Clove Plant Research Articles

Land suitability evaluation for clove plants in Bacan Island

Clove is a superior crop and the main source of income for farmers in South Halmahera, especially in Bacan island. There is an increase in the clove planting area since 2013. However, clove productivity in 2017 decreased by 32% from 2013 to 2017. The factors that influence clove production are the environment and the soil condition. Clove plants to be able to grow and produce require specific growing environmental requirements. Environmental factors that influence clove plants include climate, height and type of soil. This study aims to analyze the suitability of land for clove plants on Bacan Island. Methods for collecting land resource data include primary data surveys and secondary data collection. The land suitability evaluation was carried out according to the limiting approach. The results of land suitability analysis at the subclass level in several districts in the Bacan Island for clove plants showed that the suitability of land suitability varied (S1, S2, S3, and N) between districts with limiting factors are erosion hazard and the effective depth roots.

New pest record of emerald stem borer, Agrilus sp. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) on clove in South Bolaang Mongondow district, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

The attack of emerald stem borer, Agrilus sp. on clove plant was first detected in 2007 by plant census officers at the plantation of P.T. Kawanua Kahuripan Pantera (KKP) in Bolaang Mongondow Selatan District. The surveys of clove pests at the end of 2016 to early 2017 in several clove plantations in South Bolaang Mongondow District, clove trees were found to have died from the attacks of the emerald stem borer. The attack occurred on the young clove tree about 5 to 20-yr-old plant, at a location with a height elevation of about 400 m above sea level (asl) on Lungkap village plantation up to 900 m asl on Tonsili plantation. As a result, the attack can cause the death of clove trees because the larvae bore around the tissue under the bark (cambium, xylem and phloem) so that it interferes with nutrient transport. In clove tree can be found in 1 to 4 larvae. Attack symptoms is in the form of zig-zag grooves. The average attack rate ranged from 17%, 26%, and 25% in each of the plantation resorts observed, namely: Lombuguwon resort, Tapamayondi and Tamonok. Distribution pattern in type fields are clustered with range I values (index of relationship variance and mean) greater than 1 (2,68, 3,03, 2,71); Iδ (Morisita index) greater than 1 (5,88, 3,99, 3,92); and k (negative binomial distribution index) smaller 2 (0,60, 0,49, 0,59). Agrilus sp. is categorized as a new pest in clove plant in Indonesia because it has never been reported before.

Control of xylem limited bacterium (XLB) disease of clove and its insect vector with biocontrol agents

An experiment was conducted under field condition in Wonogiri, Central Java in 2018 to evaluate the effectiveness of biological control agents against xylem limited bacterium disease and its insect vector (Hindola striata). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with 12 treatments and 4 replicates. Treatments used were (1) fipronil, (2) Beauveria bassiana, (3) bioprotector, (4) oxytetracycline, (5) Bacillus sp. - Pseudomonas, (6) oxytetracycline + fipronil, (7) oxytetracycline + bioprotector, (8) oxytetracycline + B. bassiana), (9) Bacillus sp. - Pseudomonas + fipronil, (10) Bacillus sp. - Pseudomonas + bioprotector), (11) Bacillus sp. - Pseudomonas + B. bassiana, and (12) control (water). Infected clove plants were treated twice with monthly application interval. Variables observed were the population of H. striata, percentage of plant damage, and the plant shoots growth. Treatments of oxytetracycline, fipronil, oxytetracycline + fipronil, Bacillus sp.-Pseudomonas, oxytetracycline + B. bassiana, and Bacillus sp. - Pseudomonas + B. bassiana could reduce 100% population of H. striata. Treatments of Bacillus sp. - Pseudomonas + B. bassiana could inhibit the plant damage percentage up to 91.94%. While, treatments of Bacillus sp. - Pseudomonas + B. bassiana, Bacillus sp. - Pseudomonas + fipronil, and oxytetracycline + fipronil stimulated the plant shoots growth.

Effect of chopping on yield, physico-chemical properties, and chemical composition of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) leaf essential from three varieties

Clove oil is one of the highest potential essential oil to be developed and traded in Indonesia. Several factors that can affect the yield and quality of the clove oils such as material pretreatment and plant variety. The purpose of this study was to assess the yield and quality of clove leaf oil between three plant varieties (var. A, var. B and var. C) without leaf chopping and with leaf chopping (chopped with a size of diameter ± 0.5-1cm). Chemical compositions of the oil were analyzed using GC-MS and the physico-chemical properties and measured based on SNI 06-2387-2006. The results showed var. C with chopping treatment produced the highest yield (2,67%). GC-MS analysis showed that the main compound of clove oil was eugenol (66.10 – 72.29%), which the highest content obtained at whole leaves var. A. Varieties of clove plants and leaves chopping have effects on yield, amount and percent of chemical compounds, but no significant effect on physicochemical properties. Var. A has best clove leaf oil quality, whereas var. C with chopped treatment produced the highest yield.

