Coaching Program Research Articles

Outcomes of a Live Messaging, Blended Care Coaching Program Among Adults With Symptoms of Anxiety: Pragmatic Retrospective Cohort Study.

Anxiety disorders are common and can be debilitating. In addition, various barriers exist that can hinder access to adequate care. Coaching that is grounded in evidence-based interventions and delivered via synchronous (ie, live) text-based messaging could potentially increase the reach of mental health services among populations who select this modality instead of other services (eg, face-to-face coaching and psychotherapy). In addition, the delivery of live messaging coaching within a blended care model has the potential to combine the benefits of coaching with those of evidence-based digital mental health tools. This real-world study evaluates the anxiety and satisfaction outcomes of live messaging coaching blended with digital tools (ie, digital exercises and activities). This was a retrospective cohort study of 121 adults with moderate levels of anxiety symptoms at the beginning of coaching (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 [GAD-7] scores: range 8-14). Participants received an employer-offered blended messaging coaching (BMC) program, and those who opted to receive all live coaching sessions via text-based messaging were included. Anxiety symptom severity was regularly measured by using the GAD-7 scale. Using growth curve models, the change in GAD-7 scores over the course of BMC was evaluated, as were the effects of text-based coaching sessions on GAD-7 scores. The proportion of participants that had a reliable improvement in anxiety symptom severity (GAD-7 score reduction of ≥4) or subclinical symptom severity (GAD-7 score of <8) at the end of care was also estimated. Participants also self-reported their likelihood of recommending their live messaging coach to someone with similar needs. At baseline, the average GAD-7 score was 9.88 (SD 1.80). Anxiety symptom severity significantly decreased with each week in the BMC program (week: b=-1.04; P<.001), and the rate of decline in anxiety symptom severity decreased over time (week2: b=0.06; P<.001). Each live messaging coaching session was associated with significantly lower anxiety symptom severity during the week of the coaching session (b=-1.56; P<.001) and the week immediately following the session (b=-1.03; P<.001). Overall, 86% (104/121) of participants had subclinical symptom severity or a reliable reduction in anxiety symptom severity by the end of care. Further, 33.1% (40/121) of participants reported coaching satisfaction levels; of the 40 participants in this subset, 37 (92.5%) were likely or extremely likely to recommend their live messaging coach. BMC that provides coaching sessions via live messaging can be beneficial for adults with moderate symptoms of anxiety who qualify for and self-select this care modality. Large-scale studies with longer follow-ups are needed.

상실과 애도를 경험하는 의료진을 위한 감정코칭

In hospitals, numerous deaths are reported. Healthcare providers who witness death feel a sense of loss and sadness, and experience a cumulative sense of loss as another loss overlaps before recovery after one person's death. Due to these cumulative feelings of loss, health care personnel experience despair, anxiety, helplessness, exhaustion, guilt, depression, and discontent with their jobs, which can result in job turnover and resignation. Various attempts are being made at the organizational level as a way to alleviate the feeling of loss after end-of-life care by healthcare providers, but the reality is that it is very difficult to provide systematic support within the organization. Therefore, the emotion coaching program for healthcare providers who experience loss and mourning, which started in 2017 at a tertiary general hospital, is a program designed and operated at the organizational level to share and talk about the various emotions experienced after the death of the patient

The Effect of an eHealth Coaching Program (Smarter Pregnancy) on Attitudes and Practices Toward Periconception Lifestyle Behaviors in Women Attempting Pregnancy: Prospective Study.

