Collective Farms Research Articles

Belarusization in the Smolensk Region from the Pages of the Newspaper «Rabochiy Put’», 1920–1930s

The article presents the practice of Belarusization in the Smolensk region in the 1920s – the first half of the 1930s in the format of its reflection on the pages of the newspaper «Rabochiy Put’», as the press organ of the Smolensk Gubernatorial Committee of the RCP (b) – the CPSU (b) and the Gubernatorial Executive Committee, and since 1929 – the main printing body of the Western region with the administrative center in Smolensk.
 The materials of the «Rabochiy Put’» do not form the reader's holistic perception of the policy of Belarusization in the Smolensk region, as in one of the Russian regions with a compact Belarusian population. There were no Belarusian collective farms or Belarusian village councils in the province, as was the case, for example, among Latvians and Jews. Therefore, the main direction of Belarusization has become the education system, i.e. the introduction of the Belarusian language and the course of Belarusian studies in individual schools, as well as attempts to transmit a number of schools into the Belarusian language.
 At the same time, even fragmentary data from newspaper materials of different genres and volumes indicate that neither the provincial authorities (virtually at all levels up to village councils), nor the titular and even the Belarusian
 population itself have become active supporters of the policy of Belarusization, only formally participating in this process, as in one of the many socio-political campaigns of thаt period.

Prevalence of vector-borne diseases among reindeer (<i>Rangifer tarandus</i>) Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundr

The purpose of the research is to establish the prevalence of vector-borne diseases in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra.Materials and methods. The research was carried out in 2022–2023 on domesticated reindeer living in the Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra of the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Komi Republic. Stabilized blood was obtained from animals by random sampling and PCR studies were performed for the presence of genetic material of pathogens of the genera Anaplasma, Babesia and Theileria.Results and discussion. The DNA of the causative agent of anaplasmosis was isolated from 14.3% of reindeer from Malozemelskaya (family-tribal community «Vy Tu» (VTU) and «Opseda» (OPS)) and 30.6% of Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Аgricultural production cooperative «Harp» (HARP) and Collective Farm «Izhemsky olenevod and Co» (IZHM)). To a greater extent, vazhenki and calves were infected with anaplasmosis, to a lesser extent – choirs. Genetic material of Babesia pathogens was found in 53.1% of VTU and OPS deer and 36.7% of HARP and IZHM, while babesiosis was most often observed in the chorus group. Teileriosis was found in 10.2% and 4.1% of animal samples among the herds of the Malozemelskaya and Bolshezemelskaya tundra, respectively. The genetic material of the causative agent of teileriosis was isolated mainly from the blood obtained from calves. The causative agent of theileriosis was not found in the biological material of the choirs. The presence of DNA Anaplasma spp. and Babesia spp. in one sample, the proportion of deer from Malozemelskaya tundra herds was 2.4%, from Bolshezemelskaya – 26.5%. The combined course of babesiosis and teileriosis was found to be 8.2% only in VTU and OPS deer. Thus, studies have shown that vector-borne diseases is widespread among the reindeer of the studied farms of the Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundra.

Agricultural Development in Kuzbass in 1981–1985

The article describes the agricultural sector of the Kemerovo Region (Kuzbass). The author used it as an example to identify the main stages of agricultural development of Western Siberia in 1981–1985. The study relied on the theory of modernization, which links economic and political changes with agricultural reforms. According to archival documents and regional statistics, the new tools of economic development and the favorable investment climate allowed the industry to overcome the agrarian crisis in the early 1980s, improve the state of affairs on collective and state farms, and increase the agricultural production. The new measures included producing for profit, labor contracts, and elements of land lease as the economic independence of agricultural enterprises continued to grow. The regional agricultural sector developed much faster in the 1980s than in the late 1970s. However, non-production costs, crop waste, and cattle mortality remained high while irrational utilization of state resources was quite common. In general, Kuzbass showed average agricultural indicators for the West Siberian economic region.

