Clinical Signs Of Intoxication Research Articles

Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of lyophilized plasma

Objective. To assess the hemostatic potential, preclinical safety and in vitro efficacy of lyophilized plasma in patients and blood donors.Materials and methods. The study of acute toxicity was carried out on outbred mice of both sexes (n=120), pyrogenicity – on rabbits of both sexes (n=30), abnormal toxicity – on mice (n=25) and guinea pigs (n=6). Histopathological studies were carried out on preparations of five fragments of the middle part of the mouse tail after intravenous administration of the maximum dose (4500 mg/kg) lyophilized plasma (LP), physiological solution, fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and pathogen-reduced FFP (PRFFP) using the Intercept system. The proand anticoagulant activity was investigated by clotting and chromogenic method to evaluate the hemostatic potential of PL. The effect on hemostasis was studied in vitro by thromboelastometry when FFP and LP were added to blood samples of patients (n = 23) and donors (n = 20). Results. Acute toxicity study showed the absence of death and clinical signs of intoxication in all series. On the 14th day, body weight gain was observed in animals of all series. Regardless of the used LP dosage, no development of effusion and adhesions in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, as well as macroscopically detectable pathologic changes of the main organs were observed in animals. The analysis of the relative weight of internal organs of animals did not reveal statistically significant differences in experimental and control series relative to the values of similar indicators in intact animals. The studied hemostatic potential showed that LP was not inferior to PRFFP in the content of coagulation factors of the blood system. Evaluation of the effect of LP application in vitro in female patients showed statistically significant correction of CT (clotting time) index, which indicates the effectiveness of its application for replenishment of blood coagulation factors (BCF).Conclusion. Preclinical animal studies of LP have proven its safety and efficacy compared to FFP.

Biomarkers of arsenic exposure in biogeochemical provinces

Introduction. One of the direct methods of assessing the impact of contaminants on public health is the use of biological markers that allow determining the presence of a substance or its metabolite in human biological tissues and the dose received from all sources of this substance. 
 The purpose of this study was to determine the dependence of arsenic content in biological samples (hair) 
 of exposed residents on the level of its content in drinking water and to substantiate the effectiveness of the use of this biomarker in the conditions of a hydrogeochemical province in the Republic of Dagestan.
 Material and methods. During this research the arsenic content in the hair of the exposed residents was measured with further comparison of the data obtained with its content in drinking groundwater. To determine the arsenic content in the hair of the exposed residents, an atomic absorption method was used with preliminary preparation of biosubstrate samples. Socio-demographic data were obtained from a questionnaire. Statistical data processing was carried out using Microsoft Excel.
 Results. In the course of this study, a correlation was revealed between the arsenic content in the hair of the exposed residents and its content in the drinking water consumed, and a direct proportional relationship between these values was also revealed. Thus, with an increase in the concentration of arsenic in water by 
 0.1 mg/l, the arsenic content in the hair increases by 0.14 mkg/g. So, using of the hair of exposed residents as a biomarker of long-term exposure is recommended to small doses of arsenic in a biogeochemical province.
 limitation of the study is the small sample size. However, this does not prevent the assessment of the effectiveness of using hair as a biomarker of arsenic exposure and preliminary conclusions for subsequent in-depth analysis of biomonitoring in the conditions of biogeochemical provinces.
 Conclusion. As a rule, the content of natural toxic elements is characterized by trace amounts in the conditions of biogeochemical provinces. Biomonitoring will reveal the level of stress on the body and timely apply preventive methods before the clinical signs of intoxication are revealed.

