Freedom Of Communication Research Articles

Democratic responsibility in the digital public sphere

Democratic responsibility in the digital public sphere

Being a master of metaphors

Being a master of metaphors

‘Mind-forg’d Manacles’: Virtual Experience and Innocent Publication

In Fairfax Media Publications Pty Ltd v Voller (‘Voller’) the Australian High Court held that media companies maintaining Facebook comment pages could be liable for the defamatory posts of commenters on those sites. The decision focussed entirely on whether, by maintaining the Facebook page, the companies had ‘published’ the statements of commenters. Hearings on other aspects of the tort litigation continue. This paper considers the implications of the tort of defamation on public participation on political will formation where, as is increasingly the case, the participation occurs virtually. Australian law has already tackled the law of defamation as a threat to freedom of political communication; Voller continues the jurisprudence by considering whether hosting an online forum for debate amounts to publication. The more recent High Court judgment in Google LLC v Defteros demonstrated the necessity of the law to align the ‘acts’ necessary to found legal action with the new environment of automated search engines. The troubled intersection of dematerialised practices of political and cultural discourse and jurisdictionally bound laws of defamation challenges participatory governance as tribes form and dissolve and shift between geographical interests.Defamation in Australia is a tort of strict liability; and, absenting applicable defences, any participation in communication is sufficient to make that participant a publisher and a party to the defamation. The online environment stretches words across geographical and jurisdictional boundaries, but it also stretches and contorts concepts of fault and responsibility. Participatory digital cultural practices integrating users in the creation of cultural heritage simultaneously draw participants into transgressions, both cultural and legal, which are amplified by the medium. Questions of collective guilt, ‘shades’ of moral responsibility and disproportionality between blameworthiness and legal liability challenge laws formulated for the printing press but now deployed in the online environment. In this way the digitized participatory environment presents deep challenges to law and legal systems, which are chained to geography. This paper considers the concept of innocent publication in the context of the digitized participatory environment and the way in which the virtual experience is dissolving concepts of geographically defined jurisdictions.

THE USE OF THE WORD TABOO ON SOCIAL MEDIA: A FORENSIC LINGUISTIC STUDY

The freedom in social media communication have not been responded wisely by the citizen of the net (netizen). Sometimes while expressing themselves in the social media, netizens used the taboo words which potentially break the law. The problems chosen in this research is a type of taboo words used by the netizen and also whether these expressed words have a potential to violate the law. The method to collect the data is “Simak bebas libat cakap“(SBLC), it is a method where there is no active communication between interviewer and interviewee but it is only taken the data from internet, then to transcribe the taken data. The following step is analyzing data which used referential equivalent method, then the results of the analysis were presented informally. The findings showed that taboo words used in social media consisted of: (1) obscene words, (2) vulgar language, and (3) nick name and insult. These taboo words potentially violate the government regulation of the Republic Indonesia number 11 of 2008 concerning electronic information and transactions article 27 paragraph (3) and article 45 paragraph (1) as well as article 310 section (1) and article 311 section (1) of the Indonesian Criminal Code concerning defamation. Therefore, netizens must be careful in the way how communicate.

EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS, POVERTY, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

AbstractAs in other sciences, an economic experiment is an artificial situation created by a researcher for the purpose of answering one or more scientific questions. Experiments of various types are used in economics to understand the causes of poverty and how it might be alleviated. The methods can identify causal relationships between variables and thereby isolate factors that can lead to poverty as well as to document the behavioral consequences of poverty. Experiments can also be used to provide test beds for proposed policies to alleviate poverty. This essay describes a variety of ways in which experiments have been employed to understand and combat poverty. A line of laboratory experiments that considers which economic institutions are conducive to economic growth is discussed in detail. The results show that decentralized markets are conducive to allowing an economy to operate as efficiently as it can. However, in an economy with a theoretical “poverty trap,” the market works more efficiently if accompanied by a democratic voting process and freedom of communication.

