Collective Farms Research Articles

MODERN KAZAKH NOVEL: PAINTING AND AESTHETICS OF ARTISTIC DECISION OF THE XX CENTURY

The article examines representations of significant historical events related to the history of Kazakhstan at the beginning of the 20th century in fiction and the aesthetics of artistic decision. The main purpose of the research work is to study historical novels published after the independence of Kazakhstan, which contain events such as persecution, famine and colonial plunder caused by the brutal policies of the Soviet government in the early 20th century. At the same time, the problem of historical knowledge and artistic decision in novels based on historical events of this period is considered. The practical significance of the research topic is that the policy of mass conquest and cleansing of the Russian colonial Kazakh steppe, as well as the permanent expulsion of the people living there from their land, began in the first half of the 19th century. In the 20s of the twentieth century, such absurd policies of the Soviet government as the October Revolution, “Little October” in Kazakhstan, artificial famine called confiscation and mass collective farming, reprisals against the Reds, became the basis of the historical novel. At the same time, it is very important to study novels that describe these significant historical events of the Kazakh people in artistic language. The objective of the research work is to study historical novels that expose the atrocities of the Soviet regime against the Kazakh people. In fulfillment of this duty, among the novels that raised this topic, S. Elubay’s trilogy“Akboz uy”, Beksultan Nurzhekeuly’s novel “ay, dunie-ay” and A. Tarazi’s novel “zhaza” are analyzed. The research method is to name many novels that expose the crimes of the Soviet regime, analyze and summarize their artistic achievements. The article also used research methods such as analysis, comparison and discussion. The novelty of the research result lies in the fact that Russian colonialism is one of the darkest periods in the life of the Kazakh people, years full of terrible suffering that have become indelible history. Historical novels that reveal the reality of this pitiful condition of the people, the crime of this man-made massacre, are deeply analyzed in a comprehensive scientific style with a special theme. And the article also analyzes the relationship and skills of the writer in the one-sided acceptance of historical knowledge and artistic decisions.

Важность комплексного подхода к реформированию законодательных норм, регулирующих выделение в участки образованных 30 лет назад земельных долей

The purpose of the article is to investigate to what extent the decision to abolish unclaimed shares is provided by the current rules for surveying plots allocated to the account of shares. The privatization of farmland assigned to collective farms and state farms carried out in the early 1990s led to the formation of common shared ownership of these lands. After 20 years, almost a third of these lands had the status of unclaimed (unclaimed land shares). Over the past 10 years, municipalities have carried out significant work and about half of such shares have passed into municipal ownership on the basis of court decisions. From 2025, all other unclaimed shares will become municipal by virtue of the law, and within a year they must be allocated to land plots. This requires, among other things, land use planning support. The adjustments made over the past 20 years to federal legislation regulating the turnover of agricultural land are characterized by complexity. This also applies to the land use planning provision that implements the relevant norms. From 2025, fundamentally new provisions on the status of unclaimed shares will come into force, also requiring land use planning support, but this time no corresponding amendments have been made to special legislation. It is proposed to make appropriate adjustments to the rules for allocating abolished unclaimed shares to land plots.

Socialist organization of collective farm production in 1933–1934: on the example of the Kalinin collective farm in the lower Volga Region

Socialist organization of collective farm production in 1933–1934: on the example of the Kalinin collective farm in the lower Volga Region

Investigation of far-wake models coupled with yaw-induction control for power optimization

