City Transport System Research Articles

Measuring Service Quality of Bus Services in Sulaimani City

This research paper presents a descriptive model to assess the quality of bus services by measuring passengers’ satisfaction in Sulaimani city. Transportation facilities are enlivening the economic activities of any country. Public transportation services are an important aspect of any urban transportation system, as they provide mobility for a number of passengers to different destinations in different directions at the same time via one transportation facility. Public transportation is considered a sustainable mode of transportation. This study intends to assess the services’ quality and identify the challenges to sustainable development in public transportation in order to achieve sustainable development for the current public transportation system. A passenger survey was conducted in order to assess the level of service quality including 300 participants. The study depends mainly on the passengers’ survey, as well as interviews and personal observations for data collection. SPSS software and GIS are used for Data analysis. The results show the outcomes of the assessment process of the current system based on passenger’s opinions. The results reveal the system’s aspect in detail which is further clarified in the conclusion. The paper recommends several steps to be adopted in order to improve the current public transportation system in Sulaimani and other cities, it also suggests future studies that can integrate with this study and contribute in achieving its goal

Mikromobilność w systemie transportowym miasta

Mikromobilność to wykorzystywanie w systemie transportowym miast małych i lekkich środków transportu umożliwiających pokonywanie krótkich dystansów. Dzięki niewielkim gabarytom i małej masie ułatwiają one poruszanie się po wąskich i zatłoczonych odcinkach miast, a ich alternatywny napęd eliminuje hałas i redukuje tzw. ślad węglowy. Do środków tych zaliczają się m.in. rowery, hulajnogi, deskorolki, skutery, motorowery, a także małe, lekkie samochody (ang. microcar, quadricycle). Celem artykułu jest wyjaśnienie, czym jest mikromobilność, wskazanie jej miejsca i zastosowania w systemie transportowym miasta oraz zaprezentowanie stanu mikromobilności w Polsce. W realizacji tego celu przydatne były: analiza wybranej literatury przedmiotu i próbne badania z wykorzystaniem kwestionariusza ankietowego. W podsumowaniu zwrócono uwagę na duże zainteresowanie mikromobilnością i jej wpływem na obsługę pierwszego i ostatniego kilometra transportu w mieście, a także na liczne bariery związane z jej wdrażaniem. Zdaniem autora artykułu w postępie mikromobilności bardzo istotnymi zagadnieniami są rozbudowa tzw. niezmotoryzowanej infrastruktury, poszerzenie dostępności do niej, uzupełnianie, modyfikowanie i szybkie przyjmowanie stosownych uregulowań prawnych, opracowanie standardów bezpieczeństwa, homologowanie urządzeń mikromobilności oraz kontrolowanie i nadzór nad tymi urządzeniami w ruchu.

Factors influencing demand for public transport in Colombia

The article studies the demand for public transport in Colombian cities, identifying the main determinants explaining market shares for transit services. We used aggregated choice models to estimate overall price, income, speed and frequency elasticities for urban public transport demand in the country. The model successfully accounts for unobservable information about attributes of alternative public transport modes. The results suggest high demand elasticities to price and frequency, while demand responds moderately to speed. We also find a negative income elasticity, which classifies public transport as an inferior good. Results provide relevant information for the current discussion about new transport systems in cities of developing countries, with a deeper understanding of the elements to consider in the design of public transport policies.

Physical-Layer Authentication for Internet of Things via WFRFT-Based Gaussian Tag Embedding

Internet of Things (IoT) is regarded as the fundamental platform for many emerging services, such as smart city, smart home, and intelligent transportation systems. With ever-increasing penetration of IoT, it becomes of great importance to ensure the IoT security, as the security threats are extended from the cyber world to the physical world. In this article, we investigate physical-layer authentication to help verify the identity of IoT entities for preventing unauthorized access to information or service. Specifically, we propose a Gaussian-tag-embedded physical-layer authentication (GTEA) scheme by using a weighted fractional Fourier transform (WFRFT). Through the superimposition of a low-power Gaussian WFRFT tag onto the message signal, the legitimate receiver can verify the authenticity of the received signal at the physical layer, without being detected by adversaries. Moreover, security analysis shows that with the deliberately designed Gaussian tag, the GTEA scheme is robust against spoofing and replaying attacks. In addition, tradeoff analysis and simulation results are provided to demonstrate the capability of the GTEA scheme in achieving reliability of the message delivery, stealth of the embedded tag signal, and balancing the tradeoff among the robustness of user authentication. Moreover, a prototype is further developed using FPGA and experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness and performance improvement of the proposed GTEA scheme.