Fast and sensitive method for the diagnosis and follow-up of anticoagulant rodenticides poisoning in animal whole blood

Rodent control strategies are primarily based on the use of anticoagulant rodenticides (ARs), making them widely used worldwide. However, due to their high toxicity and availability, ARs are among the leading causes of animal poisoning in Europe. They are the primary agents involved in intoxication in cats and the second in dogs. Additionally, their long persistence in the body can lead to secondary exposure, particularly in wild predators. The laboratory findings and clinical signs of intoxication can range from increased clotting time (prolonged prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time) to severe bleeding and death.Despite the prevalence and severity of this intoxication, only a few methods are available for the identification and quantification of ARs in animals, and most of them are suitable only for post-mortem diagnosis. In this study, we present the validation of a rapid and sensitive method for the identification and quantification of ARs in animal whole blood, using a small sample volume. The developed LC-MS/MS method demonstrated high accuracy and precision at the limit of quantification (LOQ), as well as at low, medium, and high concentrations. It exhibited higher sensitivity (LOQ 0.1 – 0.3 ng/mL) compared to previously published methods. After validation, the method was successfully applied to real cases of suspected poisoning events, resulting in the identification of several positive samples.The examples presented in this study highlight the utility of this method for diagnosis and follow-up, emphasizing the importance of method sensitivity in order to avoid misclassifying truly positive samples as negative.

Potential Utility Of 2-(2-(5-Nitro-1-H-Benzo[D]Thiazole-2-Yl) Vinyl)-4H-6-Chloro Chromene-4-One to Mitigate the Toxic Impact of Xenobiotics in Mammals

This research aimed to investigate the individual and combined effects of two substances, 2-(2-(5-nitro-1-H-benzo[d]thiazole-2-yl) vinyl)-4H-6-Chloro Chromene-4-one referred as S1 and 2-(2-(5-nitro-1-H-benzo[d]thiazole-2-yl) vinyl)-4H Chromene-4-one referred as S2, on the survival of rats and the characteristics of total mRNA involved in molecular genetic processes in these animals. The study was conducted using Wistar Han (SPF) rats. S1, when administered at doses of 13 and 0.013 mg/kg body weight, which correspond to 1/100 and 1/100000 of the lethal dose (DL50), did not result in any clinical signs of intoxication in the rats. S1 was found to increase the level of hybridization in mRNA preparations obtained from both rat liver and blood cells. This effect was more pronounced at the higher dose of 13 mg/kg body weight compared to the lower dose of 0.013 mg/kg body weight. In contrast, when rats were exposed to S2 at a dose of 540 mg/kg body weight, equivalent to 1 DL50, pronounced intoxication was observed after 6 hours, leading to a 40% mortality rate among the animals. Interestingly, when rats were first intraperitoneally administered S1, followed by oral administration of S2 at the same doses (after 24 hours), the rats remained viable. Furthermore, the degree of hybridization of cytoplasmic mRNA with [ɑ32P]-cDNA only showed a slight decrease by the end of the second day. By the third day, the overall condition of the animals had returned to normal. This combined treatment also resulted in an increase in the degree of hybridization between the mRNA molecules isolated from control rats and [ɑ32P]-cDNA obtained from the experimental group. In summary, this study suggests that S1, even at higher doses, does not induce intoxication in rats and can enhance mRNA hybridization. Furthermore, when administered before S2, it appears to protect the rats from the toxic effects of S2, as indicated by their improved survival and the recovery of molecular genetic processes.

Переносимость целевыми видами животных (цыплята – бройлеры) лекарственного препарата для ветеринарного применения «Дитрим® OR»

Poultry is one of the most intensive and dynamic sectors of agricultural production, it is an avantgarde industry not only in animal husbandry, but also in all agriculture. However, various infectious diseases do not bypass this industry. The problems of industrial and private poultry farming are such diseases of poultry as pasteurellosis, colibacteriosis, salmonellosis, staphyllococcosis. The development of new treatments for these diseases is an urgent trend in modern veterinary medicine, which includes preclinical trials, and in particular the assessment of the tolerability of the drug. We conducted studies of the combined antibacterial drug Dithrim® OR. It has been established that oral use of Ditrim® OR in a therapeutic and three-fold therapeutic dose does not have a pronounced pathological effect on the body of broiler chickens. During the experiment, no bird death or clinical signs of intoxication (depression, diarrhea, etc.) were noted. The bird was active and well-fed. The live weight of chickens in the experimental groups did not significantly differ from the weight of the bird that was kept in the control group. It has been found that the preparation at the specified doses, duration and method of use does not adversely affect the body of broiler chickens and is well tolerated by animals.