Identifikasi Dan Uji Daya Hambat Isolat Bakteri Endofit Bunga Tanaman Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Terhadap Bakteri Patogen

This research was conducted to find out the capabilities of endophytic bacteria isolated from flowers of the clove plants in inhibiting the growth of bacteria Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli and to identify endophytic bacteria that potensial to produce an antibacterial. Stages of this research include the isolation of endophytic bacteria from flowers of the clove plants, antibacterial test, and molecular identification based on 16S rRNA. Isolates of endophytic bacterial of clove plants flower produce 5 isolates, 4 isolate inhibited the bacteria S. aureus. Based on 16S rRNA molecular identification, endophytic bacterial isolates of clove plants flower which have inhibitory closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefasiens, Staphylococcus epidermidis 1034 MPA and Bacillus cereus JL.

Model Matematika Penyebaran Penyakit Bakteri Pumbuluh Kayu Cengkeh (BPKC)

ABSTRACTClove wood vessels is one of the most damaging diseases of clove plants. This disease is caused by the bacterial Ralstonia Syzygii. the bacterial Rasltonia Syzygii lives in clove wood vessels. The bacterial Ralstonia Syzygii ispread through the Hindola Spp vector. The matemathical model that represents the spread of the disease isdeveloped from the SEI model (Suspectible, Exposed, Infected). The model gives 4 critical points 𝑇1, 𝑇2, 𝑇3 and 𝑇4 exist interaction between bacterial population Ralstonia Syzygii and Hindola Spp vector is less than the level of vulnerable clove recruitman divided by carrying capacity of Ralstonia Syzygii bacterial multiplied by Hindola Spp carrying capacity. The results of system stability analysis at the critical point using linearization give unstable three critical points 𝑇1, 𝑇2, 𝑇3which describes equilibrium conditions and a stable 𝑇4 critical point which describes endemic conditions. Numerical simulations are carried out to describe temporary disease-free conditions, and stable endemic conditionsKeywords : Clove Wood vessel Disease, Linierization Method, SEI Model

Respon Pertumbuhan Tanaman Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Perr.) dengan Aplikasi Pupuk Organik-Anorganik dan Triakontanol

Application of right dosage of fertilizer and concentration of plant growth regulator are supporting factor of clove growth. This study was aimed to obtain the best combination of organic-inorganic fertilizer, the best triacontanol concentration and both interactions for increasing clove growth. This study used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors. The first factor was the organic-inorganic fertilizer dosage package that consisted of 6 levels, i.e no fertilizer, 100% recommended dosage of inorganic fertilizer (r.d.i.f), 25% recommended dosage of organic fertilizer (r.d.o.f) + 75% r.d.i.f, 50% r.d.o.f + 50% r.d.i.f, 75% r.d.o.f + 25% r.d.i.f, 100% r.d.o.f. The second factor was the concentration of triacontanol that consisted of 3 levels, i.e no triacontanol, 2 mg L-1 and 4 mg L-1. The results showed that the application of 25% r.d.o.f + 75% r.d.i.f produced the best clove growth, but it was not significantly different from the combination treatment of the two other types of fertilizer as indicated by the greatest improvement on stem diameter, branches number, leaf area, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids. Clove plants did not respond to the application of triacontanol at a concentration of 2 mg L-1, but gave a negative response to the application of triacontanol 4 mg L-1 on the plant height and leaf area variables. The interaction of the two factors did not have significant effects on all variables.
 Keywords: chlorophyll, morphology, nutrient dynamics, physiology, vegetative growth

Response Surface Optimization of Essential Oils Production from Clove Leaf Waste by Microwave-Assisted Hydro Distillation

Essential oils can be obtained from leaves, flowers, stems, and roots. One of the ingredients that has the potential to become essential oils is clove plants. The content of essential oils in clove leaves is between 1-4%. The process of refining essential oils can use the microwave assisted hydrodistillation method. The use of microwaves is to speed up processing time. Optimization using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method is based on Central Composite Design (CCD). The research variables of micro wave power are 400-800 watt and clove leaf mass 70-90 gram. The optimization results obtained at 599.5 watts of microwave power and clove leaf mass of 65.86 grams with a yield of 1.1835%. The second order polynomial equation is obtained y = 0.827502 + 0.493345X1 - 0.179890X2 – 0.3363901X12 + 0.228974X22 + 0.227850X1X2.