Lifestyle behaviors during the periconception period contribute to achievement of a successful pregnancy. Assessment of attitudes and practices toward these modifiable behaviors can aid in identifying gaps in unhealthy lifestyle behaviors with impact on intervention effectiveness. This study investigates the effectiveness of coaching by the eHealth program Smarter Pregnancy during the periconception period on improvement of attitudes and practices toward fruit and vegetable intake and smoking in women attempting pregnancy through assisted reproductive technology (ART) or natural conception. Women attempting pregnancy through ART (n=1060) or natural conception (n=631) were selected during the periconception period. The intervention groups, conceived through ART or naturally, received Smarter Pregnancy coaching for 24 weeks, whereas the control group conceived through ART and did not receive coaching. Attitudes and practices at baseline and follow-up periods were obtained from self-administered online questionnaire provided by the program. Attitudes were assessed in women with unhealthy behaviors as their intention to increase their fruit and vegetable intake and to quit smoking using a yes/no question. Outcomes on practices, suggesting effectiveness, included daily fruit (pieces) and vegetable (grams) intake, and if women smoked (yes/no). Changes in attitudes and practices were compared at 12 and 24 weeks with baseline between the ART intervention and ART control groups, and within the intervention groups between ART and natural conception. Changes in practices at 12 and 24 weeks were also compared with baseline between women with negative attitude and positive attitude within the intervention groups: ART and natural conception. Analysis was performed using linear and logistic regression models adjusted for maternal confounders and baseline attitudes and practices. The ART intervention group showed higher vegetable intake and lower odds for negative attitudes toward vegetable intake after 12 weeks (βadj=25.72 g, P<.001; adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] 0.24, P<.001) and 24 weeks of coaching (βadj=23.84 g, P<.001; ORadj 0.28, P<.001) compared with ART controls. No statistically significant effect was observed on attitudes and practices toward fruit intake (12 weeks: P=.16 and .08, respectively; 24 weeks: P=.16 and .08, respectively) and smoking behavior (12 weeks: P=.87; 24 weeks: P=.92). No difference was observed for the studied attitudes and practices between the ART intervention and natural conception intervention groups. Women with persistent negative attitude toward fruit and vegetable intake at week 12 showed lower fruit and vegetable intake at week 24 compared with women with positive attitude (βadj=-.49, P<.001; βadj=-30.07, P<.001, respectively). The eHealth Smarter Pregnancy program may improve vegetable intake-related attitudes and practices in women undergoing ART treatment. Women with no intention to increase fruit and vegetable intake had less improvement in their intakes. Despite small changes, this study demonstrates again that Smarter Pregnancy can be used to improve vegetable intake, which can complemented by blended care that combines face-to-face and online care to also improve fruit intake and smoking behavior.

Evaluasi Program Pembinaan Olahraga Tenis Lapangan di Kabupaten Sekadau

Abstract This study aims to evaluate (1) context which includes the dissemination of information, government and community support, availability of human resources (2) Input includes the selection of athletes, coaches and assistant coaches, feasibility of facilities and infrastructure, financing the implementation of coaching programs (3) Process includes the implementation of training programs, promotion and degradation systems, coordination, welfare, and transportation, (4) Product includes the success of coaching programs, regional achievements, and regional achievements, national and international achievements. The approach used in this program evaluation research is the CIPP Model (Stufebeam's) in terms of the Context, Input, Process and Product stages. The evaluation research method uses a mixed or elective design. This research resulted in the findings (1) The context of the tennis field coaching program in Sekadau Regency is already in good condition (43%), (2) The input of the tennis field coaching program in Sekadau Regency is already good (58%). (3) The process of the tennis sport coaching program which was implemented in general has been going well (42.8%). (4) The product of the tennis sports coaching program is good (45%). It can be concluded that overall the coaching program is not good (52.8%). The conclusions from the results of the study are that the context, the quality of the inputs, processes and products of tennis sports coaching in Sekadau Regency are already in good condition.

The Impact of a Virtual Coaching Program to Improve Instructional Alignment to State Standards

This study assesses the impact of a 2-year virtual coaching program on teacher and student outcomes. The program—Feedback on Alignment and Support for Teachers (FAST)—was intended to deepen teachers’ understanding of their state’s standards and improve the alignment of their instruction with the standards. Relying on a multisite school-level randomized controlled trial, we assessed the impact of the FAST program in fourth-grade math and fifth-grade English language arts (ELA). We found that the program had a positive impact on the alignment of teachers’ instruction with state standards for both math and ELA teachers (effect sizes = 0.70 and 0.40, respectively), although the impact was statistically significant only for math teachers. In contrast to a growing body of evidence on the benefits of instructional coaching, the program’s impact on student achievement, was in the negative direction for both fourth-grade mathematics and fifth-grade ELA (effect sizes = −0.07 and −0.10, respectively), although the impact on achievement was statistically significant only for ELA. These results suggest that improving instructional alignment alone may not be sufficient for improving student achievement.

