Coast Of Crimea Research Articles

УВОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ И ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПРОТОКЛОНОВ СОРТА ВИНОГРАДА САПЕРАВИ

The results of the study of uvological and technological features of promising Saperavi clones under the conditions of the Southern Coast of Crimea are presented. The numerical values of the main uvological characteristics of Saperavi grapes and its clones, as well as the main physical and chemical indicators of grapes and table wine materials obtained from them, have been established. The organoleptic characteristics of wine materials from clones of the Saperavi variety harvested in 2022 have been studied. The expediency of introducing selected clones of the Saperavi variety into the grape and wine production of the Southern Coast of Crimea has been substantiated.

Rhythms of flowering for small-flowered chrysanthemum in the conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea

Rhythms of flowering for small-flowered chrysanthemum in the conditions of the Southern coast of Crimea

Extreme Recreational Conditions in the Black Sea Resorts Associated with the North Atlantic Climate

The tourist and recreational conditions of the Mediterranean-Black Sea resorts are closely related to hydrometeorological anomalies, which in turn are largely associated with the North Atlantic climate. The aim of this paper was to study the change and variability of the bioclimatic indices and their extremes at the Black Sea resorts (on the example of Yalta, Southern coast of Crimea, and Sochi, Caucasian coast) associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and East Atlantic Oscillation (EAO). Using daily NCEP/NCAR (2.5° × 2.5°) and E-OBS (0.25° × 0.25°) reanalysis datasets, bioclimatic indices (wind cooling index, weight oxygen content, and equivalent-effective temperature) were calculated for January and July in 1950–2013/2018. The extreme index values were obtained using the 5th and 95th percentile relative thresholds. The results suggest that bioclimatic indices in Yalta are more sensitive to the global warming effect than those in Sochi, likely due to the geographical features. As a result, Yalta is becoming a year-round resort. It was shown for both resorts that negative EAO phase is significantly manifested in the increase of windy days in July versus the increase of windless days in the positive phase, and in the more frequent fresh and cold days in July (versus the opposite conditions in the positive phase only in Yalta). The NAO manifestations are mostly less pronounced than those of the EAO and are more significant in Sochi (mostly in January and in the negative NAO phase). Thus, it was shown that extreme values of bioclimatic indices occur at both resorts on the interannual scale depending on the NAO and EAO phases, but the conditions remain in the comfort range for now, even with the significant linear trends. The study can be expanded to other Mediterranean–Black Sea resorts for their sustainable development in a changing climate.

Influence of health resort treatment on the level of systemic inflammation in patients after new coronavirus infection

Background. Low-grade inflammation is currently one of the main risk factors for the development of adverse events in the cardiovascular system, including death from cardiovascular diseases or their complications that cause mortality in the postCOVID period.The aim of the study. To assess the impact of health resort treatment in the conditions of the Southern Coast of Crimea on clinical and functional parameters, as well as on the level of systemic inflammation in patients after a new coronavirus infection.Materials and methods. The study included 67 patients (54.9 ± 9.05 years) in the post-COVID period who underwent health resort treatment at the I.M. Sechenov Academic Research Institute of Physical Treatment Methods, Medical Climatology and Rehabilitation. Methods of health resort treatment included climatic treatment on the Southern Coast of Crimea, therapeutic breathing exercises, terrainkur, and various methods of respiratory therapy. In all patients, the study of the C-reactive protein (CRP) in peripheral blood upon admission and at discharge was carried out.Results. Despite a statistically significant improvement in most clinical and functional parameters, the level of CRP and the number of leukocytes and their subpopulations in peripheral blood in patients who underwent health resort treatment did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from the baseline values obtained upon admission at the I.M. Sechenov Academic Research Institute of Physical Treatment Methods, Medical Climatology and Rehabilitation. The CRP index upon admission and at discharge corresponded to the lower limit of the interval specific for low-grade inflammation (from 3 to 10 mg/l).Conclusion. Our results indicate the lack of effectiveness of the presented plan of health resort treatment in the correction of low-intensity inflammation, as well as the necessity for deeper scientific research in the direction of studying the mechanisms of low-grade inflammation development and the methods of its management.

Regional Differences in the Infection of the European Anchoy <i>Engraulis encrasicolus</i> with the Nematode <i>Hysterothylacium aduncum</i> in the Winter Period of the Crimea and the Caucasus Coasts

The main indicators of infestation of European anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (L.) with larvae of the nematode Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802) in winter were studied in two areas of the Black Sea: off the coast of Crimea and the Caucasus. Regional differences in the indicators of invasion intensity and abundance index in two-year-old and three-year-olds were revealed. When analyzing the values of the extensiveness of invasion, no significant differences were found. Three main factors that determine regional differences in anchovy infestation in the studied areas are analyzed.