The effect of ascorbic acid on clove (Syzigium aromaticum) grafting

Clove plants can be generatively propagated by seeds and vegetatively by grafting. However, the success of clove grafting is still low (<50%), presumably due to the high content of phenol in the stem which inhibits callus formation and causes connection failure. The aim of the study was to obtain the best ascorbic acid concentration to reduce phenol content in the clove stem. The study was conducted at the Ecophysiology Laboratory, ISMCRI from January to June 2019. The study was arranged in randomized block design, 9 treatments with 4 replications. The treatments were ascorbic acid concentrations : 0 ppm (control), 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 75 ppm, 100 ppm, 125 ppm, 150 ppm, 175 ppm, and 200 ppm. The parameters observed were percentage of grafting survival rate, plant height, leaves number, stem diameter, chlorophyll content. The results showed that ascorbic acid had significant effect on the percentage of grafting survival rate, shoot length and number of leaves on the 4 months old-grafted seedling. The highest percentage of grafting survival rate (75%) was obtained optimal concentration at 128.93 ppm ascorbic acid treatment while the lowest was control (47.50%).

Use of Microbial Insecticides in Control Stem Borer (Hexamithodera semivelutina Hell.) on Clove Plant (Eugenia aromatica O.K.)

The purpose of this study was to determine Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to control clove stem borer (Hexamithodera semivelutina Hell.). The study used a randomized block design (RBD). Determination of clove gardens and clove trees using the purposive sampling method, namely by selecting clove trees that have clove stem borer holes that are still active. Data analysis of the results of the study used statistical analysi of the SPSS program Ver. 21. Research results show that microbial insecticides can be used to control H. semivelutina in clove (Eugenia aromatica) plants. M. anisopliae was effective in controlling H. semivelutina. Concentrations of M. anisopliae spores which were effective in controlling H. semivelutina were 108 and 1010 / ml

Morpho-Agronomical Diversity of Forest Clove in Moluccas, Indonesia

Forest clove (Zyzygium aromaticum) is a type of wild clove found in Moluccas. The increasing interest of farmers in cultivating this plant leads to complete their information of morpho-agronomical characteristics which could provide diversity reflecting morpho-agronomical their distribution areas. This study aimed to characterize the morpho-agronomical traits of Forest clove plants in Moluccas. By survey, Forest clove more than 15 year old tree totalling of 50 populations were observed their 54 morpho-agronomical characteristics in two areas (Ambon and Seram) from March to June 2018. Two aromatic cloves, namely Tuni and Zanzibar were used for comparative analysis. The results showed that Forest cloves had a similarity of 78% among the population and grouped into 3 groups with a morpho-agronomical variation of 22%. On the contrary, Forest cloves and comparators (Tuni and Zanzibar) had morpho-agronomical differences of 58%. Based on the main component analysis, there were 11 most influential characters of Forest cloves (leaf size index, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, petiole length, flower length, diameter of flower tube, ripe flower weight, fruit length, fruit width, and fruit weight) which could be descriptors for this plant species.

Analisis Kesesuaian Lahan Untuk Tanaman Cengkeh Di Kabupaten Agam

This research aim to know : 1) The land characteristic in Agam Regency; 2) The actual Suitability for clove plant in Agam Regency; 3) The function of Agam Regency region; 4) The wide of potential land for planting cengkeh in Agam Regency. This research uses maching methode in analizing the land suitability and overal binary for analizing the function of area. Based on the result of research the researcher knows that : 1) The indicators which is very influential for the land characteristic in Agam Regency are fall of rain, air temperature, land drainage, the texture of the land and slope; 2) The wide of land are very suitable 8842,47 ha, suitable 65883,62 ha, marginal suitable 50719,7 ha and no suitable 82871,47 ha; 3) Protected region is about 9450,78 ha, support region is about 29581,02 ha, cultivation region for annual plants is about 103815,2 ha and cultivation region for seasonal plants is about 65648,38 ha; 4) The potential of land Which is very suitable for the function of the annual plants cultivation region is about 853,7 ha and suitable is about 27858,03 ha.