Awareness, Consideration and Usage Frequency of On-demand Transport Services in the Indian Context

App-based transport services (ABTS) are transforming both individual travel behaviour and transport systems in cities around the world. In this context, this study investigates three inter-related choice dimensions pertaining to ABTS, namely: (1) awareness, (2) consideration for work commute and (3) the overall usage frequency, in an Indian city. The role of demographic characteristics, workplace and work commute patterns, contextual influences, usage of other modes for commute and the quality of service of existing transit and IPT (Intermediate Public Transport) modes in these three choice dimensions are investigated. The results show that awareness is not endogenous with either consideration or usage frequency. However, consideration for work is endogenous with the frequency of use of ABTS. The impact of endogeneity is seen in the form of heterogeneity in responsiveness to independent variables. There are significant differences in the sensitivities to exogenous influences between those who consider ABTS for work trips and those who do not. Factors that influence the consideration of ABTS for work such as trip chaining and commuting at early hours have contrasting effects on the usage frequencies of the two user segments. Workers considering ABTS for work are more sensitive to the comfort of personal vehicle use and easy access to shared modes while the other segment is more sensitive to issues of traffic congestion and loss of productivity during travel. Some variables are also found to have contrasting effects on awareness and usage frequency.

About passenger travels demand modeling in urban transportation systems

In this paper, the basic concepts of modeling of urban transport systems are analyzed. The known variants of the definition of the concept of the transport system, its main components and the essence of the stages of identification of transport systems (TS) are presented. The example of the Lviv city TS shows the process of modeling the transport network, determining the time characteristics of the modeled transport system and forming a demand matrix for trips of a certain type in a certain segment of users (origin-destination matrix when moving students from their places of compact residence to the nodes of external transport for further implementation of intercity travel). The obtained indicators can be further applied in determining the demand for transportation in transport systems of large cities.

BANGKITAN PERJALANAN BERDASARKAN JENIS PENDIDIKAN DAN PEKERJAAN DI KECAMATAN MUTIARA KABUPATEN PIDIE

The Mutiara Sub-district to date has continued to experience a relatively rapid population growth rate, limited existing road network facilities, and increased development in urban centers that are not well organized. This phenomenon will burden and will adversely affect the city transportation system because it will cause the occurrence of transportation problems such as queues, or traffic congestion in certain areas. Therefore, it needs a model of the movement generation in the Mutiara Sub-district. This study aims to determine the pattern of the rise of household movements, based on the type of education and occupation reviewed in mandatory and non-mandatory activities in Kecamatan Mutiara. The population in Mutiara sub-district is 20,810 people, through the Slovin formula, the sample is 393 people. The sampling technique used is proportionate stratified random sampling. Calibration of regression parameters used Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method with Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) version 22 software. The results showed that the mandatory activity of the upward movement of high school education was influenced by sex factors, the number of family members who were still in school, and the ownership of the driver's license, the rise of the movement of the trader's work is influenced by sex factors, and the number of family members already employed, and the rise of non-trades work movements is influenced by the number of family members who are still in school, the number of cars in the family, and the ownership of the driver's license. In non-mandatory activities, the rise of the high school education movement is influenced by the number of family members in school, the number of cars, and the ownership of the driver's license.

Performance Evaluation of Public Transportation System: Analyzing the Case of Dhaka, Bangladesh

Performance evaluation of public transportation systems is an important prerequisite to making a rapidly growing city livable. Despite the presence of public transportation since the 1960s, few studies talk about the efficiency of transportation systems in cities. The objective of this research is to assess the performance of an existing system. Based on a set of performance measurements identified from the literature, we captured five categories: passengers’ and operators’ perspectives - service efficiency, system efficiency, cost efficiency, utilization efficiency, and network efficiency to evaluate public transit efficiency. The results indicated that the existing service quality in Dhaka is less satisfactory compared to other cities with system, network, and cost efficiency being below average. But utilization efficiency is better, which could result from the overuse of vehicles and workers being involved in operating them. Also, the most concerning issue with the existing transportation system is congestion. In terms of the strengths and weaknesses, we find that the implementation of metro rails, bus route restructuring, and a separate policy for the city’s public transportation system cast some hope in addressing some immediate problems in the rapidly growing city of Dhaka.

An overview of the transportation issues in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah

The explosive growth of population in Sabah has caused the rise of private vehicle ownership and utilizations which give significant defects on transportation and environmental conditions, especially in the central city of Sabah, Kota Kinabalu. As the demand in transportation increased, traffic congestion occurs due to the abundance of a private vehicle on the road while the improvement of traffic facilities is weak and slow. Traffic congestion is an urban mobility problem that worsens traffic flow and eventually, causing economic hindrance to happen. In order to overcome this problem, a good plan, systematic and safe transportation system should be developed. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to study and understand the transportation system in Kota Kinabalu and the feasibility of existing transportation plans for Kota Kinabalu. This paper outlines an overview of the existing transportation system available in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, the issues encountered, as well as the impacts regarding the current city transport system. In summary, urban transportation relies on proper planning by experts based on passenger experience to find proper solutions to complex urban transport issues in Kota Kinabalu.

