Abstract
Citrus (Citrus reticulate Blanco) is one of the most commonly consumed and widely distributed fruit in the world, which is possessing extensive bioactivities. Present study aimed to fully understand the flavonoids compositions, antioxidant capacities and in vitro anticancer abilities of different citrus resources. Citrus fruits of 35 varieties belonging to 5 types (pummelos, oranges, tangerines, mandarins and hybrids) were collected. Combining li quid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array detector (UPLC-DAD), a total of 39 flavonoid compounds were identified, including 4 flavones, 9 flavanones and 26 polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs). Each citrus fruit was examined and compared by 4 parts, flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice sacs. The juice sacs had the lowest total phenolics, following by the segment membrane. Four antioxidant traits including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) were applied for the antioxidant capacities evaluation. Three gastric cancer cell lines, SGC-7901, BGC-823 and AGS were applied for the cytotoxicity evaluation. According to the results of correlation analysis, phenolics compounds might be the main contributor to the antioxidant activity of citrus extracts, while PMFs existing only in the flavedo might be closely related to the gastric cancer cell line cytotoxicity of citrus extracts. The results of present study might provide a theoretical guidance for the utilization of citrus resources.
Highlights
Citrus (Citrus reticulate Blanco) is a tropical or subtropical fruit widely distributed around the world
Values within each column followed by different superscript letters were significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s tests. * Antioxidant index score = [(sample score/best score) × 100], averaged for all four tests for each cultivar for the antioxidant potency composite (APC) index. # Ranked according to the APC index
A total of 39 flavonoids, including four flavones, nine flavanones and 26 polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs) were identified and quantified from 35 varieties of five types of citrus fruit growing in Zhejiang Province of China
Summary
Citrus (Citrus reticulate Blanco) is a tropical or subtropical fruit widely distributed around the world. Previous studies have reported a variety of bioactivities of citrus fruit, like antioxidant [1], anticancer [2,3], anti-inflammation [4], anti-fat [5] and Molecules 2017, 22, 1114; doi:10.3390/molecules22071114 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules. Zhejiang Province, an important citrus production region in China, is rich in citrus germplasm resources. The citrus varieties in this region might provide some very distinctive resources for the bioactivity study of citrus fruits. The present study aimed to carry out a comprehensive investigation on the flavonoid composition and distribution, antioxidant capacity and gastric tumor cytotoxicity of citrus fruits from Zhejiang. A total of 35 varieties belonging to five types of citrus fruits were collected for the study. Gastric tumor cell lines were applied for the cytotoxicity evaluation of citrus flavonoid-rich extracts
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