Features of the modern institutional environment of land relations in the agricultural sector

The article presents the results of research into the characteristics of the institutional environment of land relations in the agricultural sector under the influence of such institutions as the state and property, which determine the current model of land use. Among the selected elements of the institutional environment, the formation and negative consequences of the institution of land shares are considered in more detail – a kind of “institutional trap”, the influence of which is still difficult to overcome. The negative effect of consolidating this undesirable institution is shown, which has led to the preservation to this day of a large proportion of ownerless agricultural land, as well as other negative processes during their use. For example, by the beginning of January 2022, more than 40 % of the land area of collective and state farms, distributed among rural residents in the 90s, was in common shared ownership. Moreover, the area of land shares in the status of unclaimed reached over 11 million hectares, despite the fairly active activity of local governments in this matter. It is noted that one of the modern characteristics and consequences of the institutional environment is the presence of more than 30 million hectares of unused agricultural land, including due to unfavorable rent relations. A conclusion is drawn about the great role of digitalization as a critical element in improving the institutional environment, primarily based on the formation of the necessary database of complete and reliable data on land resources. It has been determined that the solution to the large-scale tasks set for the development of the agricultural sector and the return of abandoned land to circulation will help overcome the negative impact of dysfunctional institutions. Hence the importance in the implementation of priority directions of state agricultural policy of such principles as involvement and partnership, differentiation, systematic measures and strategies.

Nomination of Family and Kinship in Arkhangelsk Dialects

The article deals with the groups of lexemes associated in Arkhangelsk dialects with the concepts of family and kinship. The word-formation nest with the root of rod- (the genus) is much more significant than the nest with the basis of semja- (the family). The same lexemes may mean both specific family members and a group of relatives, in other words, they can be used in a collective meaning. The differentiation turns out to be quite weak. To denote kinship and relatives, the following terms are also used: the names of the people community (bratva, squad, artel, collective farm, population), some pronouns (my, mine, all, ours), metaphors associated with the cultural codes (due to the terminology of S.M. Tolstoy) like a vegetable code (tree, root, seed), animal code (nest), object code (house), somatic code (blood, leg, knee, vein, bone, tail) and the abstract one (side, line). Numerous examples are introduced into the scientific use for the first time.

Agrarian Economy of Siberia and Emergency Legislation during the Great Patriotic War

The article deals with the peculiarities of agricultural development in Siberia during the war. An assessment of the main losses of labor resources and material base of the region is given. The role of emergency laws in the field of labor and the consequences of their application are described. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the government decree on the minimum of collective farm labor and the scope of application of criminal liability for its non-compliance. The significance of the use of Article 61 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR about the failure to fulfill the state burdens is also revealed. The problem of mass starvation during the war years as a consequence of the destruction of the foundations of the agrarian economy is touched upon. It is noted that the famine in the rural areas of Siberia had already spread on the eve of the war, but most widely affected the population of the village in 1943-1944. A number of new historical facts and statistical data characterizing the situation of agriculture and the peasantry in Siberia during the war are introduced into scientific circulation. Concludes that measures of judicial threat did not play a decisive role during the war, and that motivation to work was determined by personal and collective responsibility of rural toilers. Keywords: Great Patriotic War, World War II, agriculture, livestock, Siberia, resources, peasantry, emergency laws.

ВИНОГРАДАРСТВО ГУДЕРМЕСКОГО РАЙОНА ЧЕЧЕНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ В ПЕРИОД РАСЦВЕТА ОТРАСЛИ

The article reveals the main factors and moments that characterize the develop-ment of viticulture in the Gudermessky district of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR in the 80s of the XX century. It is emphasized that this area is more suitable for viticulture than the "old" areas – Naursky, Shelkovskoy and Nadterechny. In confirmation, emphasis is placed on more favorable edaphoclimatic conditions, the possibility of introducing a non-covering and semi-covering grape culture, a higher adaptability of the population to the industry, due to the proximity to the Khasavyurtovsky District, where the population was engaged in viticulture much earlier. It was found that by the mid-1980s 8 specialized farms (wine collective farms) operated in the district, which are part of the production and collective farm association "Checheningushvino". The area of vineyards was systematically growing, the wine collective farms achieved high results in terms of gross production of grapes and grape yield capacity. A special place was given to securing vineyards for mobile groups of wine-growers (family contract) and tenants. The culture of grapes in the region occupied a prestigious place among other branches of the agro-industrial complex. It was especially noted that the processes of intensification of production were launched. High-value grape varieties with increased frost resistance were tested, allowing them to switch to a non-covering crop; the bushes were transferred to more advanced pruning, which were distinguished by a greater capacity in terms of load with shoots, etc. After the release of the Anti-Alcohol Decree and subsequent negative processes that led to the collapse of the country (and to military operations in Chechnya), the industry began to curtail. However, the experience accumulated by generations of growing grapes finds its application.