Art Nouveau in the architecture of South-coast villas and palaces as a contribution of outstanding personalities of their owners and architects to the cultural landscape of Crimea

The Art Nouveau style in architecture of the late XIX-the first third of the twentieth century was distinguished by the synthesis of all previous styles and the free variability of the composition of both the main architectural volumes and their decor. Depending on the predominance of a particular style in a particular building, it is classified as a sub-style, for example, Neo-Gothic, Neo-Baroque, Neo-Renaissance, Neo-Russe, etc. A characteristic feature of modernity is also the use of various ethnic elements by architects. The subject of the article is the cultural characteristics of villas and palaces on the Southern coast of Crimea and the individual character reflected in them by architects in accordance with the requirements of customers, their national and professional affiliation, interests and hobbies. A special contribution of the authors is the analysis of the examples of architecture and its decoration, not abstractly, but in close connection with the personality of their owners and customers. The article uses the methods of historicism and the comparative method in the analysis of the belonging of an architectural object to a particular style; methods of analysis and synthesis in the characteristics of styles of both individual parts of architectural monuments and the entire building as a whole. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the authors described the villas and palaces of the Southern coast of Crimea not only from a historical, architectural and historical-art historical point of view, but from the point of view of matching the styles of buildings to the individual characteristics of the personalities of their owners. Conclusions. 1. The Art Nouveau style spread in Western and Eastern Europe, including Crimea, from the end of the XIX century, and existed on the peninsula until the 1930s. The elegant character of country villas and palaces, mostly white, was especially relevant in Crimea, contrasting with the blue sky and sea and bright vegetation, creating a typical southern the color of the resort area. 2. The cultural landscape of Crimea is made up of a diverse variety of ethnic cultures, the heritage of state entities, as well as outstanding personalities who have contributed to it. In this sense, the unique buildings and their connection with the personalities of their owners represent one of the characteristic features of the historical and cultural landscape of Crimea.

Geology, morphology and mineralogy of sulfide-carbonate hydrothermal-bacterial structures on the surface of Tessel paleovolcano lava (south coast of Crimea)

Research subject. Sulfide-carbonate hydrothermal-bacterial structures on the surface of Tessel paleovolcano lava. Materials and methods. The structures under study were found during detailed geological works. Petrographic thin sections were studied using an Olympus Bx5 microscope. Carbonate and sulfide samples were examined using an RZMMA-202M scanning electron microscope. Results. For the first time, the contacts of the studied structures with their enclosing siltstones and mudstones were described. The structures are of tubular and flat shapes. In terms of mineral composition, the structures exhibit three zones: central, lateral and that of bacterial overgrowth. The middle part of the central zone features a fluid channel with inclusions of quartz, barite, nakrite, galena, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, pyrite, shells of largefauna, ash and tuff material. Spherulites and microtubular carbonate formations testify to the participation of bacterial and archaean communities in the construction process. The study of carbonates and sulfides confirmed the use of deep fluids by prokaryotes. Conclusion. The main role in the formation of the sulfide-carbonate hydrothermal-bacterial structures under study belonged to the community of prokaryotes and fluids from the depths. The external morphology of the studied structures along with the presence of mineralogical zonality, a fluid channel, oil products, and oases of life with a large fauna indicate the similarity of their formation conditions to those of sulfide-carbonate smokers of the Piip volcano. Some differences in the mineral composition are associated with different depths and fluids of their formation.

Rehabilitation experience of a patient with severe form of COVID-19 at the pulmonological climatic resort of the Southern Coast of Crimea