Combined wake steering and induction control is a promising strategy for increasing collective wind farm power production over standard turbine control. However, computationally efficient models for predicting optimal control set points still need to be tested against high-fidelity simulations, particularly in regimes of high rotor thrust. In this study, large eddy simulations (LES) are used to investigate a two-turbine array using actuator disk modeling in conventionally neutral atmospheric conditions. The thrust coefficient and yaw-misalignment angle are independently prescribed to the upwind turbine in each simulation while downwind turbine operation is fixed. Analyzing the LES velocity fields shows that near-wake length decreases and wake recovery rate increases with increasing thrust. We model the wake behavior with a physics-based near-wake and induction model coupled with a Gaussian far-wake model. The near-wake model predicts the turbine thrust and power depending on the wake steering and induction control set point. The initial wake velocities predicted by the near-wake model are validated against LES data, and a calibrated far-wake model is used to estimate the power maximizing control set point and power gain. Both model-predicted and LES optimal set points exhibit increases in yaw angle and thrust coefficient for the leading turbine relative to standard control. The model-optimal set point predicts a power gain of 18.1% while the LES optimal set point results in a power gain of 20.7%. In contrast, using a tuned cosine model for the power-yaw relationship results in a set point with a lower magnitude of yaw, a thrust coefficient lower than in standard control, and predicts a power gain of 13.7%. Using the physics-based, model-predicted set points in LES results in a power within 1.5% of optimal, showing potential for joint yaw-induction control as a method for predictably increasing wind farm power output.

MEASURES OF STATE SUPPORT DURING THE FAMINE OF THE 1930S IN CENTRAL KAZAKHSTAN

In the article, the authors consider measures to provide state aid during the famine of the 1930s in the territory of Central Kazakhstan. The purpose of the article is to consider in the regional aspect the main measures taken in Central Kazakhstan as the main measures to eliminate the consequences of hunger and to provide food assistance to the starving population. Based on archival documents and collections of materials, the authors managed to identify that the state has worked out several ways to help the hungry in order to eliminate the consequences of hunger. First, it is the provision of food, industrial goods and loans to starving areas. Secondly, the issuance of permits for the maintenance of livestock in settled areas to restore livestock production, and thirdly, a reduction in the grain delivery plan, or exemption from it, as well as a reduction or exemption from the unified agricultural tax. Using the example of the Nurinsky district, the authors analyze the implementation of the main decisions of state authorities to eliminate the consequences of famine. The authors of the article conclude that despite the fact that the state handed over wheat, millet and other food support to the hungry, the assistance provided was not insufficient and was delayed. The authors, having studied materials of the archival fund of the Nurinsky district, identified a list of collective farms that received food aid in the form of grain, wheat and other crops, and came to the following conclusion. Firstly, the food aid provided by the state turned out to be late, since at the time of its arrival, famine reached its peak, farms fell into decline, the population died out, and the survivors were forced to migrate; secondly, the amount of aid provided by the state was insufficient to solve the food problem; thirdly, food aid was distributed not only without taking into account the size of farms, but also not for their intended purpose; fourthly, the state authorities failed to correct the current situation in the Kazakh villages.

What, How, Why? An Outline of the State’s Attitude Towards Agriculture and Farmers in Early Yugoslav Socialism, 1945–1953 (With an Emphasis on Slovenia)

In this review article, the author presents the crucial factors regarding the legal provisions that shaped agricultural policy in early socialism in Yugoslavia (1945–1953). In doing so, he focuses on the developments in agriculture in Slovenia. The article presents the agrarian question (the issue of land and its ownership) and the agricultural question (the attitude of the authorities towards peasants as a social and professional group). It outlines the agrarian reform in Slovenia (1945–1948), its impact (consequences), and the intervention of the authorities in agriculture to provide for the population. These interventions included the collectivisation of agriculture based on the model of the Soviet Union’s kolkhozes. The authorities’ attitude towards agriculture included pragmatic reasons (supplying the population) as well as political and ideological motives.

