Commercial Sales Research Articles

Small-Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Batik Tulis in Jetis Village, District of Sidoarjo

This activity program aims to increase the efficiency of marketing business management SMEs batik Tulis in Sidoklumpuk village, Jetis Lemahputro, Sidoarjo District. The targets to be achieved for this program, include: 1) creating online commercial sales system to expand access marketing batik product to foreign countries, as well as providing convenience for customers as well as SMEs in conducting business transactions. 2) Creating logo design for the product packaging common local wisdom of kampong batik Jetis to strengthen the brand. So that SMEs are expected to develop into business to meet customer demand and survive in a competitive business climate. The utilization of e-commerce web for SMEs batik around Jetis. Jetis Batik can be a characteristic of great micro business in Jetis Village. The local government is expected to provide support for the success of the SMEs independently initiated programs collectively.

Do commercial sales move coincidentally with business cycles in Japan? a dynamic two-mode regression approach

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the validity of including wholesale and retail commercial sales in the coincident index of business conditions in Japan. Specifically, we consider the movement of gross domestic product (GDP) as a reference cycle, and investigate whether commercial sales move coincidentally with GDP by applying the dynamic two-mode regression approach. The results show that wholesale commercial sales are not justified as a component of the Japanese coincident index, but that retail commercial sales may be considered a legitimate component of the Japanese coincident index.

Long-term impacts of an unanticipated spike in food prices on child growth in Indonesia

Abstract Unanticipated spikes in food prices can increase malnutrition among the poor, with lasting consequences; however, livelihood strategies that include producing food for home consumption are expected to offer a measure of protection. To test this, we use anthropometric and consumption data from Indonesia collected before and after the 2007/08 food price crisis. Based on standardized height and weight measures, our results indicate that soaring food prices had a significant and negative impact on child growth among households that did not produce food for home consumption. A corresponding effect was undetectable for the households that did. The results remain robust when income effects from increased commercial sales, and possible attritions through migration and fostering are considered. Further, local food price changes were uncorrelated with the share of producing-households in the village and village’s initial average child nutrition status, suggesting that observed outcomes are directly attributable to market events and livelihood strategies. Gender differences were not detected. Our findings imply that the food price crises can have negative impacts on children, potentially leading to lifelong disadvantages. Livelihood choices that include food production provide protection against price hikes but may trap households on low income paths.

PCP9 - Non-Profit Drug Research and Development at a Crossroads: The Case Study of Genethon

In wealthy nations, non-profit drug R&D has been proposed to reduce the prices of innovative medicines. We sought to analyse Genethon, a French non-profit biotherapy R&D organisation focused on rare diseases. We discuss the ethical and economic issues concerning non-profit drug R&D companies, and the possible impact that their pricing strategy may have on the innovation efforts from for-profit companies targeting the same segment of the pharmaceutical market. Published and grey literature review. There are two possible approaches to pricing drugs developed by non-profit R&D programs: pricing that maximises profits and “affordable” pricing that reflects the cost of manufacturing and distribution, plus a margin that ensures sustainability. Genethon has opted for in-house production and distribution in order to maintain control over the supply of its products and sell them at a ‘fair and controlled price’. The firm has decided to occupy the whole chain of value creation, from discovery to large-scale manufacturing and sales. However, it lacks the experience in launching, selling, and distributing medicines, which may delay or jeopardize patient access to Genethon’s innovative therapies. Ethical issues include spending public funds on commercial sales activity and investing them into a sales venture that will bring a return on investment much below the potential return in the for-profit sector. Further, lower pricing constitutes a disincentive for the for-profit sector to develop further products in the same disease area and the risk of drying out the for-profit sector R&D is high. Since the antitrust law does not permit non-profits to impose prices on potential licensees, these companies face ethical challenges when making decisions on licensing and pricing their inventions. Licensing their products to for-profit companies will bring high royalties that could be reinvested into further R&D, but will also result in high drug prices.

Coastal acidification impacts on shell mineral structure of bivalve mollusks.

