Coast Of Crimea Research Articles

Пространственная вариабельность и пищевые характеристики популяций желетелых в акватории Крыма в летний период

Численность, биомасса, размерная структура популяций желетелых хищников [медуза Aurelia aurita Linnaeus, 1758; гребневики Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz, 1865 и Pleurobrachia pileus (O. F. Müller, 1776)] и интенсивность питания двух видов (A. aurita и M. leidyi) исследованы в раннелетний период (июнь) 2016 г. на 45 станциях, охватывавших зону шельфа у берегов Крыма от м. Тарханкут до г. Керчи, а также на 3 станциях глубоководного района с координатами 44°23′N–45°5′N и 32°22′E–36°36′E. Сбор материала проводили вертикальными тралениями от дна (10–100 м) до поверхности на шельфовых станциях и от глубины с σt = 16,2 до поверхности ― на глубоководных, используя модифицированную сеть Богорова ― Расса с диаметром входного отверстия 80 см и ячеëй 500 мкм. Спектр питания определяли под микроскопом в лаборатории сразу после вылова животных, рассчитывая впоследствии суточные рационы и скорость выедания зоопланктона. Установлены пространственные различия в биомассе и численности отдельных видов: максимальная биомасса A. aurita, преобладавшей во всех районах, отмечена в Евпаторийско-Севастопольском районе и обусловлена большими скоплениями среднеразмерных особей новой генерации. Гребневик P. pileus доминировал по численности в районе халистазы. Пищевой спектр медуз был очень разнообразен и включал различные стадии Copepoda, Tunicata, Cladocera, а также меропланктонные организмы ― велигеров Bivalvia и Gastropoda. Халистатическая зона с большими глубинами характеризовалась максимальным количеством видов планктонных Copepoda в пище A. aurita. Среднесуточные рационы медуз, рассчитанные по содержанию пищи в гастральной полости и по времени переваривания, изменялись в широких пределах от района к району. Самыми низкими показатели были в Каркинитском заливе [(0,113 ± 0,10) мг C·экз.-1·сут-1, или (1,6 ± 2,18) % C тела], где большую долю пищи составляли водоросли Coscinodiscus granii Gough, 1905. Наиболее интенсивно питались животные в халистатической области [(0,687 ± 0,094) мг C·экз.-1·сут-1, или (56,2 ± 23,7) % C тела], в пище преобладали Calanus euxinus Hulsemann, 1991 и Pseudocalanus elongatus Boeck, 1865. Ни в одном из районов A. aurita не могла компенсировать затраты на дыхание за счёт потребления мезозоопланктона. Наибольший пресс на зоопланктон оказывала популяция медуз в Каркинитском заливе и в Евпаторийско-Севастопольском районе, хотя во всех исследованных районах её пресс был очень низок и не приводил к кардинальному сокращению численности зоопланктонного сообщества.

Monitoring the circulation of coastal waters off the Southern coast of Crimea

The paper presents the results of integrated monitoring of water dynamics in the coastal zone off the Southern coast of the Crimea for 2008-2016. The regime and features of circulation of coastal waters were determined. An intensive contribution of low-frequency oscillations of coastal currents at the seasonal and synoptic scales was identified based on the results of spectral analysis of a nine-year set of vector dynamics series. For water fluctuations in the coastal zone, the alongshore structure of reciprocating jet streams caused by water dynamics at the shelf and continental slope dominates.

Distribution of suspended matter off the western coast of the crimea under impact of the strong winds of various directions