Alpha-chloralose poisoning in cats: clinical findings in 25 confirmed and 78 suspected cases

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe the clinical picture in cats with alpha-chloralose (AC) intoxication and to confirm AC in serum from suspected cases of AC poisoning.MethodsSuspected cases of AC poisoning were identified in patient records from a small animal university hospital from January 2014 to February 2020. Clinical signs of intoxication described in respective records were compiled, the cats were graded into four intoxication severity scores and hospitalisation time and mortality were recorded. Surplus serum from select cases in late 2019 and early 2020 was analysed to detect AC with a quantitative ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis, and the AC concentration was compared with the respective cat’s intoxication severity score.ResultsSerum from 25 cats was available for analysis and AC poisoning was confirmed in all. Additionally, 78 cats with a clinical suspicion of AC intoxication were identified in the patient records, most of which presented from September to April. The most common signs of intoxication were ataxia, tremors, cranial nerve deficits and hyperaesthesia. The prevalence of clinical signs and intoxication severity differed from what has previously been reported, with our population presenting with less severe signs and no deaths due to intoxication. The majority had a hospitalisation time <48 h, irrespective of intoxication severity score.Conclusions and relevanceThis study describes the clinical signs and prognosis in feline AC intoxication. There were no mortalities in confirmed cases, indicating that AC-poisoned cats have an excellent prognosis when treated in a timely manner. Recognition of AC intoxication as a differential diagnosis for acute onset of the described neurological signs in areas where AC exposure is possible may influence clinical decision-making and help avoid excessive diagnostic procedures. A severe clinical picture upon presentation could be misinterpreted as a grave prognosis and awareness about AC poisoning may avoid unnecessary euthanasia.

The industrial process of solvent extraction of castor oil reduces the toxicity of the meal

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) oil is an important raw material for the chemical industry. The industrial process of castor oil extraction exposes the material to chemical, thermal, and mechanical treatments that influence the properties of the proteins in the meal. This study tested the hypothesis that the regular industrial process of castor oil extraction with solvent changes properties of the meal like the profile of proteins, the nematicide efficiency, and its toxicity. The changes made by the process of oil extraction create opportunities for adding value to this by-product. Samples of castor cake and meal were collected along the process of oil extraction under the regular operation of an industry. The samples were analyzed for chemical composition, hemagglutination activity, nematicide efficiency, and toxicity for feeding broilers and sheep. It was found that the step of solvent evaporation is responsible for the most relevant modifications in the meal, with significant changes in the protein profile, loss of hemagglutination capacity, and reduction of toxicity and nematicide efficiency. The castor meal produced just after the solvent evaporation has the toxicity reduced to a level that was tolerable to be used in the ration of small ruminants without detectable loss of performance or clinical signs of intoxication. The castor meal was toxic for broilers. The nematicide capacity of castor meal against larvae of Haemonchus contortus is reduced after the step of solvent extraction, but it is still significant and detected in doses as low as 5 mg/g. When castor meal was separated in fractions by sieving, the fine fraction (particles smaller than 0.5 mm) had high protein content (60.2%), low fiber content (6.0%), and high water holding capacity (164.2% of its dry weight).

Perspective for using 2,6-dimethylpyridine-N-oxide to reduce the toxic effect of xenobiotics in mammals ‎

This work aimed to study the isolated and subsequent effects of 2,6-Dimethylpyridine-N-oxide (Ivin) and 2,4-D-2-EHE on the survival of rats and the population characteristics of the total mRNA that implements molecular genetic processes in rats. The studies on Wistar Han (SPF) rats were performed. It was found that Ivin at doses of 13 and 0.013 mg/kg bw, corresponding to 1/100 and 1/100000 DL50, does not cause clinical signs of intoxication in rats. Ivin increases the level of hybridization in m

Informativeness of clinical and laboratory tests for the diagnosis of chronic renal failure in small animals