Statements of Belief as Political Communication

There is increased interest in legislation that shields some forms of expression not only from the legislature but also from sanctions by powerful private institutions such as social media companies, professional associations, and employers. The Religious Discrimination Bill 2022 (Cth), if passed, would have prohibited ‘qualifying bodies’ from implementing conduct rules that restrict ‘statements of belief’ in their effects. Other provisions of the Bill implicitly provided some protection for ‘religious speech’ within the broader ambit of ‘religious belief or activity’. Using the Religious Discrimination Bill as an example, this paper examines laws that restrict private censure of speech with respect to the implied freedom of political communication. It is argued that laws that limit private censorship of political speech may place a burden upon political communication if they are not constructed in a manner that is ‘viewpoint neutral’. Such laws can thus only be valid if the criteria of ‘compatibility’ and ‘proportionality’ are met (as established in Lange and its progeny). The power imbalance between individuals and large private institutions may warrant limits on private censorship. However, such limits are best framed so as not to discriminate between viewpoints. Laws that protect the expression of particular ideas, such as those based in religious doctrine, must demonstrate a legitimate reason for differential treatment compared to other foundational beliefs.

Women’s education, knowledge and competence in Ancient Greece

The paper deals with women?s education in Ancient Greece. In ancient times, women were dominated by men throughout the Greek world, while their roles and competence were strictly defined (albeit differently across various city-states). Although not all women were deprived of education, their education was almost never organized by the city-state. Women?s knowledge and voice were never welcome in the public domain. However, the picture of women?s education, knowledge and competences is not one-dimensional and it would be wrong to claim that those did not exist. Foreign women sometimes had more freedom of education and free communication with men than Greek citizens? wives (especially in Athens); education was also available for girls from rich families; some city-states other than Athens were less restrictive towards their women. The other aspect of the issue was the fact that there was some knowledge available to women, and in some professions, women did not appear as an exception, but rather as a rule. Such was the case of midwives, women physicians and herbal specialists/pharmacists. Their prominent role in the private domain did not only involve care of home and closest kin, but also rituals, and this should be considered an important aspect of women?s competence. However, researching women?s education and knowledge in antiquity is a difficult task, because veils of silence were cast over women?s voices in ancient times, including those that attempted to break through the barriers of their age.

Effects of Mutual Coupling on Degree of Freedom and Antenna Efficiency in Holographic MIMO Communications

The holographic multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) communications refer to the MIMO systems built with ultra-dense antenna arrays, whose channel models and potential applications have attracted increasing attentions recently. When the spacing between adjacent array elements is larger than half wavelength, the effect of mutual coupling can generally be neglected in current antenna designs. However, in holographic MIMO communications, the influence of strong mutual coupling on antenna characteristics is inevitable, resulting in distorted radiation patterns and low radiation efficiencies. In this paper, starting from the analytical correlation and efficiency models, we investigate how the mutual coupling affects the capacity of a space-constrained MIMO system from the aspects of degree of freedom (DOF) and antenna efficiency. The involved fundamental concepts of correlation, DOF, efficiency and mutual coupling are crucial for both antenna and wireless-communication engineers when designing emerging MIMO communication systems.

Copyright, Freedom of Expression and Artistic Communication in the Internet Era: The Recorded Music

Copyright, Freedom of Expression and Artistic Communication in the Internet Era: The Recorded Music

Norm Contestation for Strategic Effect: Legal Narratives as Information Advantage

Telling stories is intrinsic to legal practice. Clients, lawyers, and courts constantly tell stories about the facts and the law to make sense of the world around them. Legal narration is thus a familiar feature at the domestic as well as at the international level. In formal venues, legal storytelling is subject to arange of procedural and substantive requirements. For example, not everyone enjoys standing before a particular court. By contrast, in informal venues, few if any such conditions apply. Press releases, official statements and social media posts provide legal actors with considerable latitude and communicative freedom to give their version of events. Much of this has emancipatory potential, as it can lend a voice to those who lack representation in more formal circumstances. However, it also enables actors to engage in legal discourse, and to spin their stories, without the various checks and balances that apply in formal settings. Legal narratives are also a source of conflict, polemics and even misinformation. The purpose of this article is to take a closer look at the role that legal narratives play in the contestation of, and contestation through, international norms. The article argues that legal narratives display certain distinct features that set them apart from other types of storytelling. Specifically, they are marked by normative constraints imposed by the formal nature of legal reasoning and interpretation and by the logic of rhetoric and the policy choices they are meant to serve. These two features – the formalism of the law and the demands of rhetoric and instrumentalism – pull legal narratives in different directions. Outside formal processes and venues, this tension becomes acute. In the absence of epistemic scrutiny by experts and authorities, legal narratives may stray far from the formalism of the law in pursuit of competing goals. Where these goals gain the upper hand, attaining an information advantage may become their primary purpose, a point the article illustrates with reference to the justifications Russia offered for its invasion of Ukraine in 2022. In such circumstances, legal narratives may invoke the language and authority of the law not just unpersuasively, but falsely.