The mechanisms of formation and distribution of total suspended matter (tsm) off the West Coast of Crimea under the influence of strong winds of various directions were investigated on the base of satellite data of medium and high resolution. The maximum tsm reaching the values of 200 mg / l was is observed during strong southern winds. In this case, the zone of high tsm is located at the western shelf of the Crimea limited by a 50 m isobath. The wave impact on resuspension of bottom sediments and the erosion of clay cliffs located on the west coast of Crimea lead to the formation of a large amount of tsm. After the storm, a northern alongshore current transfers tsm to the north. During northeast winds, the highest tsm are observed not near the coast, but in the seaward part of the shelf between 30 and 50 m isobaths. It is likely that turbulent mixing during such winds resuspense bottom sediments in shallow areas, which are further transported from the coast due to the offshore winds. The wind surge in this case leads to the formation of a band of clean cold water near the coast. A specific feature of the action of the northern and northwestern storms is the formation of a longshore jet stream along the western coast. The current occurs at the front of the upwelling zone. The stream transports the suspended matter offshore southward. The concentration of the suspended matter in this case is also much lower than when exposed to the southern winds, but it can reach a value of 3 mg/l.

Water Relation Characteristics of Prunus laurocerasus L. under Progressive Soil Drought Stress of Crimea’s Southern Coast

The study examines the ecophysiological response of Prunus laurocerasus L. to the effects of progressive soil drought and determines optimum zones and threshold values of soil moisture, temperature, and light, limiting the photosynthesis and transpiration during its summer active growth period in the southern coast of Crimea. The paper characterizes the development of water stress and photosynthesis inhibition as well as the subsequent recovery after watering. It emphasizes the chlorophyll loss by lamina under the given condition, which was manifested in the yellow-green color of the midrib and brownish spots on the leaves. This leads to the loss of ornamental qualities in the plants. The obtained data on the plant’s functioning mechanisms in response to the environmental effects provides the basis for the ecological assessment of the evergreen species’ physiology and the possibility to choose from a variety of cultivation practices.

Monitoring Coastal Water Circulation along the South Coast of Crimea

The results of integrated monitoring of the water dynamics in the coastal zone of the southern coast of Crimea for 2008–2016 are presented. The mode and features of coastal water circulation are determined. An intensive contribution of low-frequency oscillations of coastal currents on a seasonal and synoptic scale is identified based on the results of the spectral analysis of a nine-year set of vector dynamics series. The longshore structure of reciprocating jet streams caused by water dynamics on the shelf and the continental slope dominates during water fluctuations in the coastal zone.

Modelirovanie biokhimicheskikh protsessov v bentosnykh fitotsenozakh pribrezhnoy zony

Introduction. A simulation model of bottom phytocenosis based on object-oriented approach to marine ecosystems was proposed. Data and methods. The dynamic model of macroalgae growth is based on the system of ordinary differential equations describing the processes of photosynthesis and production of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake, and extraction of organic matter and oxygen into the environment. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), water temperature, a content of nutrients in the water were chosen as the control variables. Results. The model allows an estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus content in algae tissues, rate of photosynthesis, actual parameters of uptake nutrients and extraction of organic matter depending on the control variables. Analytical solutions for the steady state of a system at constant control variables were obtained. Parameterization of photosynthetic and kinetic parameters of seaweed using their dependencies of the specific surface of thalli was proposed. The growth of red macroalga Gracilaria biomass over a year was simulated with a preset dynamics of control variables (for the Southern Coast of Crimea). Yearly oxygen production, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and accumulated quantity of these elements in algae tissues were calculated; the volume of organic matter coming to the next trophic level (benthic organisms and finfish) was estimated. The results correspond to the published observational ecosystem data in the region under study. Discussion and conclusion. The developed model will be used as a separate unit simulating the dynamics of bottom phytocenosis in a three-dimensional object-oriented physical-chemical-biological model of the marine ecosystem.

PASSER HISPANIOLENSIS IS A NEW NESTING SPECIES ON NORTH-WESTERN COAST OF THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA

Aim. The aim of the research is to study the potential nesting sites of the Spanish sparrow (Passer hispaniolensis) on the northwest coast of Crimea. Methods. Material was compiled during 2016-2018. The generally accepted methods of road and foot route census study were applied. Nesting stations were explored: nests of storks, birds of prey and corvids, forest belts and reed beds. Results. On the basis of research, the presence of Passer hispaniolensis in the north-western Crimea, in particular, within the borders of the Lebyazhy Islands («Swan Islands») specially protected natural area, has been established. It is revealed that for nesting, this species of sparrow prefers the areas close to fields and is not often found in human settlements. During the nesting period, an increase in the number from 15 to 45 pairs was noted. The greatest number of breeding pairs of spanish sparrow is found in the nests of the white stork. Late arriving birds form colonies on trees in close proximity to stork nests. Conclusion. Nesting of Passer hispaniolensis is most likely due to changes in the hydrological regime and land use structure, since rice crop rotation (until 2014) has been replaced by other grain crops (barley, wheat) and tilled crops (sunflower, maize). Thus, at present, the breeding ornithofauna of the protected area is represented by 92 species of birds.

