Citrobacter Diversus Research Articles

Microbiological Assessment of Housekeeping Practices and Environmental Impact of Selected Abattoirs in Lagos and Ogun States of Nigeria

Objectives: Three operational types of abattoir, batch, slaughter and line abattoirs with their effluents (wastewater) were investigated for bacteriological quality in Lagos and Ogun states of Nigeria. The present study is a surveillance work to assess the housekeeping practices and the environmental impact of the three major abattoir types in Nigeria. Methodology and Results: Spread plate and multiple-tube fermentation techniques were used in the analyses. Total bacterial counts (TBC) on workers’ hands, butchering knives, slaughtering tables and floors ranged between 1.00 x10 3 and 4.67 x10 3 cfu/ml while total coliform count (TCC) of the effluents ranged between 1.5 x 10 6 and 1.0 x 10 2 MPN/ 100ml of Faecal coliform (FC). The highest numbers of isolated organisms (% occurrence) were 42.0%, 21.9%, 21.9% and 14.3% for the Karra batch abattoir, RCCG Canaan land batch abattoir, Odo-eran slaughter slab and Ikenne line abattoir respectively. The following organisms were identified from the pure isolates contained in the samples from the various sources from the selected abattoir sites, namely, Citrobacter diversus , Erwinia chrysanthemi , Klebsiella oxytoca , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Serratia fonticola , Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter intermedius , Escherichia coli . Conclusions and application of findings: The line slaughter facilities conform to the WHO guidelines on setting up of an abattoir. However, slaughter slabs often violate the rules of public health, inspection and marketing regulations while in batch abattoir facilities no rules or guidelines are followed. These differences in modes of operation are reflected in the present microbiological analyses. However, the TCC of effluents for all the abattoir types examined exceeded recommended limit for discharge into surface water in Nigeria. Adoption of best practices such as updating most (if not all) abattoirs in Nigeria to line type and better enforcement of available regulations regarding limits on effluents from industrial facilities is recommended to reduce the negative health and environmental impact of abattoirs in Nigeria. Keywords: abattoirs, coliform, effluents, wastewater

МИКРОБИОЦЕНОЗ ШИНШИЛЛ ПРИ НЕЗАРАЗНОЙ ПАТОЛОГИИ ЖЕЛУДОЧНО-КИШЕЧНОГО ТРАКТА В УСЛОВИЯХ Г. САМАРА

The purpose of research is the resistance increasing of the chinchillas organism to the representatives of pathogenic and conditionally-pathogenic microbes with non-infectious pathology for the gastrointestinal tract. Based on the purpose of the study, were as follows – extruding and identification chinchillas contained family transient and resident representatives microbiocenosis; by morphological, tincrial, cultural, biochemical and serological properties of these microbes. The experimental group, chinchillas with non-communicable disorders of the gastrointestinal tract (gastroenteritis and colitis) in fecals resident microorganisms Enterococcus faecalis – КОЕ 2.85h104±0.23, Peptococcus niger – 3.64h105±0.33, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius – 3.74h104±0/52, Lactobacillus delbrueckii – 2.84h102±0.53, Bifidobacterium bifidum – 3.16h102±0.46, Es-cherichia coli – 2.67h105±0.53, Serratia marcescens – 2.95h104±0.13, Bacteroides fragilis – 2.57h103±0.12, Prevotella bivia – 4.21h103±0.24 were identified. Among the transient microorganisms were identified Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. saprophiticus, Streptococcus rattus and S. cricetus, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter diversus, Salmonella enteritidis, and Yersinia enterocolitica, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus, B. subtillis, Clostridium sporogenes, C . ramosum, C. difficile, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter coli. In conclusion: Microbiocenosis healthy chinchillas includes automicroflora occupying a certain ecological area in the animal organism. With the development of non-contagious disease of the gastrointestinal tract in chinchillas reduces the number of automicroflora and its situation replaces transient and opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms, penetrating into the body of animal alimentary and fecal-oral. It is important to use the effective probiotics for chinchillas gastrointestinal tract.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ КИШЕЧНОГО МИКРОБИОЦЕНОЗА МОРСКИХ СВИНОК