The study of the clinical and functional state of the kidneys revealed some aspects of the etiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of chronic renal failure in dogs and cats. The course of the disease in animals at the beginning of the pathology was characterized by polyuria and polydipsia, then – oliguria and anuria, apathy, cachexia, dehydration, ulcers on the gums, salivation, bad breath, dull hair, debilitating vomiting (50% of cases), constipation or diarrhea. Sick animals were diagnosed with tachycardia with increased pulsation of the internal femoral artery and blood pressure from 150/100 to 180/100 mm Hg. art., signs of uremic pneumonia and pulmonary edema. Clinical and laboratory studies have shown that oliguria and anuria in 15 % of studied animals are accompanied by hypothermia up to 35.8 °C, pain in the kidneys, nephromegaly. In the study of urine and blood of animals with CRF, iso- and hypostenuria, proteinuria – in 85 %, glucosuria – in 15 %, hematuria – in 20 %, normochromic anemia. It has been found that the determination of microalbumins in urine is more informative than the determination of proteins, because their appearance precedes the appearance of protein in the urine, which can be considered a diagnostic test for this pathology. It has been proven that in chronic renal failure in dogs and cats develops a pronounced uremic syndrome, accompanied by clinical signs of intoxication – vomiting and hyperazotemia due to increased serum creatinine (up to 574.7 ± 62.5 μmol/l) and urea (37.8 ± 7.94 mmol/l), indicating the development of severe destructive processes in the kidneys. The terminal stages of renal failure are characterized by severe circulatory disorders with myocardial dysfunction and hypertension, progressive anemia. We associate the development of arterial hypertension with the formation of vasoconstrictor – angiotensin II, which can affect the systemic circulation through the defeat of the glomeruli of the renal corpuscles and proximal tubules. Suppression of erythropoietin production results in anemia, which we also associate with hematuria and bone marrow suppression by nitrogen-containing blood compounds.

Интоксикации ртутью в бытовых и производственных условиях

Ртуть — жидкий серебристо-белый тяжелый металл. Ртуть принадлежит к промышленным ядам первого класса опасности. В организм ртуть проникает в основном через органы дыхания, реже — через кожу. Эти пути ее поступления в организм вызывают интоксикации. Возможно также попадание ее и через органы пищеварения. В этом случае интоксикация не развивается. Выделяется ртуть с мочой, калом, потом, слюной и молоком матери во время лактации. Ртуть принадлежит к группе тиоловых ядов и блокирует сульфгидрильные группы белковых соединений. Ртуть нарушает белковый обмен и ход ферментативных процессов. Все это приводит к глубоким нарушениям в функционировании центральной нервной системы, особенно ее высших отделов. Различают острые и хронические формы интоксикации ртутью. Острая интоксикация развивается бурно. В развитии хронической интоксикации выделяют три стадии: начальную (функциональную), умеренно выраженных изменений и выраженную. Диагноз основывается на типичной клинической картине, данных профессионального анамнеза и санитарно-гигиенической характеристике условий труда. Подтверждением диагноза является наличие ртути в моче при клинических признаках интоксикации. Наиболее эффективным антидотом при интоксикациях, вызванных ртутью, является унитиол. Эффективны также натрия тиосульфат и сукцимер. На начальной стадии интоксикации рекомендуется временное, на 1–2 месяца, прекращение контакта с ртутью и другими токсичными веществами. Проводится соответствующее лечение. При улучшении состояния рабочий может возвратиться к предыдущей работе при условии тщательного врачебного наблюдения за состоянием его здоровья. В выраженной стадии интоксикации дальнейшая работа в условиях влияния ртути противопоказана. Больному требуется перевод на работу, которая не связана с влиянием любых токсичных веществ. Его направляют на медико-социальную экспертную комиссию для установления степени потери трудоспособности. Главная задача профилактики интоксикаций, вызванных ртутью, состоит в замене ртути менее вредными веществами, снижении концентрации ее паров в воздухе рабочей зоны. Проводятся автоматизация и герметизация производственных процессов. Помещения, в которых выполняются работы с ртутью, должны быть оборудованы непроницаемыми для ртути стенами и полом и обеспечены эффективной вентиляцией. Лица, которые работают с ртутью, обеспечиваются специальной одеждой из плотной ткани. Проводятся предварительные и периодические медицинские осмотры.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ОСТРОЙ ТОКСИЧНОСТИ КОМБИНИРОВАННОЙ ТАБЛЕТИРОВАННОЙ ЛЕКАРСТВЕННОЙ ФОРМЫ ЦИТИКОЛИНА И МЕМАНТИНА