Ocean acidification is occurring globally through increasing CO 2 absorption into the oceans creating particular concern for calcifying species. In addition to ocean acidification, near shore marine habitats are exposed to the deleterious effects of runoff from acid sulfate soils which also decreases environmental pH. This coastal acidification is being exacerbated by climate change‐driven sea‐level rise and catchment‐driven flooding. In response to reduction in habitat pH by ocean and coastal acidification, mollusks are predicted to produce thinner shells of lower structural integrity and reduced mechanical properties threatening mollusk aquaculture. Here, we present the first study to examine oyster biomineralization under acid sulfate soil acidification in a region where growth of commercial bivalve species has declined in recent decades. Examination of the crystallography of the shells of the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, by electron back scatter diffraction analyses revealed that the signal of environmental acidification is evident in the structure of the biomineral. Saccostrea glomerata, shows phenotypic plasticity, as evident in the disruption of crystallographic control over biomineralization in populations living in coastal acidification sites. Our results indicate that reduced sizes of these oysters for commercial sale may be due to the limited capacity of oysters to biomineralize under acidification conditions. As the impact of this catchment source acidification will continue to be exacerbated by climate change with likely effects on coastal aquaculture in many places across the globe, management strategies will be required to maintain the sustainable culture of these key resources.

Development of an industrial ultrasonic cleaning tank based on harmonic response analysis

A small industrial ultrasonic cleaning tank, which is one of the best-selling models, had cleaning problems. Customers sometimes complained that the tank did not completely clean all objects, or that some objects got damaged, so a solution to the problem was urgently needed. The tank has a volume of 18 L, frequency of 28 kHz, eight horn style PZT4 transducers, and a total electric power of 400 W. The cleaning occurs from the cavitation effect which corresponds to an increase in the acoustic pressure. A computer simulation is presented using a harmonic response analysis (HRA) in ANSYS to resolve and improve the efficacy of the tank. From the simulation, we found that the acoustic pressure within the tank was uneven. The distribution of acoustic pressure had a characteristic pattern depending on the placement of the transducers. When the temperature was increased, the acoustic pressure was decreased leading to a cleaning efficacy drop as well. All simulation results were correlated to the foil corrosion test and power concentration experiment. The HRA was used to redesign the tank for higher cleaning efficacy. The simulation results indicated that more suitable placement of the transducers lead to a more intensified acoustic pressure, and a better distribution throughout the tank. This research not only resolved the cleaning problems that occurred in the 28 kHz tank, but was also demonstrated that it can be applied to a 40 kHz tank as well. Results from this research were accepted and approved by the manufacturer, and were used by them to develop smarter industrial ultrasonic tanks with higher cleaning efficacy for commercial sale.

Adolescent Marijuana Use, Marijuana-Related Perceptions, and Use of Other Substances Before and After Initiation of Retail Marijuana Sales in Colorado (2013–2015)

Due to the recentness of changes to marijuana policies in a number of states, the effect on adolescent use and perceptions is not yet well understood. This study examines change in adolescent marijuana use and related perceptions in Colorado, before and after the implementation of legal commercial sale of recreational marijuana for adults starting on January 1, 2014. The data are from a repeated cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of Colorado high school students, with separately drawn samples surveyed in fall 2013 (prior to implementation) and fall 2015 (18months after implementation). We examined change in the prevalence of adolescent marijuana use, measured by lifetime use, past 30-day use, frequent use, and use on school property. To consider the possibility of heterogeneity in the change in marijuana use, we examined change in past 30-day marijuana use by demographic characteristics (sex, grade, race/ethnicity), school characteristics (poverty, percent minority), urbanicity of the school district, and whether the city or county permitted retail marijuana stores. There was an absence of significant effects for change in lifetime or past 30-day marijuana use. Among those reporting past 30-day use, frequent use and use on school property declined. There was a significant decline in the perceived harm associated with marijuana use, but we did not find a significant effect for perceived wrongfulness, perceived ease of access, or perceived parental disapproval. We did not find significant variability in past 30-day use by demographic characteristics or by school and community factors from 2013 to 2015. We did not find a significant effect associated with the introduction of legal sales of recreational marijuana to adults in Colorado on adolescent (illegal) use, but ongoing monitoring is warranted, including consideration of heterogeneity in the effects of marijuana policies.