Eco-efficiency of passive solar heating

The article presents calculations of the energy efficiency of direct solar heating and sunspace, located on the building facades of various orientations, in the climatic conditions of the southern coast of Crimea. The share of compensation for heat losses due to passive solar heating has been determined. The calculation of the environmental effect of passive solar heating systems has been done.

Experimental Test of Light Curve Models in Estimating Photosynthetic Activity by the Example of Ornamental Plants

The features of CO2 exchange in leaves of ornamental plants widely used for planting on the Southern coast of Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus—Nerium oleander L., Laurus nobilis L., Aucuba japonica variegata Thunb., and Melissa officinalis L.—have been studied. The use of a modified rectangular hyperbole model, able to describe photoinhibition of a process by nonrectangular hyperbole, and a modified nonrectangular hyperbole model has shown the high adequacy of these models for describing the real relation between photosynthesis rate and light intensity in N. oleander, L. nobilis, A. japonica variegata, and M. officinalis. Estimation of CO2 exchange in leaves in similar environmental conditions has shown significant differences in PN/I curve parameters—light compensation point (LCP), photosynthetic and dark respiration rate, light saturation, and quantum yield. N. oleander has shown the highest photosynthetic intensity, while A. japonica variegata showed the lowest—its light saturation was recorded at low values of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Smaller values of LCP and saturation constants observed in L. nobilis and A. japonica variegata provide evidence of the efficient use of low-intensive PAR by these plants allowing them to survive in strong shading conditions.

ЕПІСТОЛЯРНИЙ ТРАВЕЛОГ ВАЛЕР’ЯНА ПОЛІЩУКА

The article deals with the epistolary by Valeryan Polischuk who is the Ukrainian writer of the post-revolutionary era (1920s), known for his avant-garde poetry and books written in the genre of non-fiction. It is analyzed the range of travel motifs, the specificity of the author’s geo-poetics style. It isalso outlined the psycho-portrait of the traveler-writer of the twenties of the twentieth century, who was under the pressure of ideology. It is identified the main routes of the writer in Ukraine, the USSR and Europe, and described his imagological generalizations. It is proved that the writer had two-vector of the travelling priorities: nature and urbanism with its technological innovations. The topos described by Polischuk with the most expressive emotivity was the South Coast of Crimea, Paris, and Volyn.Key words: letter, topos, report, imagology.

МОРСКИЕ КЛАСТЕРЫ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ДОСТИЖЕНИЯ ЦУР14 ДЛЯ ЮЖНЫХ МОРЕЙ РОССИИ

This article explores the possibility of using marine clusters in the southern seas of the Russian Federation (Black, Azov and Caspian Seas) as a tool to achieve the targets of the Sustainable Development Goal #14 (SDG14) on conservation and sustainable use of the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development. The article explains the concept of “cluster” and its benefits for achieving sustainable development. Further the authors provide information on the international experience of using marine clusters to achieve certain objectives of SDG14: exact examples of marine clusters in various countries are given, as well as their input in achieving SDG14. In the condunion, the authors give recommendations on formation of marine clusters on the Russian coast of the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas to achieve the objectives of SDG14. It is proposed to set up six clusters: the Sevastopol cluster, the cluster of the Southern coast of Crimea, the Rostov cluster, the Novorossiysk cluster, the cluster “Big Sochi”, and the Astrakhan cluster. The creation of such clusters will ensure closer cooperation between companies, organizations and educational institutions of the coastal regions of the southern seas of the Russian Federation under consideration, which will not only promote economic growth in these regions, but also create an effective platform for the exchange of views and search for optimal solutions for the creation of new practices, technologies, and activities to achieve the objectives of SDG14.