The development and study of the fixed dose combination tablets of citicoline and memantine is the relevant problem. The purpose of this study was the assessment of acute toxicity and local irritating effect of the new combined drug, the modified release tablets (citicoline 500 mg + memantine 10 mg). Material of research: fixed dose combination of modified release tablets (citicoline 500 mg + memantine 10 mg) (NovaMedica Innotech, Russia). The tested drug was administered intragastrically to males and females of half-plant outbred rats at a dose of 2000 mg/kg in the amount of active substances. According the research results, the death of animals was not noted. As it was found the value of LD50 for the test drug in the intragastric administration is&gt;5000 mg/kg in accordance with OECD Test No.423. The tested drug can be attributed to the 5th grade of toxicity on the international classification of GHS, because LD50&gt; 5000 mg/kg (V/g) and to 4 class of low-toxic compounds as per Hodge and Sterner classification: 500 &lt;d50 ≤ 5000 mg/kg (V/g). No clinical signs of intoxication in males and females of autumn rats against the background of a single intragastric administration of the test drug was detected visually, There were no changes in animals behavior in the direction of oppression or excitement. The test drug in a single intragastric introduction in a dose of 2000 mg/kg in the amount of active ingredients did not cause a local irritant action. Thus, the drug does not have a toxic and local irritating action in one-time introduction.

Investigation of the level of endogenous intoxication of the body and the characteristics of the saliva crystallization in poultry with feed toxicosis

In the course of the experiments, it was found that during the reproduction of feed toxicosis in broiler chickens caused by prolonged intake of mycotoxins (T-2 toxin and aflatoxin B1), clinical signs of intoxication were recorded starting from the 5th day of the experiment. Disturbances in the biochemical profile of the bird’s blood were manifested by changes in protein metabolism, as well as in indicators reflecting the functioning of the liver and kidneys. The level of endogenous intoxication in the body of broiler chickens with combined mycotoxicosis was significantly higher than the data of intact control at a spectrophotometer wavelength λ = 254 nm - by 14.8%, at λ = 280 nm - by 36.6%, AWM distribution index (DI) 280/254 increased by 18.9%. Comparison of the saliva facies of healthy chickens and chickens with mycotoxicosis revealed differences between the studied crystallograms.

Tolerance and safety evaluation of sodium sulfate: A subchronic study in laying hens.

Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) is a readily available chlorine-free source of sodium, which could be used to reduce sodium chloride to maintain the ratio between chlorine and sodium in poultry diets. Dietary supplementation with excessive levels of Na2SO4 might be detrimental to bird's health and performance. A subchronic study was carried out to investigate the potential adverse effects of an accidental oversupply of Na2SO4 in the diets of laying hens. Four hundred and fifty 21-week-old Hy-Line White layers were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 6 replicates. The birds were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control), 0.3%, 0.6%, 1.5%, and 3.0% Na2SO4 for 8 weeks. Laying performance, egg quality parameters, clinical blood parameters, histopathology, intestinal barrier functions, and intestinal microflora composition were measured. No clinical signs of intoxication or mortality were observed during the experimental period. The results of this study showed that the optimal levels of Na2SO4 (0.3% to 0.6%) significantly improved the laying rates, average daily egg mass, and eggshell quality of hens compared to the control (P < 0.05). However, 3.0% Na2SO4 produced negative effects on laying performance, eggshell quality, blood biochemistry, and particularly on liver and kidney pathology, and intestinal morphology and barrier functions compared with the controls. Although minor changes were observed in clinical blood parameters of hens receiving 1.5% Na2SO4, these were not considered to be of toxicological significance due to the absence of any organ pathological changes in hens. In conclusion, our results indicated that a Na2SO4 concentration of 1.5% was non-deleterious to laying hens after a daily administration for 56 d, namely that dietary supplementation of up to 5 times the maximum recommended dose is safely tolerated by laying hens.