Introduction. The increase in the number of patients with post-COVID syndrome determines the relevance of their rehabilitation in sanatorium and resort institutions, of both local and climate-therapeutic resorts.Aim. To identify the possibility for the rehabilitation of patients with severe forms of COVID-19 in the conditions of the climatic pulmonological resort of the South Coast of Crimea in the winter season.Materials and methods. Clinical-anamnestic, laboratory, functional and computed-tomographic results of the examination of the thorax of a patient who had a severe form of COVID-19. Rehabilitation was carried out 21 days complexly using climatotherapy, therapeutic exercise, respiratory, medication and physiotherapy. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed using a 6-minute step test, Borg scale, mMRC dyspnea scale, oxygen assessment chart, rating of health status, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), dyspnea assessment index (DDI/TDI), questionnaires of life quality EQ-5D and SF-36.Results. At the end of the rehabilitation course, general well-being improved, shortness of breath decreased, exercise tolerance increased, positive dynamics of spirographic parameters, Borg scale scores and a 6-minute step test were noted. The indicators of depression on the HADS scale normalized, positive dynamics was noted according to the SF-36 questionnaire of the psychological component of health. The severity of pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression according to the EQ-5D questionnaire decreased. The X-ray picture has improved. When determining the diffusion capacity of the lungs (DLCО), an increase of 30% from the initial value was revealed.Conclusion. Rehabilitation of a patient who had a severe form of COVID-19 with bilateral lung damage in the conditions of the climatic pulmonology resort of the South Coast of Crimea in the winter season is effective. To assess the lung function of patients who have undergone COVID-19, the most effective method can be considered the determination of lung diffusion capacity (DLCО). Spirogram indicators do not always objectively reflect the severity of the condition.

Meiobenthic Assemblages of the Laspi Bay (Crimea, Black Sea): Taxonomic Diversity and Quantitative Development

It is known that degassing processes are currently observed in the underwater part of the beach zone of Laspi Bay (the southern coast of Crimea). The site of gas emissions (methane) is confined to the coastal part of the bay and located at a distance of 15.0 – 40.0 m from the coastline. Data on the taxonomic richness and quantitative development of meiobenthos in Laspi Bay (2017) are presented for the first time in this study. The meiobenthic assemblages of the studied area were very diverse including representatives of 24 high taxa from Protozoa and Metazoa (phylum, class, order). The most numerous group at almost all stations was the free-living nematodes. The taxonomic richness by station did not reveal any noticeable variability, including 12 to 18 faunal groups, while an unevenness of spatial distribution in the density of meiobenthic settlements was clearly expressed. Minimum values of 63.2×103–72.9×103 ind./m2 were noted in the seaward zone, and maximum values of 1368×103–2051×103 ind./m2 in the eastern coast where localized methane seepage areas were observed.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RHYTHM OF THE SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS GEORGI IN THE NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE AND ON THE SOUTH COAST OF THE CRIMEA

Scutellaria baicalensis is a valuable medicinal plant and a protected species of the East Asian flora. Therefore, work on its introduction is underway in many regions of Russian Federation. Studying of the influence of meteorological factors on the phenology of the S. baicalensis in regions of Russian Federation with contrasting climatic conditions is important in grounds of climate change.
 Materials and methods. The object of the study is the population of the S. baicalensis biocollections of All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Nikitsky Botanical Garden. Meteorological indicators: sum of active temperatures, sum of precipitation. Statistical analysis: Tau-b-Kendall correlation coefficient.
 Results. The duration of the growing season in each region has little variability, independently of the weather conditions of the year. The interval between the onset of phenological phases in the Crimea was characterized by weaker variability than in the Non-Chernozem zone. A significantly smaller amount of active temperatures was required for the onset of phenological phases In the Non-Chernozem zone compared to the southern coast of Crimea. The difference in the average sum of active temperatures across the regions reached 1694.6°C by the end of the growing season. The amount of precipitation had sharp fluctuations in both regions and in all years of research.
 Conclusion. Secondary flowering, wide amplitudes of the duration of phenological phases and the growing season as a whole, the sum of active temperatures and precipitation indicate the ecological plasticity of the S. baicalensis and the availability of conditions for its cultivation in both regions.

Estimation of 137Cs Distribution and Recovery Using Various Types of Sorbents in the Black Sea Surface Layer

Monitoring 137Cs in seawater is necessary for the timely detection of radioactive contamination. The possibility of sorption and the sorption efficiency of 137Cs from seawater were studied for the first time during several cruises of the R/V (research vessel) Professor Vodyanitsky using various types of sorbents based on transition metal ferrocyanides (Anfezh, Niket, Uniket, FSS, FD-M, FIC, Termoxid 35, NKF-C) and zirconium phosphate (Termoxid 3A). The influence of the seawater flow rate and volume of the sorbent used for the recovery of 137Cs was estimated. The ferrocyanide sorbents Niket, Uniket, Termoxid 35, and FIC showed the best sorption efficiency (60–100%) at a seawater flow rate of 2–4 column volumes per minute. The data obtained during three cruises on the R/V Professor Vodyanitsky were analyzed. A detailed (28 sampling points) spatial distribution of 137Cs in the Black Sea along the southern coast of Crimea was studied using the sorbents that showed the best characteristics. An increase in 137Cs activity in the study area was not found, and the average activity was 9.01 ± 0.87 Bq/m3.

