Citrus Extract Research Articles

Effects of Plant Extract Addition on Listeria Monocytogenes Growth in Highly Extended Sliced Cooked in Ham

ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of a plant extract blend containing rosemary and citrus extract on controlling the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in highly extended sliced cook-in ham during refrigerated storage at 7°C.Materials and MethodsThe experiment comprised 2 treatments, control (no plant extract addition) and 0.4% of rosemary-citrus extract blend (Cleanatis M1, Naturex). This study was conducted using a standard ham formulation yielding an end product weighing 170% of the raw material used, in this case pork leg meat cuts. The different ham muscles obtained from the pork leg were injected with a brine solution containing water, sodium chloride, phosphates, sodium nitrite, sodium erythorbate, hydrolyzed corn syroup 40DE, monosodium glutamate, carrageenan and aromas. Each lot included one batch of samples tumbled (7 cycles/min) under vacuum, at controlled temperature between 0 and 4°C for 9 h and stuffed in polyamide impermeable casings (60 mm diameter to form cooked ham pieces with approximately 1.2 kg each. The ham pieces were cooked in water tanks (80°C) at a commercial pilot plant to reach 72°C. Cooking time was approximately 1 h and 30 min. After the cooking stage, samples were cooled with ice and refrigerated at 0 to 4°C overnight The ham pieces were transported to CTC/ITAL on ice box and immediately sliced for microbiological analysis at arrival. The ham slices (2 to 3 mm) were inoculated with 0.1 mL of of L. monocytogenes ATCC7644, to yield approximately 4 log CFU/g. Inoculated samples were vacuum packaged in gas-impermeable pouches and stored at abuse temperature (7°C), very common in Brazilian retail market, for up to 16 d. Bacterial populations were determined following ISO 11290–2:2017 method. Triplicate samples of each treatment were assayed at 0 time and after 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 d of storage for L. monocytogenes populations. In addition, triplicate inoculated samples were assayed for lactic acid bacteria populations following ISO 15214:1998 method. Data Interactions and main effects were considered significant at P < 0.05. The data were submitted to analysis of variance to evaluate the effect of the treatments, storage time and the treatment × time interaction using Statistica 7.0 (StaSoft Inc). The difference between the mean values was evaluated by Tukey´s test at the 95% confidence level.ResultsDuring storage, the difference between L. monocytogenes counts in the treatment containing the plant extracts and control was 0.5 log CFU/g. There was a significant effect (P < 0.05) of the interaction treatment versus time on L. monocytogenes growth, the counts remained 0.5 log lower on samples containing the plant extract blend. Lactic acid bacteria counts were below 1.0 Log CFU/g during shelf life for both treatments.ConclusionThese data suggest that the plant extracts blend can enhance the safety of sliced cook in ham. It is important to evaluate the effect in meat systems without nitrite addition or along with other interventions that inhibit growth, like post packaging pasteurization.

Control of phytopathogenic microorganisms of post-harvest in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with the use of citrus extract

Control of phytopathogenic microorganisms of post-harvest in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with the use of citrus extract

Probing into the Mechanism of Alkaline Citrus Extract Promoted Apoptosis in Pulmonary Fibroblasts of Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis Mice.

We extracted the primary pulmonary fibroblasts of the normal and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice and investigated the functioning mechanism of citrus alkaline extract (CAE) in the induction of pulmonary fibroblast apoptosis. The expression intensity of vimentin of the pulmonary fibroblasts in the model mice was higher than that in the normal mice. Meanwhile, the positive expression rate and expression intensity of alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) of the pulmonary fibroblasts in the model mice were higher than those in the normal mice. Results of MTT showed that pulmonary fibroblast activity of the normal and model mice has been significantly inhibited by CAE in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of flow cytometer analysis showed that the proportion of pulmonary fibroblast apoptosis in the model mice has been profoundly increased by CAE treatment in a dosage-dependent manner. Besides we found that the expression of Cleaved-Caspase 3, Cleaved-Caspase 8, Cleaved-poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (Cleaved-PARP), and Fas and Fas Ligand (FasL) was markedly increased after CAE treatment. A further study showed that the expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E receptor 2 (EP2) was dependant on the concentration of CAE, indicating that CAE-regulated receptor apoptosis of Fas was probably related to COX-2. The results of fluorescence detection of oxidative stress showed that the level of oxidative stress was significantly increased after CAE treatment. Furthermore, the results of Western Blot showed that the phosphorylation level of p38 (p-p38) was markedly increased, suggesting that CAE probably has regulated COX-2 through increased p-p38 following oxidative stress. Our results therefore suggest that CAE can effectively induce pulmonary fibroblast apoptosis of the normal and model mice, and its functioning mechanism is probably related to the p38/COX-2/Fas signaling pathway regulated by oxidative stress.