Walkability in Banda Aceh: An approach in urban mobility development

Banda Aceh starts to develop the city transportation system by introducing bus “Trans Koetaradja” in 2016. It is one of the government actions to accommodate people to move within the city and expected to solve and prevent the city traffic jam that starts to happen in the last decade. On the one hand, the high growth in the number of motor vehicles reveals the needs of the people to commute in the city, however, on the other hand, this situation brings some problem that can affect city life, related to human and environment. For these reasons, early observation and questionnaire indicate that people’s willingness to walk is low due to the factors of the physical environment and local habits. For these reasons, this paper tries to approach the problem with the idea of walkability; understanding the definition of walkability and learning what variables needed to take into account to apply and evaluate the notion, in the more contextual matter through literature studies. It is necessary to consider about walkability development, to support the progress of Banda Aceh forward sustainable development.

Evolution of Transportation Institutions and Policy Provisions in Dhaka City From 1960–2017

Cities in the global south, with their limited resources, are struggling to provide adequate transportation infrastructures to the rapidly growing urban population. As a result of limited land and resource availability and convoluted geopolitical importance, Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, is struggling to serve the ever-growing demand created by the rising population. Despite the ongoing construction of the metro rail and other mass transit options, the city is under pressure to meet the increased demand, and the problem is constantly growing. Multiple institutions, including a dedicated transportation coordination authority, are operating on improving the existing system. The institutional arrangement and the role of the institutions have changed in the past fifty years. In this study, we examined the institutional arrangements of the city’s transportation system and reviewed how this institutional landscape has changed during this time. We also reviewed the policies that guided transportation development during the same period. Through a three-step review and interview approach- database search, library and archive materials review, and expert interviews, we identified four ministries and ten authorities directly connected with the city's road-based transportation system. Due to the contrast in their vision, organizational structure, and jurisdiction, these authorities are often baffled with their responsibilities, which causes a mismanaged development pattern and duplication of activities. Historically, these institutions embarked on providing modern transportation services through diverse strategic approaches, infrastructure developments, and policies to ensure mobility and accessibility. However, most of these attempts were inefficient primarily due to the lack of coordination among the regulatory institutions and the inconsistent implementation process. This study recommended better equipping the existing coordinating authority and bringing other institutions under their jurisdiction to improve the city's transportation system.

Flexible Bus Route Optimization for Multitarget Stations

This paper proposes a flexible bus route optimization model for efficient public city transportation systems based on multitarget stations. The model considers passenger demands, vehicle capacities, and transportation network and aims to solve the optimal route, minimizing the vehicles’ running time and the passengers’ travel time. A heuristic algorithm based on a gravity model is introduced to solve this NP-hard optimization problem. Simulation studies verify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed model and algorithm. The results show that the total number of vehicles needed to complete the service is 17–21, the average travel time of each vehicle is 24.59 minutes, the solving time of 100 sets of data is within 25 seconds, and the average calculation time is 12.04 seconds. It can be seen that under the premise of real-time adjustment of connection planning time, the optimization model can satisfy the passenger’s dynamic demand to a greater extent, and effectively reduce the planning path error, shorten the distance and travel time of passengers, and the result is better than that of the flexible bus scheduling model which ignores the change of connection travel time.

Main directions of sustainable development of transport systems of major cities and agglomerations

This article considers the main directions of sustainable development of transport systems of major cities and urban agglomerations. The authors notice the factors affecting the operation of transport systems, formation and redistribution of transport flows. The work analyzes conditions for ensuring interaction between different modes of transport in different urban planning conditions. This article indicates the features and prospects of wide use of public transport. In this work characteristics of the development of transport systems of urban agglomerations are indicated, including in conditions of repackaging of urban areas. The authors define the measures necessary for the improvement of transport framework of agglomerations and formation of intermodal transport system.

Development of transport infrastructure in smart cities

Smart Mobility is one of the main directions of development of the transport system in intelligent cities. In this case, along with management intellectualization, the issue of transition to “green”, safe and sustainable modes of transport, such as bicycles, should be resolved. Democracy and availability, cheapness and environmental friendliness, promotion of a healthy lifestyle are the reason for the growing popularity of this type of transport throughout the world. This document proposes one of the possible ways to develop bicycle transport in a smart city, which allows you to expand the number of users by reducing the physical requirements for cyclists. The proposed development is the concept of Smart Bike, which controls the condition of the cyclist and the environment and turns on the electric motor in critical situations. This reduces the cyclist’s physical activity, as well as the consumption of the battery, which has a positive effect on the ecology of Smart Cities.