Efficacy of a complex plant-based preparation for poultry mycotoxicosis

The article presents results of efficacy studies for a complex plant-based preparation for poultry mycotoxicosis. Feed additive fibralin contains polysaccharides (dried sugar beet pulp) and phospholipids (rapeseed lecithin) in the proportion 4:1. Eighteen-day-old “Ross-308” broiler chickens with average weight of (665.10 ± 4.28) g were tested, since such mycotoxins as T-2 toxin, zearalenone and aflatoxin B1 were detected in their feeds. Maximum admissible level of each toxin was not exceeded, however, their cumulative effect on poultry resulted in mycotoxicosis. Use of fibralin in the feed (3 kg per one ton) for 10 days reduced clinical signs of intoxication, increased flock survival by 13.5% and stimulated body weight gain by 15.8%. Pharmacological effect of fibralin was demonstrated by improvement of blood morphobiochemical parameters in poultry, i.e. reduction of leukocytes by 19.3% and cholesterol by 13.6%; and an increase in the number of erythrocytes by 19.4%, hemoglobin by 8.1% and calcium by 9.5%. Antitoxin therapy had a positive effect on liver structure and functions and that fact was confirmed by a decrease in aminotransferase level in serum and normal levels of total protein. The data obtained may justify the use of this natural bio-preparation as a product with antitoxic and hepatoprotective properties and the use of fibralin for mycotoxicosis treatment of poultry.

Токсикодинаміка за сумісної дії хлорпірифосу та івіну при тривалому надходженні до організму

The combined action of pesticides is one of the problems of toxicology, because in comparison to individual active substances, their mixtures can increase toxicity and delayed action effects, which is a risk to human health. It is known that plant growth regulators (PGR) when applied together with pesticides help to reduce the quantitative rates of pesticides applied, the accumulation of pesticides and heavy metals in plants, reduce the acute toxicity of xenobiotics. The combined effect of the prolonged admission of PGRs and pesticides is an unexplored area, and it is an important issue in preventive toxicology. The Aim of the Research. Determination of the nature of toxic effects of Chlorpyrifos and “Ivin” combined action at subchronic oral admission. Materials and Methods. Chlorpyrifos and PGR “Ivin” (2.6-dimethyl-N-pyridine oxide) combined action was studied on male Wistar Han rats. Substances were administered orally, via a feeding tube for 13 weeks; Chlorpyrifos was administered in the form of an aqueous emulsion with an auxiliary material OP-10 at a dose of 5 mg/kg (1/15 LD50), “Ivin” — in the form of an aqueous solution at a dose of 13 mg/kg and 0.013 mg/kg (1/100 and 1/100000 LD50 respectively), the control group of rats was given water with an auxiliary material OP-10. Signs of intoxication were recorded, body weight was measured in 4, 9 and 13 weeks, biochemical indicators of blood serum were determined (the activity of ALT and AST enzymes and alkaline phosphatase; the content of crude protein, urea, cholesterol, triglycerides and glucose were determined using kits of reagents by BioSystems (Spain); cholinesterase (ChE) activity in serum, red blood cells and brain tissue was determined with the use of methodology by Hesrtin S. using a kit of reagents produced by LLC NPP Filisit-Diagnostics (Ukraine). Results. No clinical signs of intoxication were detected in the experimental groups of rats. Under the isolated use of Chlorpyrifos a significant decrease in body weight, ChE inhibition activity in all bio substrates, with the greatest effect in the brain (by 48.8%); increase (after 9 and 13 weeks) in the activity of ALT and AST by 26.7–32.6%, 12.5–12.0%; a slight but a significant increase in the level of urea and glucose in blood serum to 17.3% and 17.6 %, respectively was detected. Under the combined action of Chlorpyrifos and “Ivin” in specified doses the body weight of rats was at control level, decrease of ChE activity was observed in all biological substrates and was at nearly the same level with the isolated use of Chlorpyrifos. There was a tendency towards the decline in ChE inhibition activity in brain tissue, and under the combined action of Chlorpyrifos with “Ivin” at higher doses after 4 weeks this effect was a significant (22.15%, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions. Chlorpyrifos under the isolated oral admission for 13 weeks has a weak hepatotoxic effect, as evidenced by the increase in cytolysis enzymes and urea levels in serum and causes a moderate anticholinesterase effect. “Ivin” under combined with Chlorpyrifos admission to the organism eliminates the hepatotoxic effects of Chlorpyrifos and reduces its anticholinergic effects in brain, which contributes to a less severe intoxication. Key Words: Chlorpyrifos, Ivin, hepatotoxic effect, anticholinesterase effect.