Effects of Antioxidants on Lipid Stability, Color Parameters, and Aerobic Plate Count of Beef Patties from Steers Fed Distillers Grains

ObjectivesBeef from steers fed distillers grains plus solubles (DGS) is more susceptible to lipid oxidation due to higher deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the lean. Inclusion of antioxidants in ground beef is an efficient strategy to improve lipid stability. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a novel composition of citrus extracts combined with buffered vinegar leads to improved color stability, lower lipid oxidation, and lower microbial loads of ground beef from steers fed distillers grains, when compared to other antioxidants commonly used by the industry.Materials and MethodsA total of 24 crossbred steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments including CORN, Dry DGS (DDGS), and Modified DGS (MDGS; 8 steers per treatment). Distillers grains diets were formulated with inclusion levels of 40% DM basis. After slaughter, shoulder clods were collected and transferred under refrigeration to the University of Nevada, Reno Meat Quality Laboratory. After 7 d of aging, the M. latissimus dorsi, M. tensor fasciae antibrachii, and approximately 7.6 cm of the caudal part of the M. Triceps brachii were excised from each clod and ground. Ground samples from individual clods were divided into 4 batches that were subsequently treated with 0.3% of ROSEMARY, 0.25% of ACEROLA, and 0.6% of CITRIC (plus buffered vinegar) extracts. A CONTROL batch was formulated without any ingredient. Patties of 11.5 cm diameter were formed and displayed for 6 d. Instrumental color (L*, a*, b*) was recorded daily using a CR-400 Minolta® chroma meter whereas lipid oxidation (TBA), and aerobic plate count (APC) were evaluated on d 0, 3, and 6. The data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary NC) whereas animal (dietary treatment) was considered the main plot and antioxidant treatment the sub plot. Color and TBA data were analyzed as repeated measures.ResultsFor all instrumental color parameters, interactions between dietary treatment and day of display, and antioxidant treatment and day of display were observed (P < 0.01). Patties from steers fed DGS were darker than CONTROL samples on d 1 (48.77b, 50.18b, and 51.86a, for DDGS, WDGS, and CORN, respectively), whereas redness (a*) was greater on DGS patties on d 6 (13.20a, 14.67a, and 11.39b, for DDGS, WDGS, and CORN, respectively). Patties treated with ROSEMARY were significantly lighter than all other treatments on d 6 (53.14a, 50.34b, 50.98b, and 51.14b, for ROSEMARY, ACEROLA, CITRIC, and CONTROL respectively), whereas CITRIC samples were the reddest on d 5 and 6 of display. ACEROLA and CITRIC treatments led to similar lipid stability during display, whereas CITRIC samples showed less oxidation on d 6 when compared to CONTROL and ROSEMARY (0.21c, 0.29bc, 0.41b, and 0.90a, for CITRIC, ACEROLA, ROSEMARY, and CONTROL, respectively). Treatment CITRIC inhibited APC growth by 2 log when compared to all other treatments (3.73b, 5.34a, 5.44a, and 5.42a, for CITRIC, ACEROLA, ROSEMARY, and CONTROL, respectively).ConclusionThe inclusion of CITRIC in ground beef improved redness of patties, whereas patties treated ROSEMARY were lighter. ACEROLA and CITRIC extracts provided better lipid stability to ground beef whereas CITRIC was the only ingredient that inhibited bacterial growth, possibly due to its combination with buffered vinegar.

PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT CHARACTERIZATION OF THINNED IMMATURE CITRUS UNSHIU FRUITS

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the characterization of thinned immature Citrus unshiu fruits with regard to their phytochemical profile and antioxidant capacity.Methods: Determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid and ascorbic acid contents was done by UV-Visible spectrophotometry, whereas UPLC-mass detection was used for the analysis of individual flavanone (naringin, hesperidin, hesperetin, neohesperedine and narirutin) and flavonol (rutin). In addition, free radicals (DPPH, O2-, H2O2 and NO) scavenging assays were used to determine the antioxidant capacity.Results: Naringin, hesperidine, neohesperedine and narirutin were the main flavanones in all thinned immature Citrus unshiu fruits. The contents of total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid were more prevalent in immature fruits than the level found in mature fruits. All thinned immature Citrus unshiu fruits possess an evident antioxidant capacity. The immature Citrus extract concentrations providing 50% inhibition (IC50) for free radicals; 1.2-1.49 mg/ml for DPPH, 1.03-1.46 mg/ml for superoxide, 1.95-3.43 mg/ml for hydrogen peroxide and 1.64-3.45 mg/ml for nitric oxide was lower than those of mature Citrus extracts.Conclusion: Thinned immature Citrus unshiu fruits could be an economic and readily accessible source of natural antioxidants and as a possible food and pharmaceutical supplement.

Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficiency of FOODGARD F410B citrus extract and sodium benzoate against foodborne pathogens in strawberry filling

Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficiency of FOODGARD F410B citrus extract and sodium benzoate against foodborne pathogens in strawberry filling

ABC-transporter blockage mediated by xanthotoxin and bergapten is the major pathway for chemosensitization of multidrug-resistant cancer cells

Furanocoumarins derived from herbal and citrus extracts can act as antibacterial, antioxidant, immunomodulator, apoptotic, and selective anticancer agents, prompting a biological investigation to determine and predict their clinical therapeutic significance. Here, the cell cytotoxic effects of bergapten and xanthotoxin were analyzed alone and in combination with standard chemotherapeutics on three multidrug resistant cells and their nonresistant parental counterparts. The furanocoumarins modulatory effects on MDR1, BCRP, and MRP pump expression and function were investigated. Although quantitative real time PCR demonstrated that the MDR transcript level changes in a time dependent manner, flow cytometric analyses using fluorescent-labeled antibodies have indicated that bergapten and xanthotoxin had no significant effect on the protein levels. FACS analyses indicated that these prominent anticancer agents significantly blocked MDR1, BCRP, and MRP transporter function. Maximum furanocoumarin-mediated pump activity blockage in the MDR-resistant cells was quantified as 87% of normal and consequently, chemotherapeutic accumulation increased up to 2.7-fold and cytotoxicity tension increased 104-fold. MDR1 efflux kinetics also revealed that the maximum velocity and the pump affinity to daunorubicin were uncompetitively decreased. We conclude that bergapten and xanthotoxin are cytotoxic agents capable of preventing daunorubicin, mitoxantrone, and cisplatin binding to ABC-transporters and subsequently inhibiting their efflux out of cells and they may be a potential combination therapy for malignant cancers.

Anti-Photoaging Effect of Jeju Putgyul (Unripe Citrus) Extracts on Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Ultraviolet B-induced Hairless Mouse Skin.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation stimulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and inflammatory cytokines. These signaling pathways participate in the degradation of the extracellular matrix and induce inflammatory responses that lead to photoaging. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity and the effect on MMPs and procollagen of putgyul extract in vitro. The anti-photoaging activity of putgyul extracts was estimated in vivo using hairless mice (HR-1). The putgyul extracts reduced MMP-1 production and increased the content of procollagen type I carboxy-terminal peptide in human dermal fibroblasts. Ultravilot-B (UVB)-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs was detected in mice, and putgyul extracts suppressed the expression. These results suggest that putgyul extract inhibits photoaging by inhibiting the expression of MMPs that degrade collagen and inhibiting cytokines that induce inflammatory responses. The mouse model also demonstrated that oral administration of putgyul extracts decreased wrinkle depth, epidermal thickness, collagen degradation, and trans-epidermal water loss, and increased β-glucosidase activity on UVB exposed skin. Putgyul extract protects against UVB-induced damage of skin and could be valuable in the prevention of photoaging.

Ecotoxicological effects of citrus processing waste on earthworms, Lumbricus terrestris L.