Implementasi Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Penanaman Akhlak Siswa Sekolah Darul Muhmin Thailand

This study aims to determine the Implementation of Islamic Religious Education in cultivating student morals which is applied by Darul Muhmin Thailand School to students. This research includes qualitative descriptive research. This data collection was carried out by observation, interview and documentation techniques. Meanwhile, in the analysis, the writer uses a qualitative descriptive analysis, namely in the form of written or oral data from the people and observed behavior so that the writer tries to conduct research that is comprehensive in nature about the actual situation. The results of the study found several implementations of Islamic Religious Education activities carried out at the research location, namely the Al-Qur'an tahfizh coaching program, ablution exercises, prayer, remembrance, prayer, adab guidance in study councils, guidance on eating and drinking etiquette, etiquette guidance going home from school, etiquette guidance in the environment carried out by the teacher in instilling religious values ​​in students in the form of all efforts related to the cultivation of morals. Activities are carried out inside and outside the classroom with various strategies and methods that are considered effective for moral development in students.

Piloting HealthScore: Feasibility and acceptability of a clinically integrated health coaching program for people living with cancer.

Cancer supportive care interventions often have limited generalizability, goal misalignment, and high costs. We developed and piloted a health coaching intervention, UNC HealthScore, in patients undergoing cancer treatment (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04923997). We present feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary outcome data. HealthScore is a six-month, theory-based, multicomponent intervention delivered through participant-driven coaching sessions. For the pilot study, participants were provided a Fitbit, responded to weekly symptom and physical function digital surveys, and met with a health coach weekly to develop and monitor goals. Coaching notes were discussed in weekly interdisciplinary team meetings and provided back to the treating oncology team. Symptom alerts were monitored and triaged through a study resource nurse to relevant supportive care services. Feasibility was determined based on intervention enrollment and completion. Acceptability was based on satisfaction with coaching and Fitbit-wearing and was informed by semistructured exit interviews. Outcomes evaluated for signs of improvement included several PROMIS (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System) measures, including the primary intervention target, physical function. From May 2020 to March 2022, 50 participants completed the single-arm pilot. Feasibility was high: 66% enrolled and 71% completed the full intervention. Participants reported an average of 4.8 and 4.7 (out of 5) on the acceptability of coaching calls and using the Fitbit, respectively. Physical function scores rose 3.1 points (SE=1.1) from baseline to 3months, and 4.3 (SE=1.0) from baseline to 6 months, above established minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Improvements above MCID were also evident in anxiety and depression, and smaller improvements were demonstrated for emotional support, social isolation, cognitive function, symptom burden, and self-efficacy. HealthScore shows feasibility, acceptability, and promising preliminary outcomes. Randomized studies are underway to determine the efficacy of preserving physical function in patients with advanced cancer.

Effectiveness of Non-Contact Dietary Coaching in Adults with Diabetes or Prediabetes Using a Continuous Glucose Monitoring Device: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of dietary coaching and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in patients with diabetes or prediabetes to improve their behavioral skills and health outcomes. A randomized controlled study with pre- and post-testing was conducted. Data were collected between November 2020 and April 2021. Forty-five patients with diabetes or prediabetes who used a CGM device were enrolled and analyzed. Dietary education, individual coaching and group coaching were provided to participants in the experimental group for 4 weeks. After the intervention, the thigh circumference in men significantly differed between the two groups (z = -2.02, p = 0.044). For women, participants in the experimental group showed greater improvement in eating self-efficacy compared with those in the control group (z = -2.66, p = 0.008). Insomnia was negatively related to the change in eating self-efficacy (r = -0.35, p = 0.018) and increase in thigh circumference (r = -0.35, p = 0.017). Even if used within a short intervention period, non-contact dietary coaching programs can help enhance behavioral skills, such as eating self-efficacy and health outcomes, such as thigh circumference. Moreover, the changed variables can indirectly improve other health outcomes in patients with diabetes or prediabetes.

Developing Master Adaptive Learners: Implementation of a Coaching Program in Graduate Medical Education

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Occupational health coaching for job stress management among technical college teachers: Implications for educational administrators.