Study of Polymeric Membranes Potential for Eugenol Purification from Crude Clove leaf Oil

Clove oil is an agricultural commodity with economic value. This essential oil can be obtained from flowers, stems, and leaves of clove plants. The quality of clove oil can be evaluated from eugenol levels in oil. An increase in eugenol levels from 70% to 98% can increase oil prices by up to 3 times. Oil obtained from clove leaves has a low eugenol content of 60-70%, therefore the purification is needed to improve the quality of oil. Membrane based separation for eugenol purification was suggested in this paper as new concept in essential oils purification processes. This study aimed to explore the suitable polymer as membrane material for eugenol purification. PES, PA, CA and PI were used in this study, where the membranes were prepared via NIPS technique using manual casting knife to form flat sheet membranes. The membranes were immersed in eugenol to evaluate the solubility. The insoluble membrane was used for purification performance test in membrane filtration cell. The results show that PES and PA membranes were completely dissolved in eugenol in less than 1 minute, while PI and CA membranes were insoluble in eugenol. However, the PI membrane has much lower solvent permeability than CA membrane. The thermal annealed PES membrane for 3 h at 180°C dissolved in eugenol in 30 minutes for complete dissolution. It is concluded that PI and CA membranes can be used as membrane material for eugenol purification but CA more favorable, while PES membrane has a potential for similar purposes after being thermal annealed. However, these findings can offer an important reference for the application of polymeric membranes for clove oil purification through an effective and efficient process.

MODEL PENGENDALIAN ALAMI PENYAKIT EMBUN JELAGA OLEH JAMUR CAPNADIUM SP PADA TANAMAN CENGKEH MENGGUNAKAN KUMBANG HELM CYCLONEDA SPP SEBAGAI PREDATOR KUTU DAUN (COCCOUS VIRIDIS GREEN

Soot dew disease is one of the clove plant diseases caused by fungi Capnadium sp. fungus Capnadium sp living on filth of aphids Coccous Viridis Green. The fungus is spread by vectors of black ants that exist on a clove vulnerable. To control the disease naturally, people utilize the helmet beetles Cycloneda spp as a pest predator of aphids Coccous Viridis Green. The mathematical models that represent the natural control of the disease was adapted from the SI model. The model provides 9 exiting critical points which describes the state of the system. The results of the stability analysis of the critical points using the method of Linearization and Routh-Hurwitz shows that there are 4 disease-free critical points such that the solution can be maintained in the neighbourhood of the critical points. All endemic critical points are unstable such that the solution will leave the critical points. Simulation at the endemic critical points indicates the existence of helmet beetles Cycloneda spp population that able to suppress the spread of this disease by preying aphids Coccus Viridis Green.Keywords : Dew Soot, Helmet Beetles, Aphids, Mathematical Models.

Amplification and Analysis of Rbcl Gene (Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase) of Clove in Ternate Island

DNA Barcoding is recommended as a tool for identifying and confirming species within the taxonomy framework. The rbcL gene is the barcode DNA for plant species. Ternate Island is one of clove plantation center in North Maluku. The diversity and productivity of cloves on the Ternate island known since in earlier times. This study has a purpose to amplify the rbcL gene in clove plants collected from clove plantations of communities in Ternate island. Isolation of total DNA carried out with using ZymoBiomic (Zymo Research DNA Extraction) Kit from leaves tissue, then DNA specimen is amplified based on rbcL gene with forwarding sequence rbcLaF 5′-ATG TCA CCA CAA ACA GAG ACT AAA GC-3′ and reverse sequence is rbcLaR 5′-GTA AAA TCA AGT CCA CCR CG-3′. The results showed that the specimen was successfully amplified with an amplicon size of 600 bp. Furthermore, BLASTN analysis results note that the sequence has a similarity of 99% with Syzygium cumini vc. J.R. Abbott 23676 (FLAS) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit (rbcL) gene, but phylogenetically the precise position of sample could not found because the limitation of rbcL gene.

HUBUNGAN VOLUME TEGAKAN DENGAN KANDUNGAN BIOMASSA TERSIMPAN SKALA PLOT PADA AREAL AGROFORESTRY DUSUNG DI DUSUN TOISAPU KOTA AMBON

The study was carried out in the Dusung Community Forest (Agroforestry) area of ​​Toisapu Negeri Hutumuri Hamlet, South Leitimur Sub-District, Ambon City in August - October 2018 to determine the relationship between stand volume and stored biomass for scale plots in dusung agroforestry areas in Toisapu Hamlet. For this reason, it begins with an inventory of potential at seedling, sapling, pole and tree levels so that information and data on the actual potential of carbon content in the dusung system are obtained based on the value of the diversity of stand volume and biomass content. The results of the three measurement plots showed that the highest biomass was seen to be dominated by Durian, Pala and Langsat and Duku and Clove plants. Based on the calculation of the biomass value of the total carbon content in the three plots, it can be seen biomass potential for a total 400 m² plot area or 0.04 ha for the three plots with an area of ​​1,200 m² or 0.12 ha having a total biomass of 50,783.77 Kg / m² multiplied by the assumption of 0.5% of the total amount of tree biomass and poles so that the total carbon content stored in the three plots is 25,391.88 kg / m² or 2,539.19 tons / ha.