Land disposal of agro-processing wastes containing potentially toxic compounds may lead to adverse ecotoxicological effects. Compared to agrochemicals, limited data are available on the ecotoxicological effects of biowastes such as those from citrus fruit processing. The objectives of the current study were:(1) to determine the effects of varying concentrations of citrus waste extract on adult mortality, fecundity and avoidance behaviour of the earthworm species Lumbricus terrestris under laboratory conditions; and (2) to determine earthworm abundance on contaminated and uncontaminated soils under field conditions. The laboratory experiment was a short-term acute toxicity test and it showed that the concentration of citrus extract had a significant (p<0.05) negative effect on mortality, fecundity and avoidance behaviour. Exponential relationships (p<0.001) were observed between citrus extract concentration and earthworm mortality (r2=0.98–0.99) and fecundity (r2=0.98), respectively. Tests showed that citrus waste-induced avoidance behaviour in earthworms changed by 44% to 100% compared to the control. Mean effect concentration (EC50) showed that earthworm avoidance behaviour (47%) was more sensitive to citrus waste concentrations than for number of cocoons (91%) and live earthworm counts (83%). Soil dumping of citrus waste significantly increased the concentration of mineral N, available N and exchange Ca, Mg and K but significantly reduced pH relative to the uncontaminated control. The shifts in chemical properties were about 1–2 orders of magnitude for P and Ca, double for K and approximately 30–60% for pH, N and Mg. Field data showed that the contaminated site had 80%significantly lower earthworm abundance than the uncontaminated control. Overall, the current study revealed that citrus waste has adverse ecotoxicological effects, which threatens the soil biota. Further studies should focus on elucidating the exact mechanisms and exploring the pesticidal effects of citrus extract solutions, particularly on meso- and macro-invertebrates. Investigations are also required to determine the persistence and mobility of the waste in soil and how to restore contaminated soils.

Viability of and Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in a delicatessen appetizer (yogurt-based) salad as affected by citrus extract (Citrox©) and storage temperature

The antimicrobial effect of citrus extract (at 1 mL/kg [C1] and 2 mL/kg [C2]) on naturally occurring microbiota and inoculated pathogens (E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes at ca. 6 log cfu/g) in the traditional Greek yogurt-based salad Tzatziki stored at 4, 10, or 21 °C, was examined. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were high (8.0–8.5 log cfu/g) and varied only minimally for both the control (untreated) and the citrus extract-treated salad samples, whereas the higher citrus extract concentration yielded the lowest yeast populations, irrespective of temperature, during the entire storage period. Populations of inoculated E. coli (6 log cfu/g) declined in both untreated and citrus extract-treated samples from day 0–70, 35, and 15 at 4, 10, and 21 °C, respectively. Citrus extract had a significant effect on the survival of the inoculated E. coli O157:H7, with reductions of 2.8–4.8 log cfu/g in the citrus extract-treated samples at the end of the storage period. Our data show that L. monocytogenes survived in both untreated and citrus extract-treated samples during the entire storage period, irrespective of the storage temperature. The higher concentration of citrus extract had a significant effect on the survival of L. monocytogenes in the treated samples, and reductions of 1.5–3.0 logs were noted on final day 70, 35 and 15 at 4, 10 and 21 °C, respectively. The results of our study demonstrated the potential of citrus extract as a natural compound that can control the growth of food-borne pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes in Tzatziki, a yogurt-based salad.

Antioxidant Capacity, Anticancer Ability and Flavonoids Composition of 35 Citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco) Varieties.

Citrus (Citrus reticulate Blanco) is one of the most commonly consumed and widely distributed fruit in the world, which is possessing extensive bioactivities. Present study aimed to fully understand the flavonoids compositions, antioxidant capacities and in vitro anticancer abilities of different citrus resources. Citrus fruits of 35 varieties belonging to 5 types (pummelos, oranges, tangerines, mandarins and hybrids) were collected. Combining li quid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array detector (UPLC-DAD), a total of 39 flavonoid compounds were identified, including 4 flavones, 9 flavanones and 26 polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs). Each citrus fruit was examined and compared by 4 parts, flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice sacs. The juice sacs had the lowest total phenolics, following by the segment membrane. Four antioxidant traits including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) were applied for the antioxidant capacities evaluation. Three gastric cancer cell lines, SGC-7901, BGC-823 and AGS were applied for the cytotoxicity evaluation. According to the results of correlation analysis, phenolics compounds might be the main contributor to the antioxidant activity of citrus extracts, while PMFs existing only in the flavedo might be closely related to the gastric cancer cell line cytotoxicity of citrus extracts. The results of present study might provide a theoretical guidance for the utilization of citrus resources.