Коммерческая торговля в системе общественного питания Сталинградской области в 1944–1947 годах

Introduction. The article deals with the creation and development of a commercial trade system in public catering in the city of Stalingrad and the Stalingrad region at the end of the Great Patriotic War and in the first post-war years. Methods. In this study, historical-descriptive (idiographic), historical-genetic, and historical comparative methods, as well as quantitative methods, were used in the examination of newspaper sources. Analysis and results. In order to replenish the budget and meet the demand of the population, already in the spring of 1944, free trade in alcoholic beverages began in the canteens of Stalingrad. In the spring and summer of 1945, the first restaurants and commercial halls at canteens opened in the city. The opening of commercial tea houses in the system of state and cooperative trade became widespread in early 1946 after the decrees of the USSR government were issued. This process took place in the face of an acute shortage of inventory, kitchen equipment, and utensils. A feature of Stalingrad was the complete lack of premises for new catering establishments. As a rule, commercial tea houses were opened at or instead of existing canteens. Since a significant part of the products for commercial tea houses were purchased from collective farms and the population at market prices, the cost of even the simplest dishes was 8–10 times higher than in ration canteens. Procurement of products occurred with difficulty due to the priority of mandatory supplies of agricultural products to the state. After the drought in 1946, even commercial tea houses and restaurants limited the sale of bread. At the same time, there was a second wave of the establishment of commercial restaurants and cafes. In 1947, commercial canteens with a small selection of dishes appeared, occupying a middle position between restaurants and tea houses. Having completed the task of attracting funds from the population, commercial catering enterprises, at the same time, did not become centers for cultural leisure. Most of the teahouses were located in adapted premises that needed repair and were poorly maintained. The assortment of dishes was not maintained, and violations of technology and theft by workers flourished. Most of the profits came from the sale of purchased goods, primarily alcoholic beverages.

Development of mechanization of dairy cattle rearing in Russia and the Soviet Union in the first half of the twentieth century

The study aimed to look into how dairy cattle rearing in Russia and the USSR got technical and technological support in the first half of the twentieth century. At the start of the 20th century, two-thirds of Russian agriculture were small peasant farms. They used manual labor and did not need the costly machines. The consolidation of farms was very slow. Yet it laid the foundation for a shift to mechanized livestock production. The First World War, which began in 1914, followed by the Revolution and the Civil War halted for years the technical development of Russia's agricultural production. In late 20s, the Soviet Union already faced the challenge of producing more agricultural goods. This increase could be possible by starting highly mechanized agricultural enterprises. By 1931, “Soyuzselstroy”, an All-Union Agricultural Construction Association, had prepared standard designs of dairy cattle farms for 100 and 200 heads. They provided for mechanization of main processes of cow housing and care. In 1930-1940, scientists and engineers of the All-Union Institute of Mechanization (VIM) and its branches undertook the creation of cattle farming machinery. This period saw the development and manufacture of a number of machines that made livestock farmers labor easier. The work on setting standards for designing the cow barns started. By 1939, VIM had designed a system of machines and test edit in collective farms. The need for specialized organizations to help collective farms to install and put into operation the livestock equipment became evident. At the same time, training of agricultural engineers started in Leningrad, Moscow and other USSR cities. A Decree by the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union dated July 8, 1939, set a delivery plan of machines and units for livestock farming in 1940. Thus, by 1941 the conditions were created for integrated mechanization of main labor-intensive processes in national animal husbandry. Those days agricultural ecology was not in the focus. With no widespread production of mineral fertilizers in place, application of all manure to soil posed no environmental risk.

Hematological parameters of blood of the heifers of different lines of the Kazakh white-headed breed

The experience of importing high-yielding foreign producers has shown the disadvantages of this practice due to low adaptation of the imported animals and difficulties in their full acclimatization to new conditions of housing and feeding. As a result, at best it prevents them from realizing their potential, at worst it contributes to their rapid drop out of the reproduction process. Domestic breeds are adapted to Russian conditions, but need to improve their productive qualities. Therefore, selection and breeding work is of key importance in the technological development of the beef cattle breeding industry of our country. We conducted studies on the heifers of the Kazakh white-headed breed of the Donguz 7139, Korol 13682NV-6 and Zolotoi 3423 lines in the conditions of the APC (collective farm) "Anikhovsky" of the Adamovsky district of the Orenburg region. Blood sampling of the heifers at 15 months of age (n = 18) was carried out in the morning before feeding from the jugular vein, for morphological studies – in vacuum tubes with an anticoagulant, for biochemical – with a coagulation activator. It was found that the heifers of the Zolotoi 3423 line surpassed the animals of the Donguz 7139 line in blood content of total protein (79,9 g/l) by 5.6%, albumins (36,8 g/l) by 6.35%, AST (27,8 Un/l) by 4.27%, ALT (105,0 Un/l) by 14.2%, erythrocytes (5,67 ∙ 10[1]2 cells/l) by 15.24% and hemoglobin (79,6 g/l) by 12.42%, that indicates a high rate of metabolism and redox processes in their body and eliminates the hidden risks of stability, adaptability of the gene pool of a new breeding form. Taking into account the productivity indicators given in the previous article, as well as the results obtained in the course of the present study, the creation and increase in the number of animals of the Zolotoi 3423 line is promising in breeding and breeding work with a herd of the Kazakh white-headed cattle in the APC (collective farm).