The need for stress management strategies has been empirically investigated and supported considering demands in workplaces. However, some people in public offices do not seem to have been exposed to occupational health strategies that could reduce the adverse impacts of stress on job productivity and quality of life. Consequently, they become susceptible to mental health disturbances requiring the attention of occupational therapists. Given this, we studied the impact of occupational health coaching for job stress management among technical college teachers. Using a randomized control design study, 90 technical college teachers were screened and ready to participate. The eligible teachers were included and assigned to intervention and control groups. An occupational stress index was given to the participants before, immediately after, and 2 months after the delivery of occupational coaching program by career counselors while the comparison group received no intervention. Data collected were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance analysis. The results showed a significant improvement in the management of job stress after receiving rational emotive occupational health coaching. According to the multivariate analysis of variance analysis, there were between-group differences immediately after the intervention and 3 months later. As a result, the study suggested that career counselors and school management systems should incorporate rational-emotive behavioral therapy into workforce and workplace programs.

Remote Implementation of a School-Based Health Promotion and Health Coaching Program in Low-Income Urban and Rural Sites: Program Impact during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Adapting existing health programs for synchronous remote implementation has the potential to support vulnerable youth during the COVID 19 pandemic and beyond. The Stanford Youth Diabetes Coaches Program (SYDCP), a school-based health promotion and coaching skills program, was adapted for remote implementation and offered to adolescents from low-income communities in the US: an urban site in San Jose, CA and rural sites in Lawrence County, MO, and Central Valley, CA. Participants completed online pre- and post- surveys. Analysis included paired T-tests, linear regression, and qualitative coding. Of 156 enrolled students, 100 completed pre- and post-surveys. Of those: 84% female; 40% Hispanic; 37% White; 28% Asian; 3% African American; 30% other race. With T-tests and regression models, the following measures showed statistically significant improvements after program participation: health knowledge, patient activation, health understanding and communication, consumption of fruits and vegetables, psychosocial assets of self-esteem, self-efficacy, problem-solving, and ability to reduce stress. Technology barriers were frequently reported at Lawrence County site. 96% participants reported making a lifestyle change after program participation. Remote implementation of health promotion programs for vulnerable youth in diverse settings has potential to support adoption of healthy behaviors, enhance patient activation levels, and improve psychosocial assets.

Humanistic Coaching as a Collaborative Practice: Perspectives on Help Seeking From Coaches and Undergraduate Students With Foster Care Experience

In college, reluctant help seeking is one of the challenges that students from foster care face. Avoidant help seeking is a unique risk factor that conventional support systems on college campuses often fail to adequately address. Humanistic coaching has recently been utilized by some universities as a successful alternative to typical student service strategies to address the needs of students from foster care. In this study, perspectives from four coaches and five students who were involved in a campus-based coaching program were analyzed to determine how they perceived help-seeking beliefs and behaviors. Using a hybrid thematic analysis approach, the authors found that humanistic coaching provided an opportunity to develop a transformational relationship between the coaches and the students. This relationship was perceived by both students and coaches as shifting students’ avoidant help-seeking beliefs and behaviors to adaptive help-seeking beliefs and behaviors. The transformative relationship promoted the students’ self-determination by creating a sense of relatedness, autonomy, and competency.

A Portfolio Coach-Informed Professional Development Framework.

A majority of US medical schools have incorporated faculty coach-supported educational portfolios into the curriculum. Existing research describes coach professional development, competencies, and program perceptions. However, limited research exists on how programs address coach professional development needs. Our sequential objectives were to (1) explore faculty coach professional development experiences within medical student coaching programs and (2) develop a preliminary framework for medical faculty coach professional development. Faculty portfolio coaches who completed 4 years of a longitudinal coaching program were recruited to complete a semi-structured exit interview. Interviews were transcribed using detailed transcription. Two analysts inductively generated a codebook of parent and child codes to identify themes. They compared themes to the professional development model proposed by O'Sullivan and Irby. Of the 25 eligible coaches, 15 completed the interview. Our team organized themes into two broad domains paralleling the established model: program-specific professional development and career-relevant professional development. Four program-specific professional development themes emerged: doing; modeling; relating; and hosting. Three career-relevant professional development themes emerged: advancement; meaning; and understanding. We then applied themes within each domain to propose strategies to optimize coach professional development and develop a framework modeled after O'Sullivan and Irby. To our knowledge, we propose the first portfolio coach-informed framework for professional development. Our work builds on established standards, expert opinion, and research responsible for portfolio coach professional development and competencies. Allied health institutions with portfolio coaching programs can apply the framework for professional development innovation.