Research on planning and design of airport airfield area

Airport status in city construction, regional layout, and transportation systems is analyzed. Influence of operation and management in military-civilian airports is pointed out from the perspective of airport planning and design and operation management. The airfield planning and design are analyzed from the capacity of runway, taxiway, and apron. The displaced threshold can meet the needs of the aviation business, while taking reconstruction and expansion of airport.

Imitation and analytical approaches to assessment of condition and modeling of city transport system nodes

The issues of the city transport system and transport nodes assessment concerning the possibilities of express assessment by analytic methods and accurate forecast of its development by transport (imitation) models are discussed. Localization of the assessments for the transport services consumers and transport companies enables to implement the functions of the city transport regulation by the municipality. The social and economic factors of the city transport development for increasing the transport quality and public access are considered.

An improved long short‐term memory networks with Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy for traffic speed prediction considering abnormal traffic situation

AbstractTraffic speed prediction is an emerging paradigm for achieving a better transportation system in smart cities and improving the heavy traffic management in the intelligent transportation system (ITS). The accurate traffic speed prediction is affected by many contextual factors such as abnormal traffic conditions, traffic incidents, lane closures due to construction or events, and traffic congestion. To overcome these problems, we propose a new method named fuzzy optimized long short‐term memory (FOLSTM) neural network for long‐term traffic speed prediction. FOLSTM technique is a hybrid method composed of computational intelligence (CI), machine learning (ML), and metaheuristic techniques, capable of predicting the speed for macroscopic traffic key parameters. First, the proposed hybrid unsupervised learning method, agglomerated hierarchical K‐means (AHK) clustering, divides the input samples into a group of clusters. Second, based on parameters the Gaussian bell‐shaped fuzzy membership function calculates the degree of membership (high, low, and medium) for each cluster using Takagi‐Sugeno fuzzy rules. Finally, the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is used in LSTM to optimize the parameters obtained by fuzzy rules and calculate the optimal weight value. FOLSTM evaluates the accurate traffic speed from the abnormal traffic data to overcome the nonlinear characteristics. Experimental results demonstrated that our proposed method outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art approaches in terms of metrics such as mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE).

Ecogeographical Problems of Air Pollution in the Big Cities of Azerbaijan

In connection with the development of urbanization, the protection of cities and the environment, issues of restoring the ecological balance become an urgent issue. The scale and intensity of product development in Azerbaijan enhance the anthropogenic impact on the nature of the regions. Such an effect is manifested in the pollution of soils with industrial, household waste, chemical fertilizers, the burning of hydrocarbons, the emission of harmful substances in the water and vehicles into the environment. Like in the whole world and in Azerbaijan, such negative processes are no exception. In this regard, the environmental problems of cities and urban agglomerations around the world are in the focus of attention of specialists and scientists. The presented article considers environmental and geographic problems that arose as a result of air emissions in 8 cities of Azerbaijan. The historical properties of studying atmospheric pollution in cities are analyzed, ecogeographic methods for studying atmospheric pollution of cities are identified, environmental pollutants of large cities and the ecogeographic properties of their influence are considered. The ecological properties of the geographical condition, meteorological climatic conditions in air pollution, aerospace research in the study of atmospheric pollution in large cities and the effect of pollution on the health of the population of large cities are studied. The transport system of cities, their geography, and the effect of emissions of harmful, poisonous substances into the atmosphere by vehicles on public health were also noted. Based on the methods for predicting atmospheric air pollution in large cities and the non-linear regression technique, a mathematical model of ecogeographic forecasting of air pollution is applied. Comprehensive indicators and the level of air pollution in unfavorable conditions for urban agglomerations are determined.

Methods for assessing road traffic accident risks with changes in transport demand structure in cities

The article describes the concept of road traffic accident (RTA) risk as a measure for assessing road traffic safety in the entire transport system of a large city. It considers methods for assessing RTA risks through the global operating parameters of individual transport systems in a city. A method to analyze statistical data on RTA causes in a large city is proposed for the subsequent assessment of the existing RTA risks. The article also presents functional relationships for assessing RTA risks as restrictions when forming efficient transport systems in cities.

A Fusion Method for Localization of Intelligent Vehicles in Carparks

With the increasing demand for urban space, more and more multistory carparks are needed as they will play a central role in the city transportation system. An autonomous navigation solution for Intelligent Vehicles in these indoor scenarios is then required. One step to solve this problem is to localize Intelligent Vehicles in these specific environments. However, the lack of GPS due to signal obstruction (multipath, non-line of sight, interference, etc.) appears to be a significant concern for any localization system, let alone indoor ones. Hence, in this paper, a wireless sensor network based approach is proposed to replace the GPS (Global Positioning System) role for indoor environments. In addition, a fusion framework for multiple sensors such as Wi-Fi access points, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) or LiDAR is studied. Experiments in almost one-year duration yield a stable result of mean global localization error at 0.5m.