Практики управління сільським дитячим будинком у 1947- 1953 рр.: локальний досвід.

The purpose of the study is to show the main management practices used in the institution in 1947-1953 based on the analysis of the interaction between the administration and the staff of the Starynsky Orphanage of the Boryspil district of the Kyiv region. The research methodology. The scientific approaches are based on applying the methods of social history, everyday history, and microhistory. It included the general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, systematization, and generalization. The scientific novelty lies in an in-depth study of the experience of organizing an orphanage. Its local management practices were studied, contributing to expanding knowledge about the structure, decision-making processes, personnel policy, and daily activities of such institutions in a difficult period for Ukraine. Conclusions. The Starynsky Orphanage was formed in the year when the network of special children's institutions of the Ministry of Education in the Kyiv region increased to 29 institutions. The orphanage was placed in one of the villages of the district, the infrastructure and economic situation of which best corresponded to the possibilities of quickly satisfying the pupils with a minimum of mandatory needs. A staff of 18-20 people was engaged in the arrangement. The work was organized in compliance with the standards stipulated by the state regulatory documents. The chief manager of the institution was the director. The scope of his powers included the following: reporting on compliance with legislation to representatives of a number of district bodies; establishment of cooperation with other local managers (management of collective farms, a sugar factory, a school, a rural hospital) and with state institutions of regional subordination, included in the system of social protection of orphans; formation of staff capable of qualitatively solving the assigned tasks. Since the situation with the selection of employees was difficult (high staff turnover), the directors practiced various ways of solving it: recommendations, a trial period, combining positions, replacement by qualified personnel from representatives of the local community, or at the request of district authorities, temporary redistribution of responsibilities within the team. The experience of management activities in the Starynsky Orphanage complements the understanding of the conditions the administration had to face to ensure the institution's smooth operation in conditions of limited resources and unpredictable circumstances.

TAX POLICY OF THE SOVIET STATE DURING THE YEARS OF COLLECTIVIZATION OF AGRICULTURE IN UZBEKISTAN

The article describes the essence of the tax policy of the Soviet state and its consequences during the years of collectivization of agriculture in Uzbekistan in the 30s of the twentieth century. It reveals issues of taxation and the fight against it, conflicts in the agricultural sector, the consequences of the introduction of an agricultural tax in the country and the negative impact on the lifestyle of the population. The article analyzes the crisis of many kulak farms during the years of complete collectivization, as well as the essence of the repressive policy of the Soviet state against rich farms through taxes.

The Beekeeping of the Collective Farm “Russia” of the Udmurt ASSR during the Ruling of L. I. Brezhnev

The Beekeeping of the Collective Farm “Russia” of the Udmurt ASSR during the Ruling of L. I. Brezhnev

IMPLEMENTATION OF AGRICULTURAL TAX AMONG COLLECTIVE FARMERS OF THE URALS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1930S