Seroprevalence estimate and associated risk factors for neosporosis in dairy cattle in the northwest region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to estimate neosporosis seroprevalence and its associated risk factors in milk herds (Bos taurus taurus) located in the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Three hundred twenty-two blood samples were collected from dairy cows on 18 farms in 17 cities of this region. An epidemiologic questionnaire was completed for each farm. It consisted of questions about the general characteristics of the herd, reproduction, and animal management. Serum samples were tested for Neospora caninum using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Results indicated a seroprevalence of Neospora in 88.9% (16/18) of herds and 31.1% (100/322) of individuals. Risk factor analyses demonstrated that culling by reproductive disorder (OR = 0.6), flooding (OR = 0.5), and commercial sale (OR = 0.4) were associated with seroprevalence. Nevertheless, the purchase of replacement animals in the herd played an important role in disease occurrence (OR = 2.2). Results of this study suggested that Neospora caninum was present in the studied herds under investigation and that there are risk factors associated with its seroprevalence on the farms of the northwestern of Rio Grande do Sul.

Electricity Sales Forecasting Using Hybrid Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average and Soft Computing Approaches in the Absence of Explanatory Variables

Electricity is important because it is the most common energy source that we consume and depend on in our everyday lives. Consequently, the forecasting of electricity sales is essential. Typical forecasting approaches often generate electricity sales forecasts based on certain explanatory variables. However, these forecasting approaches are limited by the fact that future explanatory variables are unknown. To improve forecasting accuracy, recent hybrid forecasting approaches have developed different feature selection techniques (FSTs) to obtain fewer but more significant explanatory variables. However, these significant explanatory variables will still not be available in the future, despite being screened by effective FSTs. This study proposes the autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) technique to serve as the FST for hybrid forecasting models. Aside from the ARIMA element, the proposed hybrid models also include artificial neural networks (ANN) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) because of their efficient and fast algorithms and effective forecasting performance. ARIMA can identify significant self-predictor variables that will be available in the future. The significant self-predictor variables obtained can then serve as the inputs for ANN and MARS models. These hybrid approaches have been seldom investigated on the electricity sales forecasting. This study proposes several forecasting models that do not require explanatory variables to forecast the industrial electricity, residential electricity, and commercial electricity sales in Taiwan. The experimental results reveal that the significant self-predictor variables obtained from ARIMA can improve the forecasting accuracy of ANN and MARS models.

What does Malawi's Fertiliser Programme do to Private Sector Fertiliser Sales? A Quasi‐Experimental Field Study

AbstractMalawi implemented reforms to its Farm Input Subsidy Program (FISP) during the 2015/16 agricultural season that allowed certain large‐scale, private sector fertiliser dealers to sell subsidised fertiliser at their network of retail stores in select districts on a pilot basis. At the same time, small‐scale independent fertiliser dealers were excluded from participating in the pilot. We use a unique panel dataset of large‐scale corporate fertiliser dealers and small‐scale independent fertiliser dealers collected before and after the policy change to estimate the impacts of the FISP on those who participated in the pilot and those who did not, using a difference‐in‐differences estimator. Results indicate that large‐scale dealers who sold the FISP fertiliser under the pilot programme in 2015/16 did not have their commercial sales either crowded‐in or crowded‐out by the FISP pilot. Instead, the average volume of fertiliser sold at each of their retail stores increased by 59% due to an increase in subsidised fertiliser sales. Conversely, small‐scale independent fertiliser dealers who were not allowed participate in the pilot had their commercial sales crowded‐out by the programme. They experienced a 60% decline in the volume of commercial fertiliser sales on average at each store. This implies that the FISP reforms have mainly benefited large‐scale fertiliser dealers who sell 90% of the fertiliser in Malawi, but caused some harm to the many small‐scale independent fertiliser dealers who sell about 10% of the private sector's fertiliser in Malawi, but often operate their businesses in more remote areas.

Effect of a hydrolyzed mannan- and glucan-rich yeast fraction on performance and health status of newly received feedlot cattle1