IMPROVING THE ORGANIZATION OF CENTRALIZED RESTORATION OF AGRICULTURAL EQUIPMENT PARTS

Effective use of machines largely depends on timely and high-quality maintenance and repair. Due to the increase in the volume of restoration of units and aggregates at specialized enterprises, an opportunity was created in the workshops of farms and collective farms to more widely apply the aggregate method of restoration and repair. Improving the organization of centralized restoration of damaged parts makes it possible to restore tens of millions hryvnas worth of parts in a year. The organization of centralized delivery of material and technical means to farms is applied using the services of equipping farms with the necessary equipment in assembled, adjusted and run-in form. Increasing the level of concentration of repair production, deepening its specialization will allow to significantly improve the quality of repair, to bring the resource of repaired machines, tractors, combines and aggregates up to 80%. Before repairing driven discs of clutches of tractors, cars, combines, to replace friction linings, it is necessary to carry out operations of drilling, riveting and knocking off old linings. These operations require a lot of labor and the use of additional tools, which leads to significant capital investments. The paper proposes a device for cutting the fastenings of the friction linings of the driven clutch discs. Taking into account the conditions of agricultural enterprises, which have repair workshops, and the presence of vertical boring and milling machines, it is proposed to organize their use for the operation of removing worn friction linings. For riveting of friction linings of driven clutch discs, the development of a hydraulic stand is proposed, which can be made from standard units in the workshops of agricultural enterprises. Using this stand will make it possible to increase labor productivity when performing this operation and reduce its time.

Социалистическата идеологическа пропаганда в Полша по времето на управлението на Болеслав Берут (1947–1956)

The topic of the study, as the title suggests, is related to the socialist ideological propaganda in Poland which was launched by Polish authorities during the reign of Boleslaw Berut. Beirut’s rule began in February 1947, when he was elected head of state, and ended of his death in March 1956. Between 1947–1952 he was the president of Poland, and from 1948 till 1952 – General secretary of the State Council. This was the period of Stalinism in Poland. During those years, a number of political and economic reforms were carried out in the country: the establishment of Soviet-type socialism, the voting in of new constitution, imposition of the one-party system, nationalization, industrialization and collectivization of agriculture. During this period, the Polish United Worker’s Party carried out large-scale agitation and propaganda activities, characterized by printing and distribution of numerous propaganda materials.

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE LABOR ACTIVITY OF "KULAK" FAMILIES EXILE IN UZBEKISTAN

The article analyzes the issues of organization of "kulak" farms exiled to remote areas of the republic and organization of labor activities in agriculture in the process of total collectivization of agriculture in Uzbekistan. In 1930-1931, information on the dislocation of 17 "ear settlements" established in the Uzbek SSR and the number of families, people, and labor activities of the deportees in them is summarized.

Contributions of women's collective farming to women's agency in the Upper Indus Basin in the face of climate change

A consortium managed project in the Upper Indus Basin of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, supported the creation of women's collective farming. The component of the project related to water resource management for agriculture was implemented in Hunza district, where in three sites, the communities encouraged women farmers to engage in the pilot interventions related to innovative water resource management technologies and improved farming practices to overcome climate-induced issues for farmers. This paper analyzes the situation of women as collective farmers and its contributions to women's agency. The study used a gender analysis framework, and data was collected through quantitative and qualitative research methodologies in the project site areas. The study's findings show that climate change has created issues more for women farmers being at the forefront in handling and tackling the impacts through various measures. It shows that collective farming and networking is an appropriate tool for women to challenge norms and stereotypes that hinder them from being part of the decision-making at various levels. Furthermore, it helps women to minimize drudgery by sharing burdens, using appropriate technology, and sharing their successes and issues while working together. Based on the findings, this study suggests that policy decisions to implement such initiatives at a more macro level will help involve women at various levels of decision-making, minimize their drudgery, expand the choices of women farmers, and overall contribute to the agency.

The effect of a microbiological product based on <i>Lactobacillus buchneri</i> on barley growth and productivity in the Vologda region

The purpose of the work was to study the effect of the experimental microbiological product ‘Naturost-Aktiv’, developed on the basis of live bacteria Lactobacillus buchneri, on barley growth and productivity in the Vologda region. The study was carried out during the vegetation periods of 2019, 2020 and 2022 on the experimental field of the FSBIS «Vologda Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences», as well as in production conditions on the fields of the APC Collective farm «Peredovoy» (Vologda Region). The product ‘Naturost-Aktiv’ was applied twice, when the seeds of the experimental group were soaked in the working solution (1 ml of the product per 1 liter of water) and the phyllosphere of the plants was sprayed in the tillering phase. Tap water was used as control. As a result, there has been identified an increase in the potential energy supply of barley. The area of an individual leaf of experimental plants exceeded the control by 16 %, and the content of the total chlorophylls (a+b) exceeded by 34–42 %, which contributed to a more active accumulation of dry mass of experimental plants in comparison with the control (duringthe action of the product there was an increase in the dry weight of the plant by 12–65 % relative to the control). The changes in the plant growth processes also affected the grain productivity, which increased by 8–26 % in the variants with the product compared to the control. The results of the production experiment, in general, turned out to be like the results of small-plot experiments. Thus, in the conditions of real management, grain productivity of the barley variety ‘Sonet’ increased by 14 % with the use of the product ‘Naturost-Aktiv’ relative to the control. Grain productivity improvement was associated both with an increase in the number of productive shoots and with an increase in the weight of an individual grain.