The relevance of the study of agricultural taxation of the collective farm peasantry is due to the fact that at present there are still not enough scientific publications on this problem, which is important for historical, economic and legal sciences. It is necessary not only to analyze the legislation on agricultural tax, but also to reveal the nuances of its practical implementation among collective farmers. Experience of taxation in the 1930s. in such a large region as the Greater Urals will be of interest to scientists engaged in similar research in other areas of the country. The object of study is the Ural collective farmers, and partly, before the introduction of income tax in 1936, collective farms, and the subject is the legislation on agricultural tax and its impact on the real economic opportunities of collective farm households to ensure the normal existence of the family. The time frame of the study is determined by the second half of the 1930s, when collectivization was completed and most of the taxation fell on the collective farm peasantry. The purpose of the article is to use new sources and approaches to systematize the available material and identify the peculiarities of taxation of collective farmers in the Urals. The work used general scientific methods, as well as comparative, historical-genetic, statistical and others. The study showed that during the period of economic modernization, with the help of the agricultural tax, issues of strengthening the state budget were resolved, part of which was directed to the needs of the village. For collective farmers, in the conditions of constant growth not only in agricultural taxes, other payments and in-kind duties, they had to experience difficulties in the family budget. The restrictions of the Charter of the agricultural artel did not allow the personal farmstead to develop to its full potential. Attempts by collective farmers to devote more time to their farming and to expand crops were resolutely suppressed, especially in the late 1930s. Not all collective farmers could withstand the hardships of collective farm life with a low assessment of their work and high duties, so some of them left the collective farm, joining the number of individual farmers, state farm workers, and city workers.

Evolution of the State-Legal Foundations of the Soviet Agrarian System in the 20s of the XX Century

Introduction. The history of the Soviet state law is of great interest to the modern researchers. A number of aspects of the New Economic Policy development and implementation in Russia are presented in the works of historical, economic and political science scholars. However, in our opinion, the number of research referring to the 20s of the XX century conducted by the legal science scholars is definitely not enough. The article investigates the evolution of the state-legal foundations of the Soviet agrarian system as reflected in the USSR Constitution of 1924, the RSFSR Constitution of 1925, the RSFSR Land Code of 1922, the USSR General Principles of Land Use and Land Management of 1928, and in a number of decrees and other normative legal acts. The relevance of this topic is induced by the theoretical and practical significance of the legal regulation of the agrarian sphere of the society and the reform of the agrarian policy of the modern Russia. On the one hand, the relevance of the topic lies in the need to study the transitional state of the Soviet agrarian legislation, since, according to V. I. Lenin, the New Economic Policy (NEP) implied “transition from the civil war to civil peace”. On the other hand, in the late 20s of the XX century the Soviet leadership had abandoned many of the NEP legislation principles. However, six decades later they were successfully revived and developed in the People's Republic of China during the economic reform. The aim of this study is to reveal the evolution features of the Soviet agrarian system state-legal foundations of the 20s of the XX century. Materials and Methods. The research methodology comprises the general scientific and specific juridical methods, including the historical-legal and legalistic (dogmatic) methods. Due to the rapidly changing attitude towards these methods in the scientific community, the priority in the research has been given to the modern sources. The authors' concept statements have been analysed, which, in synthesis with the authors' empirical background, made it possible to formulate a number of new provisions. Results. The main acts that had legally formalized the state-legal foundations of the Soviet agrarian system in the 20s of the XX century were studied. The huge number of the agricultural laws is explained by the decision of the Soviet party and state leadership of the early 20s to start the recovery of economics with the agrarian sector — the backbone of the national economy of that period. The features of the NEP are elucidated not only as the change of the economic policy, but as the integrated legal policy, being a combination of the public and private law regulation upon absolute predominance of the public principles. It has been substantiated that transition to the NEP entailed the abolishment of the agrarian laws of the times of “war communism” and return to the principles of the peasant Mandate of 1917 — the most important element of the Decree on Land. Deep controversy of the agricultural legislation of the NEP period has been established, which in no way should be defined as a time of abandoning the concept and practice of the collectivization of agriculture. The party and state leadership continued to consider the individual peasant land use as having no economical prospect and dangerous for building socialism. Discussion and Conclusion. The evolution features and distinctions of the Soviet agrarian system state-legal foundations of the 20s of the XX century have been revealed. In normative legal acts and party-state documents of the studied period, the preference continued to be given to the collective farms with the various degree of land and means of production collectivization. Communes and the state-owned agricultural enterprises, sovkhozs (Soviet farms), were considered the most desirable farms, as the ones most closely corresponding to the socialist ideal. The agricultural cooperation, whichhighest form were the kolkhozs (collective farms), was also appreciated by the authorities. The theoretical significance of the conducted research lies in the fact that the state-legal foundations of the socialist agrarian system had been set in the studied period, when the policy of collectivization and public agriculture was stipulated in the Soviet legislation, the rules and norms for creation, organization and operation of the various forms of collective farms were developed, wherein the agricultural commune was considered the form closest to the socialist ideals. Taking into account all the above, further investigation of the process of developing the model Charters of communes, artels and partnerships for joint cultivation of land seems a forward-looking objective.