A 2-part experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a blend of specialized mannan- and glucan-rich fractions of yeast (Select-TC, Alltech Inc.) on the health status and performance of steers during the first 2 mo of the feedlot period. Eighty crossbred steers were acquired from commercial sale barns in Mississippi and Georgia and transported to Purdue University. All animals were fed a corn silage-based receiving diet and were checked and treated daily for respiratory disease as needed following established treatment protocols. In Exp. 1, 64 steers (246.5 ± 4.7 kg initial weight) were blocked by BW and randomly allocated to 2 treatments to determine the impact of supplementation of a hydrolyzed mannan- and glucan-rich yeast fraction for 56 d on BW, ADG, daily DMI, and G:F: hydrolyzed yeast fed at 13 g (as-fed)/steer daily (TC) or nonsupplemented control (CON). Steers in Exp. 1 were housed in bedded pens with 2 animals per pen [n = 16 pens (32 steers)/treatment]. In Exp. 2, 16 steers (247.1 ± 5.4 kg initial BW) were similarly allotted to 2 treatments (CON and TC), individually penned, and subjected to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin challenge on day 62 or 63 after the start of the study to determine the animal's response to an inflammatory agent. Serum samples and rectal temperatures were taken every half an hour from -2 to 8 h relative to LPS injection from steers in Exp. 2. Data were analyzed as a complete randomized block design using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Morbidity for both experiments did not differ (P ≥ 0.16). Weight, ADG, DMI, and G:F did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.32) in Exp. 1. After the LPS infusion in Exp. 2, rectal temperatures (P = 0.03) and serum NEFA concentration (P = 0.04) were decreased in TC compared with CON steers. Concentrations of blood urea nitrogen (P = 0.31), glucose (P = 0.70), insulin (P = 0.57), and cortisol (P = 0.77) did not differ by treatment after LPS administration. Serum IL-6 concentrations were decreased (P < 0.0001), and interferon-γ concentrations tended to be greater (P = 0.07) in TC compared with CON steers after LPS infusion. Serum cytokine and metabolite results indicate that Select-TC improved health and metabolic status of LPS-challenged cattle, but this did not result in quantifiable improvements in performance in the conditions observed in this study.

Potential for dietary exposure to β-N-methylamino-L-alanine and microcystin from a freshwater system

The suggested link between β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) and the onset of neurodegenerative diseases and the detection of this cyanotoxin in aquatic organisms has prompted research into the potential human exposure risk associated with sourcing food items from eutrophied water bodies worldwide. The Hartbeespoort Dam reservoir in the North West province of South Africa has persistent cyanobacterial blooms and is used extensively by anglers, many of whom consume their catch. The commercial sale of fish species harvested from this reservoir as part of a recent biomanipulative remediation strategy may pose an additional hazard. BMAA and Microcystins (MC) were detected in fish sourced from this reservoir. BMAA levels of up to 1630 ng g−1 dry weight and MC concentrations of up to 29.44 ng g−1 dry weight were detected in fish sourced during an extensive bloom episode, with a clear correlation between the total amount of BMAA detected in the fish muscle tissue and their relative position in the Hartbeespoort Dam reservoir food web. Interestingly, fish sourced from this reservoir in winter when dense cyanobacterial blooms were lacking contained BMAA levels of up to 3055 ng g−1 dry weight. We also comment on the observed seasonal variations of BMAA levels in phytoplankton and fish sourced from this water body as well as the potential exposure risks associated with harvesting food items from this reservoir.

Replacing methylene chloride in paint strippers

In early May, three mothers traveled to Washington, D.C., to urge members of Congress and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to ban the use of methylene chloride in paint and coating removers. Each of the women had a son who died from exposure to methylene chloride in paint-stripping products purchased at home improvement stores. After meeting with the families, EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt said the agency will finalize a rule to limit commercial sales of methylene chloride soon. But what exactly that means and when it will happen is anyone’s guess. If EPA does ban the use of methylene chloride in paint removers, then what alternatives are available to consumers? C&EN visited several home improvement stores to find out and test how well some of the alternatives perform. We also talked with experts about new formulations currently under development. A ban of some uses of methylene chloride-based paint removers is

Operation of an SCFCL at 65 K

The SuperConducting Fault Current Limiter (SC FCL) is a very promising application with the first commercial sales for permanent uses in electrical grids. The reduction of the cost of the SC tape is indispensable to increase the deployment of SC FCL, especially for high-voltage devices such as for HVdc supergrids. The cost reduction is obtained by three ways: the cost reduction of the tape, the increase of the electric field under limitation, and the lowering of the temperature. The use of liquid nitrogen as a coolant has many advantages: industrial low-cost coolant, good exchanges, satisfying dielectric properties, etc. This is why we have chosen to study the operation with 65 K subcooled liquid nitrogen. Measurements show that recovery is then very quick and the bubbles during limitation rapidly collapse, at 65 K (the critical current is multiplied by 2 compared to 77 K). However, the superconductor is more sensitive to hot spots for low prospective current faults. We have studied this hot spot behavior from simulation (multiblock one-dimensional model) and experimental points of view including a high-speed camera. We propose a preliminary design of a RECO conductor able to withstand 150 V/m (40 ms) and safe from a hot spot point of view. The favorable influence of the increase of the normal zone propagation velocity is tackled.