105 Years Since the Establishment of the Great Union The Stages of the Return of Bessarabia Within the Romanian Unitary National State

Dedicated to the 105th anniversary of the Great Union of 1918, the present study traces the main stages of Bessarabia’s return to the Romanian cultural and civilization space, from which it had been illegally and abusively snatched in 1812, as a result of a transaction concluded between two colonial empires on account of the territorial integrity of the Romanian Countries. At a distance of 105 years from those historical events, the truth appears as indisputable that any other way than the union of Bessarabia with the Old Kingdom of Romania was doomed to inevitable failure, and it is the great merit of the Council of the Country and the Bessarabian politicians of that period – Constantin Stere, Pantelimon Halippa, Vasile Stroescu, Ion Inculeț, Ion Pelivan et al. – to have found the only solution that led to the harbor long-awaited by the entire population. Beyond all the insinuations and slander circulated during that period, with echoes to this day, the alternative of the union of Bessarabia with Romania can be traced to the example of the Moldavian SSR from 1924–1940, with the forced collectivization of agriculture and the disastrous famine, with deportations and Stalinist repressions, with the territorial dismemberment of Bessarabia in 1940, etc.

Opieka zdrowotna w PGR-ach w okresie powojennym na łamach czasopisma „Medycyna Wiejska”

Health care in state collective farms in the post-war period in “The rural medicine journal” State Collective Farms (PGR) were established in Poland after the Second World War. Their employees were covered by free health care provided by rural health centres. The knowledge gained from a search of medical bibliographies provided little insight into the subject. On the other hand, an analysis of the contents of “The Rural Medicine” scientific journal (1963–1994) provided valuable information. The information obtained from the journal made it possible to visualise the social and living situation of State Collective Farm (PGR) employees, the state of hygiene of their dwellings and workplaces and the health care provided to them. The state of health care provided to the farm workers during the mentioned above period was unsatisfactory due to the shortage of qualified medical staff as well as the insufficient number of health centres, the lack of housing and means of transport for the employed. However, in accordance with the principles of the national class policy applied at the time, employees of State Collective Farms were favoured through the organisation of tiny and greater health centres at farm premises. The employees were also given priority in the use of services provided by other than local health centres, as well as additional medical care during the period of field work, etc.

Fur Processing in Raižiai in the 20th Century: Craft and Image

Fur Processing in Raižiai in the 20th Century: Craft and Image

Operation Barbarossa, the Dissolution of the USSR and the Russo-Ukrainian War: 1917-2023

After World War One and the fractionation of the empires of central Europe, Ukraine, the nascent USSR, created the Soviet Republic of Ukraine, which became a political unit with a state apparatus for the first time. The USSR invested heavily in making Ukraine an industrial country producing minerals and electricity. The collectivization of agriculture resulted in great famine, and brutal repression marked the Ukrainian imagination. The German invasion of the USSR aimed to explore the East and colonize it with the Aryans. During Barbarossa, right-wing Ukrainian nationalist groups welcomed the Nazis, who repelled Ukrainian independence by narrowing collaborationism and practicing the Holocaust. After the defeat of the Third Reich, the USSR retook Ukraine, repressing Nazi collaborators and opponents and reintegrating the republic into the Soviet economy. With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Ukraine became independent and, under the Yushchenko government (2005–2010), government organizations supported by the diaspora built a new national identity, distancing itself from communism and Russian influence, rehabilitating heroes and nationalist-fascist organizations, The Ukrainian government allying itself with the West and NATO sees the fight against the invasion of the USSR in 2023 as a war of independence consolidating nationality.