О МЕХАНИЗМЕ РЕЗКОГО ПОНИЖЕНИЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ ПОВЕРХНОСТИ В СЕВЕРО-ЗАПАДНОЙ ЧАСТИ ЧЕРНОГО МОРЯ И У ПОБЕРЕЖЬЯ КРЫМА

An analysis of high-resolution satellite data on sea surface temperature (SST) and surface wind for 2008-2021 confirmed that the areas of a dramatic SST drop exceeding several degrees per day regularly occur in the northwestern Black Sea and off the western coast of Crimea. These areas are located not only in coastal upwelling zones. Extensive areas of this type are found in the open water areas in the northwestern part of the sea and in the vicinity of the western large-scale cyclonic gyre. A reason for the formation of such areas during the period of the stable vertical thermal stratification in the upper layer is the strengthening of wind in the atmospheric surface layer and the intensification of cyclonic vorticity. This leads to the generation of upward motions, additional turbulent mixing in the upper sea layer, and, as a consequence, the SST drop within a few days after the passage of the cyclone over the sea. This mechanism is especially effective in the case of slowly moving cyclones in the presence of a blocking or a high-pressure ridge northeast of the Black Sea region.

Invasion of the Alien Species Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot in Coastal Phytocenoses near the Southern Coast of Crimea (the Black Sea)

Invasion of the Alien Species Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot in Coastal Phytocenoses near the Southern Coast of Crimea (the Black Sea)

ОКЕАНОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ ОСЕННЕЙ МИГРАЦИИ И ПРОМЫСЛА ЧЕРНОМОРСКОЙ ХАМСЫ У БЕРЕГОВ КРЫМА В 2021 ГОДУ

In 2019-2022, the Black Sea anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus ponticus Alexandrov, 1927) was wintering off the western and southern coasts of Crimea, where it was subjected to heavy exploitation by the Russian fishers. The conditions resulting in the active autumn migration of the Black Sea anchovy into Crimean waters are of great scientific and practical concern. This study examines the course of the Black Sea anchovy fishing and the oceanographic conditions for its entry, migration and wintering near the southern coast of the peninsula in November and December 2021. The daily data from the FSBI “Centre of Fishery Monitoring and Communications” have been used, as well as the satellite imagery data sets of the sea surface heights and temperatures from the Copernicus Marine Service information system website. Altimetry data were used in the grid nodes with a resolution of 0.125 degrees, and temperature data were used in the grid nodes with a resolution of 0.05 degrees. Relocation of the Black Sea anchovy to Crimea in mid-November was caused by strengthening of the southeastern currents in the waters to the west of the peninsula, associated with the northern position of the Sevastopol Anticyclonic Vortex, as well as with relatively high sea surface temperatures beyond the shelf zone. In contrast to 2019 and 2020, in November and December 2021, an intense thermodynamic frontal zone of the main Black Sea current was located 15-30 miles offshore to the south of Crimea, which became a natural barrier to further migration of the Black Sea anchovy southwards and determined its distribution on the southern shelf of the Crimean Peninsula. The Black Sea anchovy fishing season in 2021/2022 off the coast of Crimea (as opposed to the previous two fishing seasons) was characterized by its relatively early start and the shift of the fishing operations eastwards to Cape Chauda.

Mobile sulphur status in soils of organic and conventional vineyards of the Southern coast of Crimea

The data on the content of mobile sulfur in soils of vineyards on the Southern coast of Crimea with organic and conventional land use systems as well as in fallow soils after long-term application of chemical pesticides are presented. As a result of the use of sulphur-containing pesticides allowed in organic farming and the activation of organic matter mineralization processes due to regional soil and climatic conditions, a significantly higher accumulation of mobile sulphur in the upper soil horizons of organic farms was observed. Higher levels of mobile sulphur in organic vineyard soils can adversely affect the organoleptic and physico-

The Invasion of the Alien Species <i>Bonnemaisonia hamifera</i> Hariot in Coastal Phytocenoses Near the Southern Coast of Crimea (the Black Sea)

