutional and professional sphere of its functioning (eg, higher education). Compositional-thematic, visual-graphic and stylistic features of the text (ie everything that is usually meant by the genre of the text) are also largely due to the typological characteristics of the discourse. In real discursive practice, it is difficult to distinguish between the concepts of genre, discursive event, genre of text and type of text. The strategy of communication is implemented in language tactics – language techniques that allow you to achieve goals in a particular situation.

Metamorphosis of the English Language

The English language, as a dynamic and ever-evolving entity, has undergone a profound transformation over the last two decades. The study delves into the intricate web of factors that have contributed to the metamorphosis of English, tracing its evolution from the late 20th century into the 21st century. Through meticulous research and analysis, we explore the pivotal role of technology, globalization, and cultural shifts in reshaping English vocabulary, syntax, and communication norms. Additionally, we scrutinize the impact of social media, digital communication platforms, and the emergence of new dialects on the contemporary linguistic landscape. The study also investigates the consequences of these changes on language acquisition, teaching, and preservation. The study offers insights into the challenges and opportunities posed by the evolving English language, emphasizing its adaptability and resilience in an interconnected world. By examining linguistic phenomena such as neologisms, code-switching, and the influence of popular culture, we aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of how English has not only adapted to but also shaped the sociocultural milieu of the 21st century. "Metamorphosis of the English Language" serves as a scholarly exploration of a language in flux, shedding light on the intricacies of its transformation and the implications for communication, education, and cultural identity. The study invites readers to embark on a journey through the evolving linguistic landscape of English, fostering a deeper appreciation for the vitality and diversity of this global language.

Perceptions and Evaluations of Incivility in Public Online Discussions—Insights From Focus Groups With Different Online Actors

Incivility in public online discussions has received much scholarly attention in recent years. Still, there is controversy regarding what exactly constitutes incivility and hardly any study has examined in depth what different participants of online discussions perceive as uncivil. Building on a new theoretical approach to incivility as a violation of communication norms, this study aims to close this research gap: In five heterogenous focus groups, different types of actors in online discussions, namely community managers, users, and members of online activist groups, discussed what they perceive as norm-violating and how these violations differ in terms of severity. Results suggest that incivility is a multidimensional construct and that the severity of different norm violations varies significantly. Although the actors share a relatively large common ground as to what they perceive as uncivil, several role-specific perceptions and individual evaluation criteria become apparent. Based on the results, a differentiated typology of perceived incivility in public online discussions is developed.

Конструкции апокойну как один из маркеров разговорности в немецком языке

Oral communication is based on the spoken language of native speakers as a means of everyday communication. Colloquial speech in any national language (in this case, German) differs from its written form. Generally, oral speech is considered not in terms of deviation from the written word, but in terms of its peculiarities that shape the norms of oral communication. Colloquial speech is special due to a number of extralinguistic factors (it is informal, spontaneous and taking place in the moment of speaking) as well as the close interaction between verbal and nonverbal components. Colloquial speech is the basis of existence of language and is therefore of particular interest to any kind of oral communication research, relevant a priori. Colloquial markedness is clearly manifested in speech syntax and expressed through a certain concentration of colloquial indicators (according to V.D. Devkin). In this paper, by markers of colloquialism the author understands the syntactic features of colloquial speech forming the so-called colloquial flavour of oral communication in German. The article aimed to provide a brief description of blending constructions (apokoinu) as syntactic markers of colloquialism in the German language. It is known that apokoinu constructions are based on the contamination of two syntactic functions in one language unit and represent peculiar syntactic structures. Being a universal marker of colloquialism, they function mainly in spontaneous colloquial speech and illustrate a transition of a syntactic structure from internal to external speech. However, apokoinu constructions can be used as a syntactic stylistic means of imagery in the codified literary language. The research found that they have certain structural and syntactic forms and fulfil the function of rapid transfer of information in speech. The author concludes that, although they are not frequently used in German colloquial speech, apokoinu constructions form the idea of the specifics of colloquial indicators that underlie German colloquial syntax.