Problems and Countermeasures of Postgraduate Academic Exchange Activities

Improving students' research ability within a short academic period is the core goal of graduate education, and academic activities are an important part of achieving this goal. This analysis report takes the academic seminar activities of the School of Architecture of YN University as an example, analyzes the target background of the activities, students' participation, and the operation process of management, and concludes that the activities have problems such as restricted freedom of communication, quality to be strengthened, and lack of standardized system and evaluation mechanism. This paper proposes methods that can be optimized for activities and an evaluation framework for academic exchange activities, so as to provide reference for universities to carry out academic activities and improve the quality of postgraduate training.

The Digital Calculus of Racial Capitalism

The Digital Calculus of Racial Capitalism

Degrees of Freedom in 3D Linear Large-Scale Antenna Array Communications—A Spatial Bandwidth Approach

For wireless communications using linear large-scale antenna arrays, we define a receiving coordinate system and parameterization strategy to facilitate the study of the impact of three-dimensional position and rotation of the arrays on the achievable spatial degrees of freedom (DoF) in line-of-sight (LOS) channels. An analytical framework based on spatial bandwidth analysis is developed, under which three elementary problems corresponding to three basic orthogonal receiving directions are investigated. For each of them, accurate, simple, and interpretable closed-form approximations for the achievable spatial DoF are derived, and the spatial region where a sufficient amount of spatial DoF is expected available is determined. The expressions can easily be integrated into large-scale system-level simulations. Some interesting and surprising observations are made from simulation studies based on the analytical results. For instance, the spatial bandwidth is shown to be approximately constant in almost the entire spatial multiplexing region. Moreover, in significant parts of this region, the optimal receive array orientation is not parallel with the transmitting array.

Адыгская языковая личность в эпическом дискурсе: переводческий и лингвокультурный аспекты

The study aims to describe how the Adyghe linguistic personality is realised as a translator of an epic text. Scientific novelty lies in identifying ethnospecific units introduced into texts to convey meanings that have no exact analogues in Russian culture, in the Russian language; in describing the ways of their introduction. As a result, it has been found that the translator’s linguistic personality possesses two language structures equally, has great communicative freedom in introducing Adyghe lexical units into the lexical layer of the Russian language.

ЧИ БУДЬ-ЯКИЙ ЗЛОДІЙ МАЄ СИДІТИ У ТЮРМІ?

Since biblical times, there have been naturally disobedient to the law. With the advent of the state, many such violations are classified as a crime, and the guilty are punished. For a long time, these were the cruelest types of execution, which are even scary to remember. Nowadays, we call the society in which we live civilized. However, let it be without additional torture, but the death penalty is preserved in some states, the requirements for its application are expanding in the world. Paradoxically, behind the debates about the permissibility or inadmissibility of the death penalty, an unattractive fact remains unnoticed: millions of people have been and continue to be subjected to another form of execution — deprivation of liberty. Thus, the head, arms, legs, and other organs of the prisoners held in prisons, camps and other places of deprivation of liberty have been preserved. Moreover, if necessary, they are provided with medical assistance. But a person is a biological individual. Unlike animals, he is endowed with many social qualities, for the satisfaction of which he needs, at a minimum, freedom of movement and communication with other people, satisfaction of other needs. Deprivation of freedom is the loss of social life; execution is no less painful than physical hardships. Currently, there is a tendency to improve the conditions of detention of prisoners. Far-right terrorist Anders Breivik, who killed 77 people in July 2011, won the trial against the Norwegian authorities. He was sentenced to 21 years in prison, the maximum sentence in Norway. (In addition, Norwegian Criminal law applies “deterrence” — the possibility of extending the term by 5 years an unlimited number of times). Anders Breivik complained about being served cold coffee and microwaved food. “This is worse than water torture” — the terrorist claimed. In addition, the convict was outraged that he was isolated from the rest of the prisoners and his extremist friends were not allowed to visit him, as well as the fact that he was forced to use an old model of the PlayStation game console. The court recognized Anders Breivik’s claims to the detention conditions as well-founded. “The ban on inhuman and degrading treatment is one of the basic values of a democratic society. It doesn’t matter who it is about — terrorists and murderers also have the right to it” – the final verdict reads. The country’s authorities must pay the terrorist a sum of 331 thousand Norwegian kroner (40.7 thousand US dollars). But this is in Norway, not in Ukraine. As historical practice shows, deprivation of liberty is not a sufficient incentive to prevent crimes and re-educate criminals. Its application makes sense only as a measure of social protection against persons who pose a danger to society. However, the drafters of the new Criminal Code of Ukraine consider punishment as punishment and propose to increase the maximum term of imprisonment to 30 years. A chronic failure of criminal law and criminal policy in general is the underestimation of economics in the construction of a system of responsibility. The main list of crimes and measures of responsibility are transferred from the edition of the Code to the new edition of the Code. State expenses for maintenance of the penitentiary (criminal and executive) system are multiplying. However, measures to ensure compensation for the damages caused by the perpetrators to the victims, to the state, are extremely insufficient. The work offers several ideas to eliminate existing gaps. The author’s view on individual sections and articles of the draft Criminal Code of Ukraine is also offered. Proposals on changing the order of formation of the author’s team of drafters of criminal legislation are submitted for discussion, fairer definitions of the concepts of crime and punishment are proposed.