SEX INVERSION IN CULTIVATED MUSSELS MYTILUS GALLOPROVINCIALIS LAM. (CRIMEA, BLACK SEA) UNDER INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

In the last decade, there has been a shift in the sex ratio of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Black Sea towards increase of males. In modern literature, focus is mainly on mechanisms of sex inheritance in mussels and hormonal regulation of the reproduction, and there is no information on sex inversion in M. galloprovincialis under the influence of environmental factors. The goal of this work is to establish the fact of sex change in mussels cultivated near the coast of Crimea under the influence of some external environmental factors. We establish that mussels change sex from female to male, but some specimens become hermaphrodites, with their fraction reaching 13%. Under unfavorable environmental conditions, mussel females change sex, and their mortality rises up to 69%. In water areas subject to anthropogenic impact, the proportion of sex inversion in the mollusks may be as high as 58%. The influence of various adverse environmental factors on sex inversion in mussel females is unequal, and its strength decreases in the following order: diesel fuel > hypoxia > anionic detergents > starvation.

Regional Peculiarities of Hydrobiont Bioluminescence Intensity and Chlorophyll a Concentration in Black Sea Waters

Variability in the vertical distribution of the hydrobiont bioluminescence intensity and chlorophyll a concentration in autumn along the coast of Crimea and its causes are analyzed based on expedition data and satellite information. It is shown that minimum bioluminescence intensities of marine organisms and chlorophyll a concentration were observed in the abyssal sea of the water area under study in the region of a cyclonic mesoscale eddy, where the upwelling was detected, and the thickness of the upper mixed layer did not exceed 20 m. The maximum values of the chlorophyll a concentration and bioluminescence intensity were observed at stations positioned in the shallow-water littoral sea which is rich in biogenic elements.

ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННО-ОБРАЗНАЯ ОБЩНОСТЬ АРХИТЕКТУРНОГО РЕШЕНИЯ ЛИВАДИЙСКОГО ДВОРЦА И САНАТОРИЯ «РОДИНА» НА ЮЖНОМ БЕРЕГУ КРЫМА

The article provides an artistic and historical analysis of the architectural decision of Livadia Palace (N. P. Krasnov, 1911) and the sanatorium complex “Rodina (Motherland)” (B. V. Efimovich, 1955) located on the south coast of Crimea. The relevance of the study is in the fact that the author proposes scientifically important in historical context identification of stylistic borrowings, which served as an artistic model for the domestic architects of the beginning and middle of the XX century, who built on the south coast of Crimea. The paper tries to identify common architectural forms, architectural and compositional devices, and elements of internal décor, artistic-figurative and style dominants of these architectural objects. The analysis of the mentioned aspect of the problem allows the author to conclude that the architect N. P. Krasnov’s creative work of the beginning of the XX century was based on the same principles, which were used in the building of Soviet recreation complexes of Crimea, in particular, the sanatorium “Rodina” of the middle of the XX century. The originality of the conceptual architectural decisions involves new form-generative devices, artistic eclectic approaches, and usage of engineering and constructive innovations.

Dependency of a Photosynthesis Rate in Nerium oleander L. on Environmental Factors, Leaf Temperature, Transpiration, and Their Change During Vegetation in Subtropics