Family planning demand generation in Rwanda: Government efforts at the national and community level impact interpersonal communication and family norms

Between 2005 and 2020, total contraceptive use among married women in Rwanda increased from 17% to 64%. The aim of this study is to better understand how the Rwandan government's mobilization and demand generation efforts have impacted community norms and interpersonal discourse surrounding family planning. Eight focus group discussions with family planning providers and 32 in-depth interviews with experienced modern contraceptive users were conducted in 2018 in the two Rwandan districts with the highest and the lowest contraceptive prevalence rates. Results suggest that outspoken government support, mass media, and community meetings were valuable sources of information about family planning. Information received through these channels generated interpersonal dialogue about contraceptives through both conversation and observation; however, rumors and misinformation remained a significant barrier to use. A once taboo subject is now normative among married couples. Continuing to address common fears and misinformation through communication channels such as mass media and community meetings may help to further increase contraceptive uptake in Rwanda.

CONFLICTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE: RELEVANT PROBLEMS OF INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION AND BUSINESS PROTOCOL

The purpose of the article is to identify and analyze non-verbal factors of conflicts arising in the international space during the process of business communication between the representatives of different cultures. The object of research is the intercultural conflict communication. The subject of consideration is conflicts in the international space, which arise against the background of violations of the protocol and intercultural communication norms by the parties of the negotiation process. To determine the non-verbal factors of conflicts arising in the international space, were used a methodof collecting informationas well as a method of observation, analysis and description, which allowed to highlight how the conflict-generating factors affect the international political communication.The result of this articleis proved that the irrational use of the national-culture symbols, as well as the violations of protocol contributing to the conflicts in the international space.Conclusions. Due to the ongoing process of globalization and intensification of contacts between the representatives of the Ukraine at the international level, knowledge about the intercultural communication norms and business protocol rules has become the integral competences to achieve the goals set in the negotiation process. The lack of the above-mentioned competencesmay damage the Ukraine’s image in the international arena, can lead to misunderstandings in the process of meetings and, as a consequence, obtain a negative outcome of the negotiations. On the contrary, awareness of the norms of intercultural communication and business protocol provides the opportunity to avoid conflicts, clearly express intentions, as well as to understand the signals transmitted by the counter-partiesin the negotiation process.

A compliment's cost: How positive responses to non-traditional choices may paradoxically reinforce traditional gender norms.

In times of societal change, like changes in gender roles, one may compliment men deciding to spend more time on childcare, or women pursuing a job higher up, to support their pioneering behaviour. However, we predict that while compliments may communicate appreciation of someone's behaviour, they simultaneously communicate that a norm has been breached, and thus that the behaviour is not considered 'normal'. In four studies (total N=821), we show that men receive more compliments for reducing work hours for childcare than women (Study 1). Moreover, compliments (compared to neutral responses) signal more descriptive norm deviance, and this has downstream consequences for perceptions of the target's gender belonging and decision doubt and for perceived societal norms (Studies 2-4). Together, these findings contribute to our understanding of normative communication patterns as well as potential paradoxical reinforcement of gender norms through compliments.

Indicators to assess preservice teachers’ digital competence in security: A systematic review

The goal of this review is to analyse the state of inquiry in the field of digital competence in security in initial teacher education, via indicators to assess preservice teachers’ digital competence in security, in order to help find opportunities to improve their competence level. Following the parameters defined in the PRISMA declaration, the review uses a bibliographic research methodology to explore the WoS, Scopus and ERIC databases. After a search identifying a sample of 31 scholarly articles published between 2010 and 2021, we analyse the information obtained using descriptive statistics and content analysis. The results show a predominance of empirical research in the European context. These studies are quantitative and tend to use questionnaires. Our conclusion proposes the need to train preservice teachers in data protection and privacy, searching for and using Internet images with authorship screening, use of open software programs, and respect for online communication norms, as well as ethical and responsible technology use. All of these issues are implicitly and transversally linked to the area of digital competence in security.