Collective large-scale wind farm multivariate power output control based on hierarchical communication multi-agent proximal policy optimization

Wind power is becoming an increasingly vital source of renewable energy worldwide. However, controlling power generation in wind farms faces significant challenges due to the inherent complexity of these systems. To address this issue and maximize power output, we propose a novel communication-based multi-agent deep reinforcement learning approach for large-scale wind farm control. We introduce a multivariate power model for wind farms to analyze the impact of wake effects on power output. This model considers controllable variables such as axial induction factor, yaw angle, and tilt angle. To coordinate the continuous controls in large-scale wind farms, we propose the hierarchical communication multi-agent proximal policy optimization (HCMAPPO) algorithm. The wind farm is divided into multiple wind turbine aggregators (WTAs), and neighboring WTAs can exchange information through hierarchical communication to optimize power output. Our simulation results demonstrate that the multivariate HCMAPPO approach significantly increases wind farm power output compared to traditional PID control, coordinated model-based predictive control, and the multi-agent deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm. The HCMAPPO algorithm can be trained using a thirteen-turbine wind farm environment and effectively applied to large-scale wind farms. Importantly, as the wind farm scale increases, there is no significant increase in wind turbine blade fatigue damage from wake control. This multivariate HCMAPPO control strategy enables the collective maximization of power output in large-scale wind farms.

Collective action and farm efficiency of male- and female-headed farm households in Ghana

Collective action and farm efficiency of male- and female-headed farm households in Ghana

Зміна соціальних ролей українського селянства внаслідок колективізації та Голодомору-геноциду 1932–1933 років

The forcible collectivisation of Ukrainian peasant farms and the Holodomor caused by it, led to radical transformations of the social structures, which manifested themselves in the destruction of the Ukrainian peasants’ social roles established over the years and the imposition of new roles that corresponded to the interests of the totalitarian state. The article aims to assess the qualitative changes in the social roles of Ukrainian peasants in 1929–1933 due to the collectivization policy and the Holodomor-genocide crime committed by the USSR totalitarian regime. This goal was achieved using historical, historical-situational, historical-psychological, historical-chronological, and normative-value methods. As a result of collectivization and the implementation of the Holodomor crime of 1932–1933 by the communist regime, Ukrainian peasants were deprived of their traditional social, socio-professional, socio-moral and family roles. The roles of the peasant-owner and craftsman were destroyed, and instead, the role of the collective farmer was imposed – in fact, a lawless state serf. Part of the lower strata of the Ukrainian peasantry acquired new social roles of the “rural bureaucracy”, becoming one of the instruments of the establishment of the collectivization policy and, in general, the establishment of the communist regime in the countryside. There were significant changes in social roles in the Ukrainian peasant family: collective farm slavery caused the man (husband) to lose the role of breadwinner and the main support of the family, it was more difficult for a collective farm woman to fulfil the traditional social role of mother, Soviet schools destroyed children’s traditional moral and spiritual values instilled in the family, imposing the dominant roles of pioneers, leninists. The destruction of social norms and values by hunger, the fear of repression, and desire to avoid persecution caused the resolution of social role conflicts in favour of the totalitarian regime. The extended stay of Ukraine as a part of the Soviet state led to the establishment of changed social roles in subsequent Ukrainian peasant generations.

Electrification of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965

Relevance. The enormous scientific significance of this topic is caused by the correlation of the processes of electrification and modernization of the Soviet village: the widespread use of electricity allowed not only to improve the living conditions of peasants, but also to increase labor productivity. All this together had an impact on the overall level of economic development and contributed to scientific and technological progress. The 1950s and 1960s. They became crucial in relation to the topic under consideration, because it was then that quantitative and qualitative changes took place in comparison with the previous period: the continuous electrification of the village began by connecting collective farms and state farms to high-voltage centralized power plants. This process was most active during the implementation of the seven-year plan for the development of the national economy, which determines the choice of chronological framework.The purpose of the study: to study the process of electrification of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965. Rural electrification in this work is understood as the process of distribution and use of electricity in rural areas: in industrial needs, in households, household premises, cultural, educational and medical institutions.Objectives: to make a periodization of the electrification process of the Orenburg village in the era of the "thaw"; to identify the dynamics of the provision of collective farms and state farms of the Orenburg region with electricity; to trace the development of centralized power supply of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965 and the increase in the length of power transmission lines; to determine changes in the total electricity generation in the Orenburg region during the period under review.Methodology. The work used a set of general scientific and special methods and principles: the principle of objectivity, historicism, historical-comparative, chronological, statistical and other methods.Results. In the course of the study, the process of electrification of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965 was comprehensively studied, its features, results and difficulties were revealed.Conclusion. The continuous electrification of the Orenburg village, despite a number of difficulties, allowed the Orenburg Region not only to overcome the lag behind other administrative-territorial subjects of the Southern Urals, but also to fully provide collective farms and state farms with electricity.