Dependence of net photosynthesis rate in Nerium oleander L. on environmental factors, leaf temperature, transpiration, and also on the changes of these factors during vegetation has been studied under conditions of the Southern Coast of Crimea. The mapping of a photosynthesis response function onto environmental factors in a three-dimensional coordinate system represents a convex surface with the maximum at the top point. This fact makes it possible to obtain numerical coefficients for nonlinear regression equations (simulators) describing interrelations between the net photosynthesis and the main environmental factors, leaf temperature, and transpiration. The data obtained provide a possibility to interpret a photosynthesis rate as a potential ecophysiological characteristic of this species that makes it possible to compare different plant species growing under similar conditions using parameters measured by the same method. Nerium oleander L. has a high photosynthetic potential for acclimatization to high temperatures. If air temperature exceeds the optimum value, photosynthetic intensity sharply decreases. The threshold temperature for leaves is 36.5°С. After the termination of the active growth phase, the maximum net photosynthesis rate decreased during August–October by 51.73%, while transpiration intensity and leaf temperature decreased by 78 and 28.58%, respectively. Compared to August, the optimums of the air temperature, air humidity deficit, and PAR illumination in October shifted to lower values by 17, 89.14, and 31.58%, respectively.

Distribution and Biological Characteristics of Couch’s Goby Gobius couchi (Gobiidae), a New Species for the Black Sea

Couch’s goby Gobius couchi was found for the first time off the southwestern coast of Crimea, in the coves of Sevastopol. Earlier, this goby was not noted in the Black Sea; its range included the Atlantic coasts of England and Ireland and the northeastern part of Mediterranean and Aegean seas. The present paper provides the description of the morphological characteristics of Couch’s goby, including the diagnostic features, the data on its distribution near the Crimean coasts, and some features of ecology and behavior. The data on fecundity and time of reproduction of this goby are presented for the first time. It is suggested that the appearance of Couch’s goby near the Crimean coasts is determined by the process of “Mediterranization” of the Black Sea.

BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PECULIARITIES OF INTRODUCTION OF WASHINGTONIA FILIFERA (LIND. EX ANDR.) H. WENDL. EX BARY AT THE SOUTHERN COAST OF CRIMEA

Abstract. Aim of this research is to study winter resistance, drought resistance, resistance to fungal diseases and harmful insects of Washingtonia filifera (Lind. ex Andr., H. Wendl. ex A. Bary, 1879) and to examine the possibility of the subsequent selection using the experimental mutagenesis for increasing its frost resistance at the Southern Coast of the Crimea (SCC). Material and methods. The material and objects of our research were the collection plantations of Washingtonia filifera in the Arboretum of Nikitsky Botanical Garden (NBG) and parks of the South Coast of Crimea. Research methods: comparative-ecological, biometric, analytical and visual. To achieve the objective, the following results were obtained in the course of the studies. The history of introduction of this species in the NBG has been described and its occurrence at the Southern Coast of the Crimea (SCC) shown. An analysis of the quantitative biometric indicators of the leaves’ growth and die-back on average over the vegetation period on the basis of phenological observations over the test plants has been carried out taking into consideration the existing agricultural background. The reasons and factors influencing the frost resistance of this species depending on the combination of the set of meteorological indicators causing a certain level of frosting depending not only on the minimum negative temperatures but also on the soil and atmospheric moisture have been identified. Thresholds values of the impact of extreme negative temperatures for the Washingtonia filifera at the lethal and sub-lethal levels have been identified. Danger of infection of the representatives of the Arecaceae family (Arecaceae C.H. Schultz) with the new types of dangerous phytophages has been identified. The possibility of its selection with the use of a mutagen – colchicine has been shown. Main conclusions . The criteria have been outlined which will give the opportunity in the future to provide the science-based recommendations as to the agrotechnics of cultivation of this species under conditions of the SCC.

Консорты брюхоногого моллюска Rapana venosa (Valenciennes, 1846) в северной части Чёрного моря. Часть III: Mollusca (Gastropoda)