Canadian coaching program leads to successful transition from open to laparoscopic HPB surgery

Background: While laparoscopic techniques for Hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery emerged in the 1990s, the adoption of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in this field has been slow. MIS HPB procedures can be technically challenging and associated with learning curves. Surgical coaching is a growing concept in the field of continuous professional development. We discuss a unique, interactive coaching program aimed for practicing HPB surgeons who wished to introduce advanced MIS skills. We aim to explore the perception of coaching among these surgeons, to assess surgeons’ experience in the coaching program, and to explore the role of coaching in the uptake of MIS in the field of HPB.

An analytical framework-based pedagogical method for scholarly community coaching: A proof of concept

Working in academia is challenging, even more so for those with limited resources and opportunities. Researchers around the world do not have equal working conditions. The paper presents the structure, operation method, and conceptual framework of the SM3D Portal's community coaching method, which is built to help Early Career Researchers (ECRs) and researchers in low-resource settings overcome the obstacle of inequality and start their career progress. The community coaching method is envisioned by three science philosophies (cost-effectiveness, transparency spirit, and proactive attitude) and established and operated based on the Serendipity-Mindsponge-3D knowledge (SM3D) management framework (i.e., mindsponge thinking and Bayesian Mindsponge Framework analytics serve as the coaching program's foundational theory and analytical tools). The coaching method also embraces Open Science's values for lowering the cost of doing science and encouraging the trainees to be transparent, which is expected to facilitate the self-correcting mechanism of science through open data, open review, and open dialogue. Throughout the training process, members are central beneficiaries by gaining research knowledge and skills, acquiring publication as the training's product, and shifting their mindsets from “I can't do it” to “I can do it,” and at the same time transforming a mentee to be ready for a future mentor's role. The coaching method is thus one of the members, for the member, by the members.•The paper provides the structure, operation method, and conceptual framework of the SM3D Portal's community coaching method, which is built to help Early Career Researchers (ECRs) and researchers in low-resource settings overcome the obstacle of inequality and start their career progress.•The paper presents three major science philosophies envisioning the establishment and operation of scholarly community coaching.•The paper employs the mindsponge theory and BMF analytics to construct a conceptual framework explaining how an environment is created to help shift members’ mindsets from “I can't do it” to “I can do it.”

How to wean friends and influence health: Opioid weaning and discontinuation aided by a simple health and wellness coaching program.

To evaluate whether a simple health and wellness coaching (HWC) program embedded within routine clinical practice resulted in improved opioid weaning and discontinuation. Retrospective double cohort study comparing longitudinal opioid use data and numeric pain scale ratings for patients in each group. Single noninstitutional subspecialty pain management practice. Twenty (daily opioid using) patients undergoing a multifo-cal HWC program with integrated pain neuroscience education (PNE) compared to 20 age- and gender-matched (daily opioid using) patients undergoing usual care. A systematized series of interactive self-management topics/lessons on basic health topics pertinent to chronic pain, eg, posture, mobility, nutrition, sleep, stress management, and PNE. Daily morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) trajectory and discontinuation success (hypothesis and outcome measure formulated before data collection); numeric pain scale rating trajectory (hypothesis and outcome measure formulated after data collection). MME decrease was significantly greater among cases (93.5 percent) than controls (50 percent; p = 0.004) as was discontinuation of opioids (30 percent vs 0). Cases reported decreased longitudinal 10-digit pain scale rating (-0.8) compared to controls (+0.1) without statistical significance. Providing simple and salient HWC including PNE within pain management can significantly improve opioid weaning and discontinuation while mitigating pain.