Based on the results of hydrobotanical research in 2015–2021, it has been found that the global expansion of the Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot filamentous sporophyte stage had reached the Southern Coast of Crimea (SCC) by 2017. At present, the invader is registered in all horizons of the SCC phytal. Massively developing in the epiphyton of native species, it inhibits their growth, and in some areas it becomes one of the dominants. This changes the appearance, structure, and production indicators of algal communities (up to their degradation in some areas), which makes it possible to attribute this invasive species to the “transformers” category. It has been shown that the invasion develops rapidly, its vector coincides with the direction of the Main Black Sea Current. Eutrophication can play a stimulating role. Presumably, the species is already present on the southwestern and western coasts of the Crimean Peninsula and will populate the western and northwestern regions of the Black Sea in the next one or two years; expansion into the Sea of Azov is also likely. B. hamifera invasion may threaten biological diversity of the of the entire Azov-Black Sea basin, which under the conditions of its relative isolation can lead to ecological catastrophe that will affect all countries in the region. Currently, there are no ways that could stop or slow down the process of invasion.

Crimean Mosaic: Spatial Analysis of the Structure and Dynamics of the Regional Museum Network

Referring to the data of the author’s database of Crimean museums, this article offers a spatial analysis of the structure and dynamics of the museum network. The official digital resources (websites) of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, the Museums of Russia portal, the website of the Private and Folk Museums of Russia, and the websites of municipalities are used as the main sources of information. The database information makes it possible to reconstruct the images of the region, taking into account their geographic reference. The museum landscape of the region forms a polyphonic historical and cultural image of Crimea, which is divided into five clusters (zones): literary and historical (Southern coast of Crimea); military-historical (Sevastopol); historical and local history (steppe Crimea); historical and archaeological (Kerch Peninsula); historical and ethnographic (mountainous Crimea). Clusters differ in the structure of the museum network and the historical dynamics of its formation. The author analyses the features of the formation of each museum cluster and the images of the past it broadcasts. The image of the war is most intensively present in the museums of Sevastopol and Balaklava as the places of the deployment of the Black Sea Fleet. Literary Crimea is concentrated in cities and urban-type settlements of the southern coast of Crimea, where many famous writers rested, were treated, and created their works. Images of the Soviet past are disseminated by local history museums of the steppe Crimea. The ancient civilization and medieval Crimea are represented in the Kerch cluster and partly by the historical and archaeological museums of the South Coast and the mountainous Crimea. And, finally, the national (Crimean-Tatar) image of Crimea is preserved in the museums of Bakhchisaray and Simferopol. Such a complex mosaic of Crimean images is the result of the influence of external and internal factors — the richness and diversity of the historical and cultural heritage of the region formed over the centuries and the zigzags of the state cultural policy. The change of statehood over the twentieth century (imperial, Soviet, post-Soviet — Ukrainian and Russian — periods) has left its mark on the museum space of Crimea.

Macrophytobenthos of the Reserved and Transformed Coastal Marine Areas at the South Coast of Crimea in Conditions of the New Biological Invasion (the Black Sea)

Based on the materials of a 2019-2020 study, a comparative hydrobotanical characterisation of two nearby coastal water areas of the Black Sea (Southern Coast of Crimea - SCC) is presented. Both water areas are similar in terms of their complex of natural and climatic conditions; but contrast in terms of the anthropogenic transformation level and eutrophication. In total, 81 species of macrophytes were identified in the study area. In the natural water area, located within the boundaries of the "Cape Martyan" Nature Reserve, 61 species were registered (<i>Chlorophyta</i> - 14 (22.6%), <i>Ochrophyta</i> - 12 (19.7%), <i>Rhodophyta</i> - 34 (55.8%), <i>Tracheophyta</i> - 1 (1.6%). To the east of it, the marine water area adjasent to the Gurzuf village is located. This has been transformed and is subject to local, but constant and intense eutrophication from a shallow emergency sewer. In total 63 species were registered here (<i>Chlorophyta </i>- 15 (23.8%), <i>Ochrophyta</i> - 16 (25.4%), <i>Rhodophyta</i> - 32 (50.8%). The ratio of macrophytes ecological and floristic groups by number of species (NS) does not reveal fundamental differences between the two water areas; the tendency of change in the total biomass (BM) of communities with increasing depth along the profiles is similar, and the values at the same depths are comparable (up to 0.8 kg · m<sup>-2</sup> in the pseudolittoral zone and up to 6.2-7.0 kg · m<sup>-2</sup> in the sublittoral). Significant differences are found in the BM ratio of macrophytes ecological and floristic groups, which ultimately determines the structural features of the vegetation cover of each water area (although their general nature, due to the type of substrate, is similar). Near the Cape Martyan, both in terms of NS and BM, stenobiont (oligosaprobic marine) <i>Phaeophyceae</i> species dominate: in the pseudolittoral - seasonal summer ones; in the sublittoral - perennial ones (belt of <i>Cystoseira</i> s.l.), which is typical for the SCC in summer. In the water area off the Gurzuf village, the algal communities of the pseudolittoral and the shallowest sublittoral zones are formed by eurybiont (polysaprobic brakish-water) <i>Chlorophyta</i>. Such features of the composition and structure are an adaptive response of phytocenoses to intense eutrophication. With a decrease in the trophic content of waters, they could quickly return to a relative norm. However, the situation is complicated by the progressive invasion of the new transformer species <i>Bonnemaisonia hamifera</i> Hariot, which suppresses and displaces native species near the SCC. This changes the appearance, structure, and production indicators of the vegetation cover of the sublittoral zone, and in Gurzuf even leads to local degradation (at depths of ≥ 5 m) of the most productive and species-rich <i>Cystoseira</i> s.l. communities, which are of key importance for maintaining the ecological balance in the coastal marine waters of the region. Presumably, eutrophication is one of the factors that stimulate the spread of <i>B. hamifera</i>, which in the conditions of the significantly isolated Azov-Black Sea basin can lead to a regional ecological disaster. In this case, a decrease in the trophicity of coastal waters can slow down the process of invasion and the resulting transformation of the macrophytobenthos.