Данная работа — продолжение инвентаризации таксономического состава консортного сообщества Rapana venosa. Раковина крупной инвазивной гастроподы R. venosa, занявшей экологическую нишу терминального хищника бентосного сообщества, одновременно является привлекательным субстратом для различных гидробионтов-обрастателей и связанных с ними подвижных форм, среди которых — мелкие брюхоногие моллюски. Последние являются практически неучтённым звеном консорции R. venosa. Изучение данной группы в составе эпибионтов рапаны выполнено на материале, полученном в семи районах северной части Чёрного моря: 1 — Мамайя, побережье Румынии; 2 — северо-западное побережье Крыма, район м. Тарханкут; 3 — юго-западное побережье Крыма, Севастополь; 4 — Южный берег Крыма (ЮБК), Алупка; 5 — ЮБК, Ялта — Алушта; 6 — юго-восточный берег Крыма, Карадаг; 7 — Керченский пролив. Сбор рапаны в прибрежной зоне до глубины 15 м проведён с использованием легководолазного оборудования, в более глубоководной зоне (до 40 м) — дночерпателем «Океан-50» с борта НИС «Профессор Водяницкий». Гастроподы в качестве консортов рапаны обнаружены преимущественно в р-не 3, где в летне-осенний сезон 2015–2017 гг. проведены наиболее детальные работы и собрано около 90 % материала (1100 из 1216 особей R. venosa). Они представлены 14 видами 9 родов 6 семейств, из них 7 видов с кладками яиц. Их преимущественная локализация — в эпифитоне водорослевых обрастаний раковины, где моллюски-консорты могут формировать значительные скопления (более 60 особей). Непосредственно на раковине рапаны гастроподы обнаружены единично или небольшими группами — от 2–5 до 10 особей. Наиболее многочисленным и часто встречаемым (до 25 %) видом является Bittium reticulatum (Cerithiidae). Менее многочисленны Tricolia pullus (Phasianellidae) (5–10 %, в бухте Казачья — до 25 %) и Rissoa splendida (Rissoidae) (встречаемость в среднем около 10 %). Остальные виды обнаружены единично. Наибольшее видовое разнообразие и численность гастропод отмечены на глубине 4–10 м в консорции экоморфы R. venosa рыхлых грунтов — 14 видов; на скальной экоморфе рапаны, обитающей в зоне более высокой гидродинамики, — всего 2 вида. Наши исследования показывают, что экологическая роль инвазивного вида R. venosa не сводится к хищничеству. В частности, рапана способствует размножению, развитию и расселению других видов гастропод. В биотопе рыхлых грунтов с дефицитом твёрдого субстрата, необходимого для размножения многих видов гидробионтов, включая гастропод, R. venosa выступает в качестве фактора «оазисного» увеличения биологического разнообразия бентоса в целом.

The Relationship between Drought Tolerance of Laurus nobilis L. and Environmental Factors in Conditions of the Southern Coast of Crimea

The present studies have shown Laurus nobilis L. to be a drought tolerant species. When the plant was first subjected to dehydration, the rate of net photosynthesis decreased from Pn = (8–10) to –1 μmol/(m2 s) and to –3 μmol/(m2 s) during the second dehydration before it was subsequently irrigated. The rewatering on August 5 and August 8 promoted a sharp burst of this parameter, but the Pn value was restored to its original level only after August 8. Soil drought caused a drop in a rate of transpiration from 65–70 to 10 mg/(m2 s). Watering soil up to a 15% moisture level brought an increase in E = 25 mg/(m2 s), but only the second watering managed to fully restore it to the initial value. Apical growth of the plants was closely correlated with soil moisture. As the soil moisture was reduced to W = 15–5%, the terminal growth reached a saturation point and started to plateau. Watering the soil up to W = 15% promoted apical growth by 4 mm. Reducing soil moisture to W = 3–4% caused a complete cessation of the growth. Subsequent watering to W = 27–28% led to a gradual and complete recovery of turgor and an increase in the growth rate up to 6–8 mm per day. The surface response functions Pn = f(I, W) and E = f(I, W) allowed us to determine conditions and levels of potential maximums and boundaries of the areas of optimum photosynthesis and transpiration: optimum Pn = 8–9 μmol/(m2 s) with I = 900–1400 μmol/(m2 s) and W = 17–24% and the optimum E = 25–35 mg/(m2 s) with I = 1000–1400 μmol/(m2 s) and W = 16–24%.

Inhabitants of the Southern Coast of Crimea. To the 45th Anniversary of Cape Martyan Reserve

Inhabitants of the Southern Coast of Crimea. To the 45th Anniversary of Cape Martyan Reserve