Reproduction of the technology for the production of “Rossiysky” cheese in laboratory conditions, depending on the quality of milk

Relevance. Dairy processing enterprises are expanding the range of dairy products with the introduction of production of various cheeses. Small producers have also become active in cheese production. In 2023, the decrease in the price and demand for raw milk had a particularly strong impact on collective (farmer) and personal subsidiary farms. This caused the need for milk processing in rural conditions. Our research is aimed at developing technology for the production of ”Rossiysky” cheese for peasants and farms.Methods. The Kjeldahl method determined the mass fraction of protein, acid method — the mass fraction of fat, calculated — the mass fraction of dry matter and skimmed milk residue, ultrasonic — the mass fractions of milk fat, protein, lactose, milk powder, skimmed milk residue, the amount of added water, mineral salts, density, freezing point, temperature, by the express method — active acidity.Results. The chemical composition and physico-chemical properties of raw milk were studied in winter and spring. It was found that the mass fraction of fat in milk reaches 4.31–4.65%. Mass fraction of protein is 2.92–3.02%. The ratio of milk fat to protein is 1.48–1.54, with the recommended norm being 1.1–1.25. Changes were made to the technological scheme for the production of “Rossiysky” cheese, taking into account the characteristics of the quality of milk and the equipment used in the conditions of peasants and farms. To obtain milk with the required protein to fat ratio, the mixture was normalized. “Rossiysky” cheese was produced from normalized milk. The quality of cheese in terms of organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological indicators meets the requirements of regulatory documents.

БРОШЮРЫ КАК ФОРМА АГИТАЦИОННЫХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ В ПЕРИОД ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНЧЕСКИХ КАМПАНИЙ В СССР ВО ВТОРОЙ ПОЛОВИНЕ 1950-х – НАЧАЛЕ 1960-х гг.

The resettlement program in the post-war USSR implied the creation of conditions for mass voluntary migration to the regions that were in dire need of labor. However, despite the benefits provided to migrants, their flow did not always satisfy the needs of collective farms, lumber camps and other enterprises. Under these conditions, the importance of propaganda work increased. The article attempts to identify the general and special in the representation of various regions of the USSR in the brochures issued in the second half of the 1950s – early 1960s and addressed to potential migrants.

ВИНОГРАДАРСТВО ЧЕЧЕНСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКИ В СОВЕТСКОЕ ВРЕМЯ (1954−1991), УСПЕХИ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ

The article discusses issues related to the unsuccessful introduction of viticulture in the administrative regions of the Chechen Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, where grapevine culture was new or non-traditional. These regions are Malgobeksky, Kurchaloevsky, Shalinsky, Grozny-Selsky districts. It has been established that the main reason for the spread of viticulture was the state’s desire to employ unemployed population and the high profitability of the industry. For this purpose, collective and state farms, which previously specialized in the cultivation of grain crops, feed production and livestock breeding, were restructured. The state allocated sufficient funds and material resources for the formation and functioning of a new sub-sector of the agro-industrial complex of the republic in these areas. However, hopes were not justified. The reasons that contributed to attempts to accelerate the introduction of grapevine culture in the “new” regions of the republic, as well as the failure of work in this direction, have been identified. An analysis of the activities of farms involved in the development of viticulture in these areas was carried out. Excesses of higher authorities have been established in planning for wine state farms the volume of new plantings of vineyards, achieving the planned yield and gross grape harvest, as well as planned targets for financial and economic indicators, and in the absence of proper consideration of soil and climatic factors and their compliance with the economic and biological characteristics of the grape culture. As a result, it was revealed that this crop was not adaptable to local conditions, which was reflected in the low survival rate of plantings, the high sparsity of plantings and their unprofitability for further exploitation. All wine farms were unprofitable. The factor of psychological incompatibility of the local population to this culture also had a certain influence. At the same time, all these undesirable phenomena intensified due to the fact that they coincided with the time of the weakening of the foundations of the state under the slogans of perestroika, the fight against alcoholism and drunkenness, and later − with the tragic events of the collapse of the USSR and their negative consequences. It is concluded that the widespread involvement of “new” regions in the development of viticulture was not a fully thought-out campaign. This led, in particular, to disastrous results: the vineyards were written off before they reached productive age. In the future, introducing grapevine culture here is not economically feasible.

Kasimov Tatars during the Years of the Cultural Revolution in the USSR: On Materials of Regional Press of the 1920-1930s

The authors analyze the cultural component of the social life of the Kasimov Tatars in the interwar period, the essence of which was the implementation of the Cultural Revolution. Along with the industrialization of the country and the collectivization of agriculture in the mid-1920s, it was declared an important part of the three-tier program of socialist construction. The purpose is to establish the peculiarities of the behavioral pattern of the Kasimov Tatars in the period under review. The source base is the materials from periodicals and ego-documents. The study shows the conditions and realities of the “reforging of consciousness,” the struggle against the remnants of the past which boiled down to the attempts to eradicate the religious cults and customs of the Kasimov Tatars. There is revealed the level of development, continuity, and specificity of local transformation in the most important segment of the cultural sphere - education. The authors come to the conclusion that at the sharp turn of history in the 1920s the Kasimov Tatars showed energy and freedom in order to become “equal among equal” peoples, as declared at the official level. Trying to preserve their own identity, they also showed etatism peculiar to them accepting and actively participating in the transformations as part of the implementation of the Cultural Revolution tasks.

The Main Directions of Socialization Pupils of Children's Institutions Voronezh Region in the 1930s

Relevance. The readers are offered a plot dedicated to various aspects and directions of the socialization of orphanages in the 1930s. Socialization meant instilling work skills in pupils, training in the scope of secondary school, as well as their upbringing within the framework of the communist ideology that prevailed in the country at that time. Such a plot has not previously been in the field of view of historians, which is why it requires study and comprehensive analysis. The numerous archival materials used in the article is being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.Purpose – to study the experience of the joint work of the state and children's institutions for the subsequent integration of orphanages into Soviet society.Objectives. To identify and analyze the main directions of socialization of children in orphanages.Methodology. The research was based on the principles of objectivity, historicism and consistency, as well as general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis.Results. In the course of the conducted research, it was found out that it was possible to come to grips with the upbringing of state children only by the beginning of the 1930s. The chosen directions of socialization fit well into the historical context of the era. Instilling labor skills during vocational training was supposed to contribute to the demand for former orphanages at enterprises erected during industrialization, collective farms and state farms created during collectivization. Educational, extracurricular and cultural activities met the objectives of the cultural revolution and genuine communist education. Moreover, socialization was supposed to act as a subsequent social and professional elevator of the former orphanage resident.Conclusion. The efforts made by the state allowed some of the children deprived of parental care to get a start in life and take a worthy place in Soviet society.

To the problem of waste disposal in the food industry. The experience of the fishing collective farm "Voskhod"

To the problem of waste disposal in the food industry. The experience of the fishing collective farm "Voskhod"