Some aspects of surgical treatment of erysipelas

Objective. To study the incidence and to determine the main trends of treatment of the erysipelas surgical forms.&#x0D; Materials and methods. There were retrospectively and prospectively analyzed 114 histories of the patients’ cases, who were treated in stationary in the centre of purulent-septic surgery of the Municipal Hospital No 3 of Zaporizhzhya in 2019 - 2020 yrs.&#x0D; Results. Mostly often the affection site was localized on the lower extremities. In bullous and phlegmonous forms of erysipelas the most frequent clinical signs of intoxication were general weakness, hyperthermia, muscular pain. In necrotic form of erysipelas the signs of severe intoxication with nausea, regurgitation and confusion were observed. In complex treatment of erysipelas the main principles are antibioticotherapy and early surgical processing of the pathological process zone. Determination of indices of the procalcitonin content in the blood serum gives possibility to estimate progression and generalization of the process and constitutes a sensitive test for efficacy of the treatment conducted.&#x0D; Conclusion. Radical surgical intervention and timely targeted antibioticotherapy constitutes basic elements of successful treatment for surgical forms of erysipelas, and this position must not be revised. Procalcitonin content in the blood serum constitutes a diagnostic marker, permitting to prognosticate the sepsis development timely.

Poisons affecting the blood

Blood circulates as a liquid containing cells and numerous chemicals; it functions to transport nutrients, chemicals, oxygen and waste products to and from cells, and is involved in defence and wound repair to tissues. Numerous toxic substances can disrupt the normal function of the blood through various mechanisms resulting in clinical signs of poisoning. Some of the substances that commonly cause adverse effects on the blood in companion animals are described. These include onions and related food plants which cause oxidative damage to red blood cells and the formation of Heinz bodies, and zinc which causes haemolytic anaemia. Haemoglobin is also subject to oxidative damage from paracetamol metabolites resulting in the formation of methaemoglobin which is non-functioning, resulting in tissue hypoxia. Disruption of the clotting cascade by anticoagulant rodenticides results in delayed-onset haemorrhage and the drug 5-fluorouracil disrupts the formation of blood cells causing bone marrow depression.

Study of general toxic effect of bacteriosens in rodents and large laboratory animals

Purpose of the study . The objectives of the research are to evaluate the potential toxicity of Bacteriosens when administered to animals once only («acute» toxicity) or repeatedly («chronic» toxicity) and to study its biocompatibility with blood components. Materials and methods . Bacteriosens is the medicine on the basis of photoactive compound of mezo -tetra (3-pyridyl) bacteriochlorin with λ max of 747 nm. Ex vivo study of its biocompatibility with blood components included the evaluation of the impact of the solution on the coagulability of non-stabilized venous blood. The in vitro method of detecting erythrocyte osmotic resistance to hemolytic ability of Bacteriosens was used. The «acute» toxicity was studied in F 1 hybrid mice (CBA x C57Bl/ 6j ) and non-bred rats, male and female, after single intravenous and intraperitoneal injections of Bacteriosens. The «chronic» toxicity was studied in non-bred rats, male and female, and Soviet Chinchilla rabbits after multiple intravenous injection of the drug (over the period of 14 days). Time period before toxicity-induced death of animals, clinical signs of intoxication, and the impact of the medicine on the inner organs and body systems were evaluated using physiologic and pathophysiologic, clinical, and laboratory methods. Results . Incompatibility of non-stabilized rat blood with Bacteriosens after the incubation with the medicine in concentrations varying from 0.5 till 0.005 mg/ml has not been discovered. The aquatic solution of Bacteriosens should be injected into animals and later on into humans slowly or by drip feed in concentrations not exceeding 0.5 mg/ml. A single injection of Bacteriosens in doses from 5.0 to 50.0 mg/kg and from 1.3 to 20.8 mg/kg to mice and rats (male and female), respectively, was tolerated by the animals satisfactorily. No toxicity-induced deaths or skin phototoxicity have been detected. The studied doses of Bacteriosens in mice 25-250 times exceeded the calculated equitherapeutic dose for humans, and in rats, 6.5-104 times. Bacteriosens in total doses from 18.2 to 72.8 mg/kg and from 8.3 to 33 mg/kg administered as multiple intravenous injections for 14 days to rats and rabbits respectively, did not induce the death of the animals and demonstrated no toxic impact on blood, liver, kidneys, heart, hemostasis system, or central nervous system. The drug did not adversely affect carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Conclusion . Bacteriosens when administered as a single dose or as multiple injections in the range of studied doses did not have adverse toxic effect on mice, rats, and rabbits. The studied doses of Bacteriosens in rats 91-364 times exceeded the calculated equitherapeutic dose for humans, and 41-165 times, in rabbits.