Nurse leader agency: Creating an environment conducive to support for graduate nurses.

AimThe aim of the study was to gain insight on how nurse leaders manage a culture of safety for graduate nurses.BackgroundCurrent theoretical approaches to safety culture tend towards a checklist approach that focuses on institutional characteristics, failing to examine the quality of interpersonal relationships. These interpersonal interactions are often seen as separate from the institutional realities of resource allocation, nurse–patient ratios, patient acuity or throughput. A theoretical approach is required to illuminate the dialectic between the structure of an organisation and the agency created by nurse leaders to promote patient safety.DesignQualitative exploratory descriptive study.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were undertaken with 24 nurse leaders from hospital and aged care settings. Thematic analysis and Giddens structuration theory was used to describe the findings.ResultsNurse leaders identified a range of reciprocal communicative and cultural norms and values, decision‐making processes, personal nursing philosophies, strategies and operational procedures to foster patient safety and mentor graduate nurses. The mentoring of graduate nurses included fostering critical thinking, building and affirming formal structural practices such as handover, teamwork, medication protocols and care plans.ConclusionsThe study provides insight into how nurse leaders foster a culture of safety. Emphasis is placed on how agency in nurse leaders creates an environment conducive to learning and support for graduate nurses.Implications for Nursing ManagementNurse leadership functions and decision‐making capacity hinges on multiple factors including practicing agency and aspects of the social structure such as the rules for safe communication, and the various institutional protocols. Nurse leaders enforce these forms of engagement and practice through their legitimation as leaders. They have both allocative and authoritative resources; they can command resources, direct staff to attend to patients and/or clinical tasks, mentor, guide, assign, correct and encourage with the authority vested in them by the formal structure of the organisation. In doing so, they sustain the structure and reinforce it.

New Academic Culture: Digital Ethics in Virtual Communication

The relevance of this research is due to the significance of the problems of compliance with ethical standards in general and the obvious need to establish common rules of communication in the virtual environment, which became the main platform for academic communication during the pandemic. It is obvious that cultural traditions often lag far behind the changes that are taking place in the field of online communication. Among modern youth, there are differences in the perception of the culture of behavior in the real vs. virtual world. The aim of this research was to analyze the content of the new concept of ‘digital ethics’ and to study the ideas of value and moral guidelines in virtual communication among students of higher education institutions. The work was based on a socio-cultural methodological approach. The main method used was an online questionnaire created in Google Forms. The respondents were students of two Russian universities. The survey was conducted in January–February 2021 on a voluntary and anonymous basis. The results of the study demonstrated an increasing interest in the problems of compliance with moral and ethical standards in digital communication. The level of digital ethics was rated as average by the respondents. Among the main factors identified that influence the ethics of a particular person’s behavior were the family, social circle, and level of education. The main recommendation for reducing violations of ethical norms in digital communication was the need for early education of children based on cultural traditions and moral foundations, while legislative initiatives of a prohibitive nature (for example, fines) did not receive adequate support from respondents. This paper provides reference points both for further in-depth research on digital ethics issues and for making concrete decisions in the academic environment.
 Keywords: digital ethics, virtual communication, culture of behavior, digital environment

Deafening Modernism: Embodied Language and Visual Poetics in American Literature

Deafening Modernism: Embodied Language and Visual Poetics in American Literature

Exploring the Influence of Geographic Region and Cultural Indulgence on Tactile Behaviors

In this study, touch behavior was monitored via live-feed webcams in 18 bars, spread across 5 continents (North America, South America, Europe, Australia, and Asia) for 213 hours. Our findings offer support for a link between equatorial proximity (measured by latitude) and cultural indulgence with more tactile communication. In cultures where indulgence versus restraint was more normative, those perceived as females initiated more touch in both opposite- and same- sex dyads. Moreover, in cultures closer to the equator, there was an increase in touch frequency and the number of body locations touched. Housed within these findings is the idea that geographical location may play a predictable role in motivating the development of cultural communication norms and behaviors. We consider the influence of sunlight, topography, history, and other culture-specific forces on the development of touch norms. 
  