In vitro susceptibility of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae to a commercial citrus fruit extract

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the main etiological agent of swine dysentery (SD). Nowadays, treatment and control of SD is increasingly difficult due to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance together with the restrictions on the use of antibiotics in veterinary practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate, as an alternative in the control of this disease, the antimicrobial activity and the main mechanism of action of BIOCITRO, a citrus extract commercialized as raw material and used as feed additive, against B. hyodysenteriae.Ten isolates of B. hyodysenteriae were used to assess the minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) of BIOCITRO by broth microdilution method. Moreover, stationary phase cultures of two B. hyodysenteriae strains were subjected for 90min to four different concentrations of BIOCITRO and compared with the untreated controls by flow cytometry (FC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The results showed that BIOCITRO has a relevant bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect against B. hyodysenteriae with MIC and MBC values ranging from 32 to 128partspermillion (ppm). It induces damage in at least 35% and 76% of the bacterial cells when exposed to 128 and 256ppm of BIOCITRO respectively as revealed by the intake of propidium iodide by FC. Relevant changes in the structure of the bacterial cells were observed by SEM and confirmed by FTIR. According to these results, BIOCITRO seems to be a satisfactory alternative to the use of antibiotics in the control of SD.

Design and environmentally benign synthesis of novel thiophene appended pyrazole analogues as anti-inflammatory and radical scavenging agents: Crystallographic, in silico modeling, docking and SAR characterization

Oxidative-stress induces inflammatory diseases and infections caused by drug-resistant microbial strains are on the rise necessitating the discovery of novel small-molecules for intervention therapy. The current study presents an effective and new green protocol for the synthesis of thiophene-appended pyrazoles through 3+2 annulations method. Chalcones 3(a-g) were prepared from 5-chloro-2-acetylthiophene and aromatic aldehydes by Claisen-Schmidt approach. The reaction of chalcones 3(a-g) with phenylhydrazine hydrochlorides 4(a-b) in acetic acid (30%) medium and also with freshly prepared citrus extract medium under reflux conditions produced the thiophene appended pyrazoles 5(a-l) in moderate yields. Structures of synthesized new pyrazoles were confirmed by spectral studies, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Further, preliminary assessment of the anti-inflammatory properties of the compounds showed that, amongst the series, compounds 5d, 5e and 5l have excellent anti-inflammatory activities. Further, compounds 5c, 5d, 5g, and 5i exhibited excellent DPPH radical scavenging abilities in comparison with the standard ascorbic acid. Furthermore, using detailed structural modeling and docking efforts, combined with preliminary SAR, we show possible structural and chemical features on both the small-molecules and the protein that might contribute to the binding and inhibition.

Microbial inactivations with hydrolysed lactoferrin and other natural antimicrobials in fresh-cut fennel

Natural antimicrobials (nisin, lactoferrin, thymol and citrus extract) were studied as sustainable alternatives to conventionally used NaOCl in fresh-cut (FC) fennel. Enterobacteriaceae was the most sensitive microbial group to studied sanitizers according to δ values, while psychrophiles were the most resistant. Based on inactivation modelling and sensory scores, nisin (N-250; 0.250 g L−1), lactoferrin (L-50; 50 g L−1), together with hydrolysed L-50 (LFH), were selected and studied comparing to water-washed (CTRL) and NaOCl (150 mg NaOCl L−1) on FC fennel. LFH achieved the highest psychrophilic reduction of 2.5 log units. Although NaOCl achieved the highest mesophilic, Enterobacteriaceae, lactobacilli and yeasts and moulds reductions of 1.7, 1.0, <1.7 and 1.6, respectively, N-250 still achieved 0.50–1.0 log unit reductions compared to CTRL. Conclusively, LFH and N-250 are natural antimicrobial treatments with good microbial inactivation rates which may be a good alternative to conventional NaOCl used by the FC industry.