Microbial Community Analysis of Sauerkraut Fermentation Reveals a Stable and Rapidly Established Community.

Despite recent interest in microbial communities of fermented foods, there has been little inquiry into the bacterial community dynamics of sauerkraut, one of the world’s oldest and most prevalent fermented foods. In this study, we utilize 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to profile the microbial community of naturally fermented sauerkraut throughout the fermentation process while also analyzing the bacterial communities of the starting ingredients and the production environment. Our results indicate that the sauerkraut microbiome is rapidly established after fermentation begins and that the community is stable through fermentation and packaging for commercial sale. Our high-throughput analysis is in agreement with previous studies that utilized traditional microbiological assessments but expands the identified taxonomy. Additionally, we find that the microbial communities of the starting ingredients and the production facility environment exhibit low relative abundance of the lactic acid bacteria that dominate fermented sauerkraut.

PHP219 - Commercialising Regenerative Medicines in the US – What Lessons can We Learn from Europe?

In November 2017, the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) announced a new regulatory framework for Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapies (RMATs). In Europe, a similar regulatory framework has existed for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) since 2007. This research assesses the regulatory and commercial success of ATMPs and discusses their implications for RMATs in USA. European Commission (EC)-approved ATMPs were identified alongside their current FDA/EMA regulatory and reimbursement status in UK, Italy, and Germany from relevant regulatory/Health Technology Assessment (HTA) websites plus a targeted review of relevant company press releases (to 12/21/2017). Nine ATMPs have received EC-approvals but only 3/9 were FDA-approved (one [Provenge®] subsequently withdrawn). The first four EC-approved ATMPs (ChondroCelect®, Glybera®, MACI®, Provenge®) have all been withdrawn for commercial reasons after an average of 3.5 years on market (range: 1-7 years). Most notably, Glybera®, the first EC-approved gene therapy (2012) priced at >€1 million/patient, was withdrawn in 2017 having reported only one commercial sale in 2016. Five others (Holoclar®, Imlygic®, Strimvelis®, Zalmoxis®, Spherox®) have been EC-approved since 2015. There are limited HTA appraisals of these to date, only Strimvelis® (the second EC-approved gene therapy) receiving >1 positive appraisal (AIFA and NICE). Nevertheless, only in March 2017, did Strimvelis® receive its first commercial sale, despite being EC-approved since May 2016 with a 100% refund performance-based reimbursement scheme. Only nine ATMPs have EC-approved in the decade since this regulatory framework was introduced but most of these approved therapies did not achieve FDA-approval. Nevertheless, the first four EC-approved ATMPs have been withdrawn from market for commercial reasons. Although in the US, regulatory approval typically forms the primary hurdle to patient access (unlike Europe where it is reimbursement) the FDA-withdrawal of Provenge® for commercial reasons, emphasizes the magnitude of the commercial challenges facing such therapies in the US.

How to IoT [Internet of Everything

IN A HOME or on a manufacturing floor, there's no point in connecting something just so it's online. You must have a reason. Andy Rhodes, the former vice president and general manager for Dell's Internet of Things (IoT) commercial sales division, once told me that he no longer takes phone calls from companies asking for "some IoT." If the company doesn't know what it wants to do with connected devices, it isn't ready for a sales talk.

H-TEC high-output, MW-class electrolysers unveiled at Hannover

German-based H-TEC Systems presented its new MW-class hydrogen PEM electrolysers for the first time at the recent Hannover Messe trade fair, as well as the electrolysis stack at the core of the systems. The company has begun commercial sales of its ME Series range of compact, MW-scale electrolysers ready for series production.

Policy Pitfalls and Challenges in Cannabis Regulation: Lessons from Colorado

Since legalization of recreational marijuana use in 2012, Colorado has been a site of regulatory experimentation to support commercial sales. The path to legal recreational use began with a series of policy events that expanded the state’s medical marijuana program to include the creation of dispensaries and significantly increase the number of registered users. Voters convincingly passed a constitutional amendment that permitted commercial sale of recreational marijuana, and the state has created a regulatory model, based on a private business model, to address potential negative impacts. Colorado has used state- and local-level licensing, statues, and regulations to address regulatory challenges regarding product potency, cannabis edibles, worksite and worker issues, impaired driving, commercial growing operations, locations of outlets and sites of use, and other policy issues. Jurisdictions considering recreational legalizations should consider a “harm reduction” approach to regulation that is responsive to addressing evolving adverse effects and addresses child safety, traffic safety, cannabis product safety, work and worksite safety, and other aspects of the business model in order to provide a careful approach to recreational use.