Effect of drought stress treatment towards growth of seedlings of cempaka wasian, nantu, and mahoni

Climate change has shortened the rainy season compared to the dry season in North Sulawesi. The El Nino phenomenon occurred in 2015 had an impact on the death of clove plants due to drought. Drought stress testing on several types of forestry plants in the North Sulawesi area is a matter that needs to be done in line with these conditions. Development of cempaka wasian (Magnolia tsiampaca (Miq.) Dandy), nantu (Palaquium obtusifolium Burck), and mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King) plantations have been carried out by communities in North Sulawesi for a long time and have very good prospects. The research was done by conducting a simulation test at seedling level with treatment to be tested on volume and interval of watering. The watering volume consists of 3 levels, i.e. 100%, 50%, and 25% watering of the field capacity, while the watering intervals included once-daily, 3-day and 5-day watering once for 18 weeks. The results showed that nantu species has better resistance to drought stress conditions compared with mahogany and cempaka wasian.

Utilization of biotechnology staters to improve quality and production of clove plant (syzygium aromaticum l)

Clove plant is a commercial plant that has a lot of potentials. Gitgit Sukasada Village, Buleleng is one of the clove plantation centers, but lately, its production has decreased due to a large number of clove plants that have been attacked by the disease. For this reason, it is necessary to research how to increase production. The purpose of this research is to get organic fertilizer products that are environmentally friendly that can improve the quality and production of clove plants. The design used is a randomized group design. The results showed that biostaters could accelerate the maturity of organic fertilizer, within 30 days organic fertilizer was ready to be used and the quality of the fertilizer could be improved. The results of research on clove plants at the age of 20 years showed that the treatment of organic fertilizer 2 tons/ ha and 3 tons/ha had a significant effect on the number of flowers /stems and dry weight /trees, and so were not found sick plants. Whereas in the control and treatment of 1 ton /ha organic fertilizer, sick clove plants were found. Adapted compost fertilizer also increases the brightness of the leaf's color, and can increase the size of the clove fruit.

Prospects and problems the amplification of DNA metagenomic from clove plant collected from plantation community in ternate island

DNA content in total microorganisms in plants can utilized for DNA fingerprint studies and a description of the physiological conditions of the plant. The metagenomic technique represents a novel approach in complex genomic analysis of total non-cultured microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to obtain metagenomic DNA isolated from clove plantations of communities in Ternate. The method used in this research is total DNA isolated from leaf and stem samples directly using ZymoBiomic (Zymo Research DNA Extraction) Kit, then amplified DNA based on 16s RNA with forward sequence 27F (5'-AGAGTTTGATCATGGCTCAG-3') sequence and sequence reverse ie 1492R (5'- GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3 '). The results of this study show that of four samples only one sample from fresh leaves have 1400bp. The metagenomic technique of plant tissue is less effective because of many contaminants that are amplify resulting in a double peak amplicon from the first base up to the last base.

Theraputic and Identifecation Study of Tinea Capitis Infection in Basra City

The current study included isolation and identifecation of some types of dermatophytic fungi that causes Tinea capitis in the province of Basrah from the patients of the Basra General Hospital and a private clinic in the province. The results showed that the number of positive samples of the culture was 110 samples and 61.11% as cases of Tinea capitis, as the number of male infected 78 samples and 70.90%, while the number of female infected was 32 and 29.09%, and found that the age group 6 - 10 years is Were more infection to develop tinea capitis and 47.27%,.The dermatophytes that causing tinea capitis were diagnosed using a number of diagnostic tests. Microsporumcanis was found to be more frequent by percentage 49.09%, The other side of the study was to test the inhibitory activity ofcloves extracts and peel of pomegranate in M.canis, using Agar Well Diffusion Method by using several different types of polar solvents .The results of the study showed that the Hexane extract of the clove plant had the highest effect in M.canis,, A comparison of Griseofulvin was found to be the most effective fungal antifungal against M.canis,.GC-MS has been used to diagnose fatty acids for the hexane extract of cloves..