Antidandruff Activity of Extracts From Kaffir Lime (Citrus Hystrix Dc.) Prepared By Different Solvents

Pytiriasiscapitis or dandruff is a condition of exofoliate peeling of the stratum corneum layer in the scalp. There are some factors that suspected to caused dandruff such as increased production of sebum, sensitivity individual against the sebum and microbiota activity in scalp, i.eMalasseziafurfur, Malassezia globosa, Pytirosporumovale, and Candida albicans. Therefore, treatment of dandruff is aimed to reduced sebum on the scalp and inhibit the growth of yeast population that causes dandruff. The juice of kaffir lime fruit (Citrus hystrix DC.) has been used by Indonesian people for tradisional therapy of dandruff. This study thas been conducted to find out antidandruff activities of M. furfur from kaffir lime fruit juice, peel, and leaves of kaffir lime tree extracted by ethanol, ethyl acetat, and n-hexan solvents. Antifungal activitiesis measured by inhibition zones using well diffusion agar methods.All citrus extracts showed antifungal activities against M. furfur with ethyl acetat solvent indicated the highest antidandruff activities, then followed by n-hexan, and ethanolicsolvent; although ethyl acetat and n-hexan was not significantly different (p&gt;0.05).Leaves extract showed highest inhibition activities, then followed by fruit juice and peel extract, although leaves and fruit juice extracts was not significantly different (p&gt;0.05).Part of the plant citrus consist of a alkaloid, saponin, tannin, phenolic, flavonoid, terpenoid, glikosida, and steroid. Antifungal activities suspected of phenolic, flavonoid, and terpenoid compounds. These results suggested that kaffir lime are effective against dandruff microbial and has potential as a herbal shampoo for dandruff treatment.

Short communication: Effect of a citrus extract in lactating dairy cows

Dry matter intake is a main driver of energy balance in lactating dairy cows, and some plant extracts have been commercially fed to dairy cows to stimulate feed intake. Citrus extracts contain several bioactive components and have been shown to modify metabolism in other animal models. Our hypothesis was that a citrus extract would increase dry matter intake. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of a citrus extract on intake and milk production in lactating dairy cows. In experiment one, 11 early-lactation dairy cows (experiment 1; 77 ± 15 d in milk, mean ± standard deviation) were used in a switchback design, and in experiment two, 15 mid-lactation Holstein cows (experiment 2; 157 ± 44 d in milk, mean ± standard deviation) were used in a crossover design. In both experiments, treatments were control (no supplement) or a citrus extract (4 g/d in experiment 1 and 4.5 g/d in experiment 2). Treatment periods were 21 and 14 d in experiment 1 and experiment 2, respectively, with the final 7 d used for sample and data collection. No effect was observed for treatment on dry matter intake, feeding behavior, milk yield, milk fat yield, milk protein yield, or milk composition in either experiment. Treatment also had no effect on milk trans fatty acid profile, but the extract increased total 16 carbon fatty acids 0.9 and 0.6 percentage points in experiment 1 and experiment 2, respectively. Plasma nonesterified fatty acids were decreased 6 h after feeding in both experiments (11.1 and 16.0 μEq/L in experiment 1 and experiment 2, respectively). Plasma insulin was increased 1 h before feeding compared with the control in experiment 1 (3.36 vs. 2.13 µIU/mL) and tended to increase 1.79 units 1 h before feeding in experiment 2. The citrus extract had no effect on feed intake or milk production at the dose investigated, but changed plasma insulin and nonesterified fatty acids, indicating some metabolic effects requiring further investigation.

Bioavailable Citrus sinensis Extract: Polyphenolic Composition and Biological Activity.