Poly(aryl piperidinium) Based Hydroxide Exchange Membranes and Ionomers

The first commercial sales of fuel cell automobiles based on high-performance proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) mark an important milestone for the field, bringing to the market a zero-emission vehicle with the advantages of long driving range and short refuelling time.1 Chiefly due to the use of Pt electrocatalysts in PEMFCs, they are not yet cost competitive with gasoline engines. Thus, further cost reductions are needed to facilitate PEMFCs’ wider adoption. Current efforts have been focused on the reduction of the Pt loading in membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), however, the acidic environment has been a significant barrier.2 A fundamentally different approach to lower the cost of fuel cells is to switch from the acidic proton exchange membranes (PEMs) to the alkaline hydroxide exchange membranes (HEMs) in HEM fuel cells (HEMFCs), which could enable the employment of platinum-group-metal (PGM)-free anode and cathode catalysts.3 , 4 A key challenge in the development of high performance HEMFCs is the lack of chemically stable, ionically conductive, and mechanically robust HEMs. HEMs are typically composed of organic cations tethered to a polymer backbone, with the charge balanced by free OH− anions. The alkaline stability of both the organic cation and the polymer backbone limit the overall stability of the HEM.5 Recently, Marino and Kreuer reported that piperidinium exhibited a 21-fold increase in alkaline stability as compared to benzyl trimethyl ammonium, the benchmark ammonium.6 Meanwhile, a reliable and scalable synthetic route to tether piperidinium to a stable polymer backbone remains elusive. It is generally accepted that functionalized ether-bond-containing engineering plastics, e.g., poly(arylene ether) and poly(phenylene oxide), are susceptible to chemical degradation via ether-bond scission and the subsequent decomposition.7 Another key challenge in the development of HEMs is the tradeoff between ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. In this work, we report a new family of poly(aryl piperidinium) (PAP) HEMs/HEIs in which alkaline stable piperidinium cations were tethered to an ether-bond-free, rigid and hydrophobic aryl backbone. PAP’s excellent properties originate from the combination of the stable piperidinium cation and the rigid ether-bond-free aryl backbone which enables an unprecedented combination of a high ion exchange capacity (IEC) and a low water uptake/swelling ratio. PAP HEMs have demonstrated excellent alkaline stability (e.g., no degradation in 1 M KOH for 2000 h at 100 °C), high OH− conductivity (e.g., 200 mS cm−1 at 95 °C in water), and high mechanical strength (140 MPa). PAP also has the selective solubility to make ionomer solutions and can be cast into membranes with thicknesses down to 5 µm. MEAs using PAP HEM and the corresponding ionomer showed a peak power density of 860 mW cm−2 at 95 °C with minimal optimization. Further, discharge at 90 °C revealed no voltage degradation at constant current density of 200 mA cm−2 for 60 h, in contrast to the rapid degradation of a commercial membrane/ionomer under identical conditions (within minutes). (1) Yoshida, T.; Kojima, K. Electrochem Soc Inte 2015, 24, 45. (2) Setzler, B. P.; Zhuang, Z. B.; Wittkopf, J. A.; Yan, Y. S. Nat Nanotechnol 2016, 11, 1020. (3) Varcoe, J. R.; Slade, R. C. T. Fuel Cells 2005, 5, 187. (4) Dekel, D. R. J Power Sources 2017. (5) Varcoe, J. R.; Atanassov, P.; Dekel, D. R.; Herring, A. M.; Hickner, M. A.; Kohl, P. A.; Kucernak, A. R.; Mustain, W. E.; Nijmeijer, K.; Scott, K.; Xu, T. W.; Zhuang, L. Energ Environ Sci 2014, 7, 3135. (6) Marino, M. G.; Kreuer, K. D. Chemsuschem 2015, 8, 513. (7) Arges, C. G.; Ramani, V. P Natl Acad Sci USA 2013, 110, 2490.