RISK ASSESSMENT OF HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS PRODUCT USE FOR THE POPULATION

Introduction. The range of household chemicals is constantly increasing, as a result of which the population is exposed to new detergents that can directly affect the health of the population, constantly in contact with chemicals in everyday life. These circumstances require sanitary and Toxicological study of household chemicals and the development of preventive measures aimed at protecting public health. Purpose of research. To assess the risk of using synthetic detergent based on anionic and nonionic surface active substance (SAS). Material and methods. To determine the average lethal dose (LD50), a sample of detergent was injected into the stomach of 6 male rats at a dose of 5000 mg per 1 kg of body weight. Irritant effect on the skin was determined with a single application of the working solution (1.25%) to 6 rats and 3 rabbits on the trimmed side section at an exposure of 4 h, followed by flushing and into the conjunctival eye bag to 6 Guinea pigs and 3 rabbits. The follow-up period was 14 days. A single skin-resorptive effect of the working solution was studied in 20 rats of two groups of 10 animals in the control group and 10 in the experimental group. Observation period - 14 days. Multiple resorptive action was studied in 20 rats in two groups (10 animals in the control group and 10 in the experimental group) to determine the peripheral blood of animals in the control and experimental groups. The sensitizing effect of the detergent sample was studied on 20 Guinea pigs in two groups (10 in the control group and 10 in the experimental group) by a combined method. Results. LD50 orally for male rats &gt;5000 mg/kg b.w., with a single application to the skin of rats and rabbits and the mucous membrane of the eyes of guinea pigs and rabbits does not cause irritation, does not have skin-resorbtive action (rats), does not have an allergenic effect (guinea pigs). Discussion. According to the results of studies, in accordance with the classification according to the degree of exposure to harmful substances, the tested sample according to acute oral toxicity belongs to the 4th class of danger, irritating effect on the skin and mucous membranes of the eye - 0 points; clinical signs of intoxication with a single and multiple skin-resorptive action was not revealed; sensitizing effect - 0 points. Conclusions. The studied sample of a synthetic detergent according to the parameters of acute toxicity refers to low-risk compounds (LD50 &gt; 5000 mg/kg b.w.), does not have an irritating effect on the skin and mucous membrane of the eye, sensitizing and skin-resorptive action, which allows us to conclude that there is no risk of using the studied sample, household chemicals for the population.

Poisons affecting the blood

Blood circulates as a liquid containing cells and numerous chemicals; it functions to transport nutrients, chemicals, oxygen and waste products to and from cells, and is involved in defence and wound repair to tissues. Numerous toxic substances can disrupt the normal function of the blood through various mechanisms resulting in clinical signs of poisoning. Some of the substances that commonly cause adverse effects on the blood in companion animals are described. These include onions and related food plants which cause oxidative damage to red blood cells and the formation of Heinz bodies, and zinc which causes haemolytic anaemia. Haemoglobin is also subject to oxidative damage from paracetamol metabolites resulting in the formation of methaemoglobin which is non-functioning, resulting in tissue hypoxia. Disruption of the clotting cascade by anticoagulant rodenticides results in delayed-onset haemorrhage and the drug 5-fluorouracil disrupts the formation of blood cells causing bone marrow depression.