Bakmaranhawuy - the broken connection. Perspectives on asking and answering questions with Yolŋu patients in healthcare contexts.

Questioning is a key method in general information-seeking behaviour and teaching used by the dominant culture in Australia. Within an Australian health context the fundamental diagnostic tool used by medical staff is the biomedical interview or history taking, which is based on a battery of direct questions. Similarly, many health professionals rely on patient questions to prompt the sharing of information, or to make them aware of gaps in communication. This is problematic for many First Nations peoples, including Yolηu (First Nations people of North-East Arnhem Land), who are culturally less inclined to use direct questioning as it is deemed impolite within their cultural context. Semi-structured conversational interviews using culturally congruent communication processes were conducted with participants in their preferred language. Interviews were translated, transcribed and analysed inductively using NVivo v12. A total of 30 participants were interviewed (10 health staff and 20 Yolηu with recent experience in engaging with health services). All participating health staff believed that questioning was essential for determining how to best treat patients but many felt that questions created problems for some Yolηu patients. They also felt that Yolηu patients ask fewer questions related to their health issues than patients of other cultures. Yolηu participants conveyed overwhelmingly negative experiences with the health system and at the tertiary hospital in particular. Yolηu participants described feelings of frustration, fear and trauma when talking of their experiences, and these feelings were often direct outcomes of poor communication with staff. Regarding the use of questions in health care specifically, Yolηu participants identified four key and interrelated conditions within which questioning was deemed an acceptable communication mechanism. Dhämanapan (connection) was identified as an essential condition for effective communication between health staff and patients. This connection was established and maintained through a shared understanding of matha (language), dukmaram (Yolηu understandings of healing) and djuηuny (Yolηu norms of polite communication). Strategies for overcoming barriers to effective communication related to the concept of dhuwurr (skill) in health communication, which could increase the acceptability of health staff asking questions of Yolηu and the confidence of Yolηu patients in asking questions of health staff. The findings from this study indicate a fundamental disconnect between the current health system and the needs of the Yolηu patients it seeks to serve. In order for this to change, Yolηu patients and health staff need to develop dhuwurr in health communication, which incorporates the four key conditions for effective communication identified in this study. To achieve this, ongoing and mandatory intercultural communication training for health staff is needed, just as mandatory training is required for hygiene and resuscitation training. Intercultural communication training must be comprehensive - reflecting the complexity involved in developing this dhuwurr - and sustained, for example with ongoing support from cultural communication mentors.

Does Culture Matter? Measuring Cross-Country Perceptions of CSR Communication Campaigns about COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought several challenges to businesses and societies. In response, many corporations have supported local communities and authorities in the management of the pandemic. Although these initiatives, which can be considered forms of corporate social responsibility (CSR), were highly coupled with explicit CSR communication campaigns, little is known about whether these campaigns were effective. Previous research indicates that culture can shape people’s perceptions of CSR initiatives and communications, suggesting that businesses pay attention to careful consideration of cultural norms for effective CSR communication. However, the COVID-19 pandemic as a new CSR setting may challenge earlier findings. This study empirically investigates whether three cultural factors (individualism/collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, and power distance) affect public perceptions measured as recall of and favorability towards corporate COVID-19 response initiatives across six countries. Findings from a representative survey of adults across these countries show that respondents in individualistic and collectivistic countries recall these CSR communication campaigns about these corporate COVID-19 response initiatives quite differently, and these are related to differences in power distance and uncertainty avoidance. However, no difference was found in overall corporate favorability, indicating that cultural factors did not affect levels of favorability towards such initiatives. This, we argue, can be explained by the global dimension of the COVID-19 pandemic, which is the context of these CSR initiatives. This study contributes to CSR communication literature with empirical findings from a global pandemic setting. It offers businesses and managers empirical grounds to understand the communicative impact of COVID-19 response initiatives, which can inform future CSR actions.