The Effect of Starvation on the Antioxidant Complex of the Bivalve Mollusk <i>Anadara kagoshimensis</i> (Tokunaga, 1906) from the Black Sea

The effect of 30-day starvation on the state of the antioxidant complex and lipid peroxidation in the tissues of the Black Sea bivalve mollusks Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906) was studied. Mollusks were collec-ted on a mussel and oyster farm near the village Katsiveli (the Southern coast of Crimea, the Black Sea) on April 2020. The mollusks were kept in aquariums with a closed water exchange system with biofiltration of water. The mollusks of the experimental group were not fed for 30 days. The activity of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, the content of reduced glutathione and TBA-reactive products were determined. It was found that under fasting conditions the content of TBA-reactive products decreased in the hepatopancreas and the foot of the mollusk, and did not change in the gills. The most pronounced changes in the AO complex – an increase in all the studied parameters – were detected in the hepatopancreas. An increase only in the parameters of the antioxidant glutathione system was found in the foot, and an increase only in the activity of glutathione peroxidase and in the content of reduced glutathione was found in the gills. The results obtained in the study have shown a stable antioxidant-prooxidant ba-lance in the bivalve mollusk A. kagoshimensis under starvation conditions.

Из истории налогообложения мусульман Крыма в XIX в.: «татарский сбор», подробности подготовки, взимания и распределения средств. По материалам Российского государственного исторического архива

The article draws on documents from the Russian State Historical Archive (fond 1152 “Department of State Economy of the State Council", series 1-5), to examine the process of preparing, collecting, and distributing the tax for Crimean Tatars (the so-called “Tatar Levy,” tatarsky sbor). The problem of the Crimean Tatars taxation arouse immediately after the annexation of the Crimea. Fiscal system of the Crimean Khanate differed from that of the Russian Empire. Poll tax used in the Russian Empire was unacceptable for the Muslim. Amount and parameters of the tax adapted to the Crimean Tatars’ religion caused long discussions in the Russian authorities. Only in 1829, at the insistence of M.S. Vorontsov, a poll tax was introduced for the Crimean Tatars, the Tatar Levy. It amounted to 1 ruble 50 kopecks or 43 kopecks in silver and was to be directed to the priority needs of the Crimea. The draft budget was compiled by the Novorossiysk Governor-General, cleared with the Ministry of Finance and the State Council of the Russian Empire, and approved by the Emperor. The Tatar Levy funds were distributed in several target areas: infrastructure projects (construction of the road on the Southern coast of Crimea, construction of stone bridges, renovation of administrative buildings, creation of port infrastructure, providing water supply to the peninsula); support for agricultural projects (creation of new vineyards in Magarach); recreation (construction of mud baths near Yevpatoria and in Saki, financing of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden); restoration and construction of cultural and historical objects (restoration of the Khan's palace in Bakhchisarai, Juma-Jami in Yevpatoria, replenishment of museum collections, building of new mosques and churches). The revenues were significantly reduced after mass emigration of the Crimean Tatar population in 1860. The tax was finally abolished in 1874, when the taxation of the Crimean Tatars was unified with that of other taxable estates of the Tauride gubernia.