The Effects of Different Types of Training on Cognitive Performance in Professional Esports Players

Over the past decade, the number of studies on cognitive performance in esports has increased in line with its popularity. Cognitive functions like task switching, information processing, attention, and memory have been identified as an integral part of cognitive performance. In parallel, different types of training, ranging from physical to a combination of cognitive and motor tasks, have emerged as promising strategies to improve cognitive function and thus performance of esports players. However, only acute high-intensity interval training was studied in esports players and exclusively in recreational players. Due to the lack of specialized training programs for esports coaches, the small number of professional esports players and the relative youth of professional esports practice, there is a large gap in the literature regarding cognitive performance training methods to improve the cognitive performance of professional esports players. Based on these results, the present invited commentary encourages further studies to be conducted among professional esports players. Indeed, research perspectives are necessary to develop training protocols and optimal training schedules to improve professional esports players’ performance. In addition, this commentary supports the collaboration between academic and professional esports organizations. Finally, we provide recommendations to allow a win-win condition for both researchers and professional esports players in the future.

Environment Law and Natural Sustainability resources: case of Pawon Cave Area Conservation Gunung Masigit Village, Cipatat District, West Bandung

&lt;em&gt;This study aims to examine the sustainability of the conservation of the Pawon Cave area and the factors that influence it. Sustainable development includes ecology, the region's social and economic benefits, and mining potential. The method used is a mixture of qualitative and quantitative. Herein, the community access to the Pawon Cave area is gardening, taking firewood, and taking grass. Processing and minimization of soil erosion are well managed, including a terracing system. Plants and animals in the area are maintained with no logging or hunting. The site provides benefits such as water, rice, vegetables, and fruits, as well as fertilizer for agriculture. Moreover, factors that affect the sustainability of the conservation of the Pawon Cave area are policy support from the government and having adequate human resources to manage the place. The implementation of the policy has shown that it is appropriate to support conservation efforts such as prevention of mining, preservation of springs, and protection of plants and animals in the area. Several construction facilities have also been built to support tourism. The coaching and training program for the caretaker of the Pawon Cave area is an effort to keep the area manager's human resources professionals. The incentives given by the government to the Provincial Jupel are 500,000/month, and the Regency Jupel is 450,000/month.&lt;/em&gt;

Community Health Worker-led Implementation of the Stanford Youth Diabetes Coaching Program in Underserved Latinx Communities.

The Stanford Youth Diabetes Coaching Program (SYDCP) is an evidence-based program led by health care professionals to teach healthy youth who then coach family members with diabetes or other chronic conditions. This purpose of this study is to evaluate a Community Health Worker (CHW)-led implementation of the SYDCP for low-income Latinx students from underserved agricultural communities. CHWs were trained and virtually led 10 training sessions virtually during the COVID-19 for Latinx students who were recruited from high schools in agricultural regions of Washington state. Feasibility measures include recruitment, retention, class attendance, and successful coaching of a family member or friend. Acceptability was measured by responses on the post-training survey. Effectiveness was evaluated by pre-post changes in measures used in prior studies of the SYDCP such as level of activation and diabetes knowledge. Thirty-four students were recruited, 28 completed the training and 23 returned both pre- and post-surveys. Over 80% of students attended 7 or more classes. All met with a family or friend and 74% met with them weekly. Approximately 80% of the students rated the program's usefulness as "very good" or "excellent." Pre-post increases in diabetes knowledge, nutrition-related behaviors, resilience, and activation were significant and similar to those observed in prior published studies of the SYDCP. Findings support the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a CHW-led implementation of the SYDCP in underserved Latinx communities using a virtual remote model.

Students’ Perceptions on Communication Skills: A Case of EFL Learners at TTC Kirambo, Burera District, Rwanda.

In order to succeed in Rwanda’s and the rest of the world’s competitive and rising market economies, TTC Kirambo students must have good oral communication abilities in English language. Given that TTC Kirambo students often perform poorly in speaking English, the study was conducted to assess students’ perceptions on the importance of speaking abilities and the urgency of engaging in language-enhancement activities. Based on the data obtained from instruments, the findings show that the majority of students perceive English-speaking skills important. A sample of 38 participants comprising 30 students,4 English Tutors and 4 parents provided rich data analysed in the study. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and focus groups utilizing a qualitative approach technique. Responses to several questions reveal students’ perception on the value of oral communication skills, degree of oral communication, and the necessity of taking part in the extra coaching programs the college offers. Data collected demonstrates that participants are aware of the value of communication skills for achieving and surviving in the job market, developing one’s personality, and meeting social demands. It also demonstrates their need to attend additional language training sessions outside of their regular routine classes.