The Weight of a Word: ‘Covert’ and the Proportionality of Australia’s Foreign Interference Laws

The National Security Legislation Amendment (Espionage and Foreign Interference) Act 2018 (Cth) introduced the first offences for acts of foreign interference in Australian history. Inter alia, the laws target activities sponsored by a foreign principal which seek to influence Australia’s democratic processes using coercive, deceptive and covert conduct. The Act’s offences address coercive and deceptive conduct by foreign actors, which align with those behaviours which find contempt in international law. However, it is the Act’s targeting of ‘covert’ conduct which has drawn the widest criticism, and which was the subject of a High Court challenge in Zhang v Commissioner of Police [2021] HCA 16. Despite the High Court not being required to determine the validity of the foreign interference offences, there remain serious questions regarding the proportionality of the offences within the legislation which target covert behaviour which is not coercive or deceptive. Such benign covert behaviour is not condemned in international law, and its prohibition in Australia presents as an attempt by the government to remediate exploitable gaps in international law by controlling the interactions of its own citizenry with foreign actors. When the available alternatives to such measures are considered, this regulation appears excessive. Thus, a future challenge to Australia’s foreign interference laws may focus on the burden which the foreign interference offence’s ‘covert’ element places on the constitutionally entrenched implied freedom of political communication.

Medico-legal litigation of UK physiotherapists in relation to cauda equina syndrome: a multimethods study

ObjectiveThe aim was to investigate the extent of cauda equina syndrome (CES) litigation and explore the process of medico-legal litigation in relation to physiotherapy in the UK.DesignA multimethods inquiry that...

Dual-guided-mode-region circular photonic crystal fiber with low nonlinear coefficients and flat dispersion for transmission of orbital angular momentum modes

As a new degree of freedom in optical fiber communication, the transmission of orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes has attracted extensive attention in recent years. Herein, a photonic crystal fiber with a dual-guided mode field was designed for the transmission of OAM modes in the wavelength range between 1.50 and 1.60 μm. The effective index difference, dispersion, nonlinear coefficient, and isolation parameters were analyzed systematically by the finite element method. The results showed that the effective index difference of all OAM modes was greater than 1 × 10 − 4, the nonlinear coefficient was as low as 0.492 km − 1 · W − 1, and dispersion was very flat with a minimum variation of 4.033 ps / ( km · nm ) . The fiber with outstanding properties has great potential and provides insights into how to improve the efficiency of optical communication.