Citrus plants contain large amounts of flavonoids with beneficial effects on human health. In the present study, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of bioavailable polyphenols from Citrus sinensis was evaluated in vitro and ex vivo, using the murine macrophages cell line J774A.1 and primary peritoneal macrophages. Following simulated gastro-intestinal digestion, the in vitro bioavailability of Citrus sinensis polyphenolic extract was assessed using the human cell line Caco-2 grown as monolayers on a transwell membrane. Data demonstrated a relative permeation of its compounds (8.3%). Thus, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect of polyphenolic Citrus sinensis fraction (Cs) was compared to the bioavailable one (CsB). Results revealed that Citrus extract were able to reduce macrophages pro-inflammatory mediators, including nitric oxide, iNOS, COX-2 and different cytokines. Moreover, the effect of Citrus sinensis polyphenols was associated with antioxidant effects, such as a reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) increased expression. Our results provide evidence that the bioavailable polyphenolic constituents of the Citrus sinensis extract accumulate prevalently at intestinal level and could reach systemic circulation exerting their effect. The bioavailable fraction showed a higher anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential compared to the initial extract, thus highlighting its potential nutraceutical value.

A method to evaluate the bioactive function of fruit extracts of Chinese wild Citrus with microtubular activity

China is one of the most important centers of origin for Citrus genetic resources. Due to the high content of secondary metabolites, mining wild Chinese Citrus for novel medical applications is promising. In this study, extracts of Chinese wild species from different taxonomical groups were screened for potential effects on microtubules (MTs) in vitro. MT density as a readout for nucleation, and frequency distribution over MT lengths as a readout for elongation and decay were determined by quantitative image analysis via a standardized coverslip assay using fluorescently labelled neurotubulin. Extract from peels of Citrus ichangensis Swing. strongly increased the density of MTs; whereas, extract from peels of Citurs limon (L.) Burm.f. exerted the opposite effect. Extract from pulp of Citrus limonia Osbeck promoted MT elongation, and in addition induced a small population of very long MTs. These data suggest that wild Chinese Citrus harbour compounds that act specifically on different aspects of MT nucleation, elongation, and decay.

Biotransformed citrus extract as a source of anti-inflammatory polyphenols: Effects in macrophages and adipocytes

Chronic non-communicable diseases such as obesity are preceded by increased macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue and greater secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of Biotransformed extract, and two control extracts: In Natura and Autoclaved. The assays were performed using a cellular model with RAW264.7, 3T3-L1 cells, and RAW264.7 and 3T3-L1 co-culture. The innovation of the study was the use of Biotransformed extract, a unique phenolic extract of a bioprocessed citrus residue. LPS stimulated RAW264.7 cells treated with the Biotransformed extract exhibited lower secretion of TNF-α and NO and lower protein expression of NFκB. In RAW264.7 and 3T3-L1 co-culture, treatment with 1.0mg/mL of the Biotransformed extract reduced secretion of TNF-α (30.7%) and IL-6 (43.4%). Still, the Biotransformed extract caused higher increase in adiponectin in relation to control extracts. When the co-culture received a LPS stimulus, the Autoclaved extract at 1.0mg/mL reduced IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations, and raised adiponectin. However, it was noteworthy that the Biotransformed extract was also able to significantly reduce IL-6 concentration while the Natural extract was not. The Biotransformed citrus extract evaluated in this study showed anti-inflammatory activity in macrophages and in co-culture, indicating that bioprocess of citrus residue can contribute to new product development with anti-inflammatory potential.

Inhibición in vitro de Botrytis cinerea con extractos de hojas de vid silvestre (Vitis spp.)

&lt;p&gt;Extractos de hoja de vid silvestre (EHVS) (Vitis spp.) de tres accesiones (P-178, E-200 y TN-4) se evaluaron in vitro a 6, 8 y 12 % v/v con el fin de medir el efecto inhibitorio en el crecimiento de Botrytis cinerea. Comparativamente, se empleó resveratrol (RVS) (60, 90, 120 μg/ mL), extracto de cítricos (EC) (3, 5 y 8 % v/v) y cyprodinil + fludioxonil (SW) (500, 800 and 1000 μg/mL). En promedio, SW inhibió el crecimiento micelial (ICM), esporulación (IE) y germinación conidial (IGC) en 88.9, 85.5 y 93.7 %, respectivamente. RVS presentó el segundo mejor resultado.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Todos los EHVS tuvieron acción inhibitoria; especialmente, P-178 al 12 % tuvo 72, 75 y 62 % de ICM, IE e IGC, respectivamente. Esta dosis tuvo 19.9 mg/mL de compuestos fenólicos, RVS 1.7 mg/ mL, ácido gálico 3.8 mg/mL y ácido ferúlico 2.5 mg/mL. &lt;/p&gt;