Zorunlu Suriyeli Göçü Bağlamında Türkiye’de Yurttaşlığı Yeniden Düşünmek

Ulus-devlet anlayışı ekseninde mevcut yurttaşlık tanımı zorunlu göçlerin neden olduğu göçmen (öteki) gerçekliğini kapsamaktan ve kavramaktan uzak bir görünüm arz etmektedir. Türkiye’de ulus devlet anlayışının gelişim süreci dikkate alındığında, etnisist ve devleti kutsayan bir yurttaşlık algısının eğitim aracılığıyla inşa edilmesi nedeniyle çoğulcu ve kapsayıcı olmaktan uzak bir yurttaşlık söz konusudur. Bu bağlamda okul, söz konusu yurttaşlık algısının inşasında, seküler ve milliyetçi kaygılarla beslenen ve merkeziyetçi bir anlayışla denetlenebilen bir ulus kimliğin pekişmesinde işlevsel konumda yer almıştır. Bu nedenle, zorunlu Suriyeli göçü sonucu göçmenlerin yurttaşlığa entegrasyonuna dair taleplere cevap verme konusunda yetersiz kalınmakla birlikte, ulus devlet anlayışının hukuksal çerçevesi ve milliyetçi motivasyonu göçmenlerin ötekileştirilmesine ve kriminalleştirilmesine zemin hazırlamaktadır. Öyle ki, göçmenlerin yerleşikler tarafından dışlanması, göçmenlerin kendi içlerine dönerek sarsılmışların dayanışması bağlamında, kamusal temastan uzaklaşmasına, iletişimi kendileriyle benzer mağduriyetlere maruz kalan kitlelerle sınırlamalarına, yerel dile yönelik öğrenme isteklerinin azalmasına ve ihtiyaçlarını kayıt dışı ya da gayri meşru yollar aracılığıyla karşılamaya yönelmektedirler. Zorunlu göç sonucu göçmenler ve yerleşikler arasında yaşanan karşılıklı hoşnutsuzlukların çözümüne dair daha somut adımların atılabilmesi için “öteki”nin haklarına yönelik hassasiyeti kapsayan bir “dünya yurttaşlığı” anlayışına gereklilik söz konusudur. Bu çerçevede, iletişim, dinleme ve sorgulama hususları işlevselleştirilerek, yurttaşlığın yeniden düşünülmesi, görmezden gelinen tüm insani değerlerin görünür kılınması açısından önemlidir. Bu sayede göç etmek zorunda kalan göçmenlerin yerleşiklerle kurdukları toplumsal temas bağlamında, göçmenlerin tutunmalarına ve tanınmalarına zemin sağlayacak ahlaki olgunluğun ve sorumluluk duygusunun karşılıklı olarak pekişmesi muhtemel görünmektedir. Bununla birlikte farklılıkların indirgenmediği bir düzlemde, iletişim özgürlüğünün kamusal alanda katılımı ve etkileşimi tetikleyerek, kimlik temelli toplumsal açmazlara yönelik bir çözüm arayışına kapı aralanmaktadır.

DEVELOPMENT OF MARKETING OF EDUCATIONAL SERVICES BASED ON APPLICATION OF NETIQUETTE PRINCIPLES IN DISTANCE LEARNING

In modern conditions, Ukrainian institutions of higher education found themselves in a situation of military aggression, which is the reason for the transfer of students’ education to the online space. Such changes impose new requirements on marketing of educational services aimed both at attracting new consumers and at keeping and preserving those who are already studying. Transformations of approaches in marketing of education are a consequence of its development. The development of marketing of educational services during distance online learning is impossible without the introduction of modern digital technologies and involves taking into account the rules of netiquette. The application of the principles of netiquette in distance learning will contribute to the resolution of contradictions in marketing of educational services and its development. This determines the relevance of the chosen research topicality. The purpose of the study is to determine the principles of netiquette as a basis for the development of marketing of educational services in the process of distance learning. The work uses such research methods as the method of logical generalization, the method of analysis and synthesis, the method of content analysis, and the method of focus group interview. The result of the conducted research is the development of general principles of netiquette in the organization of distance learning, taking into account the specifics of educational services. The concept of relationship marketing, provisions on distance learning and classic general principles of netiquette were used as a theoretical basis for the substantiation of these principles. The practical basis for the conclusions was the analysis of cases of US universities regarding netiquette policies, as well as the results of a focus group interview with students of institutions of higher education regarding the norms and rules of behavior in the Internet space during the interaction of teachers and students in the process of distance learning. The practical significance of the application of the rules of netiquette is that it ensures digital freedom of communication, attracts a larger segment of consumers of the educational service and will contribute to the formation of a new type of academic community.