The purpose of research is increasing the resistance of Guinea pigs to the action of pathogenic and conditionally-pathogenic microorganisms causing gastroenteritis. Based on the objectives of the problems were pointed– isolation and identification of guinea pigs transient and resident representatives microbiocenosis; study of morphological, tinctorial, cultural, biochemical and serological properties of these microorganisms. In the study, samples of facals and chimus of guinea pigs with the pathology of the gastrointestinal tract (gastroenteritis) have been isolated and identified resident microorganisms: Enterococcus faecalis – KOE 3.08h103±0.06, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius – 4.14h104±0.17, Lactobacillus delbrueckii – 4.36h103±0.04, Bifidobacte-rium bifidum – 3.85h103±0.06, Escherichia coli – 3.27h104±0.05, Serratia marcescens – 3.78h104±0.04, Bac-teroides fragilis – 3.88h105±0.14. Among the transient microorganisms were isolated Staphylo-coccus saprophiticus, Streptococcus entericus, S. gallolyticus, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter diversus, Salmonella enteritidis, Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus subtillis, B. cereus, B. mycoides, B. lichieni-formis, Clostridium sporogenes, C. haemolyticum, C. histolyticum, Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter coli. In conclusion: the main etiological factor for gastroenteritis tested guinea pigs are bacilli and clostridia, which in association with salmonella, jersiniya, helicobacter and campylobacter lead to growing intoxication and bacteriamia of animals. Against this background, the reduction in the concentration of resident microbial cultures that occupy an ecological area in the gastrointestinal tract.

Prevalence of Coliforms, Antibiotic Resistant Coliforms and E. Coli Serotypes in Raw Milk and Some Varieties of Raw Milk Cheese in Egypt

The present study investigated the prevalence of coliforms, antibiotic resistant coliforms and E. coli serotypes in raw milk and some varieties of raw milk cheese in Egypt. One Hundred and twenty samples of raw milk and white soft cheese (salted and unsalted) and hard cheese (Ras) collected from different areas in El Minofia governorate, Egypt were examined. The obtained results declared that coliform members including E. coli, Citrobacter diversus, C. freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, E. agglomerans, E. cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae sub. spp. ozaenae and K. pneumoniae sub. spp. pneumoniae were isolated at varying percentage from examined samples. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test was used to examine bacterial susceptibility to ten antimicrobial agents including chloramphenicol, impenem, sulbactam+cefoperazone, ampicillin+sulbactam, amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, gentamycin, amikacin, cefoperazone and tetracycline. Some strains showed multidrug resistant phenotype. The previously tested coliform strains, in order, showed resistance to AMC ; SAM & AMC ; AMC & CFP ; AMC & TE and C, AMC, CFP & TE antibiotics, while each showed sensitivity to the other tested antibiotics. The isolated E. coli proved to belong to 5 serotypes; O111:K58 (B9) EHEC, O 124 :K 72 (B 17 ) EIEC, O 119 :K 69 (B 19 ) EPEC, O 55 :k 59 (B 5 ) EPEC and untypable strains. In conclusion, this study provides meaningful data on the incidence of coliforms in raw milk cheese in Egypt and merely underlines the need for implementation of strict hygiene measures in preparation of raw milk cheese in Egypt. The most alarming trend detected in this study was the determination of antibiotic resistant and potentially toxigenic E. coli strains. This discovery makes ongoing surveillance of coliforms a high priority to identify emerging harmful strains within food production.

Isolation of Pathogenic Gram-Negative Bacteria from Urinary Tract Infected Patients

This study investigated the susceptibility pattern of different bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection to different antibiotics. 83 uropathogen bacteria were isolated from 300 urine samples taken from patients attended to Tikrit Teaching Hospital from March, 2011 through February, 2012. The patients were males and females aged between 4 days to 95 years. Bacteria obtained from urine samples were cultured and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to 16 kinds of antibiotics. Urine samples were cultured on different media and incubated, thereafter bacteria were isolated and purified by streaking four times on the same media; isolates were identified depending on morphological, microscopic, and biochemical characteristics. The isolated strains of bacteria were tested for their susceptibility to some antibiotics using disk diffusion method. The antagonistic activity was evaluated by observing a clear zone of inhibition growth. The results showed that the bacterial species of Eschericia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Citrobacter diversus, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Yersinia pestis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella oxytoca and Hafnia alvei were identified in 44 (53%), 18 (21.7%), 4 (4.8%), 4 (4.8%), 3 (3.6%), 3 (3.6%), 3 (3.6%), 2 (2.4%), 1 (1.2%) and 1 (1.2%), respectively, of the isolates. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 83 (100%) isolates were resistant to Ampicillin, Rifampicin and Erythromycin. 75 (90.3%) isolates were resistant to Cefotaxime, 67 (80.7%) isolates were resistant to Tobramyci. 66 (79.5%), 65 (78.3%), 56 (67.4%) and 48 (57.8%) isolates showed susceptibility to Nalidixic acid, Tetracycline, Nitrofurantoin, Chloramphenicol, respectively. 45 (54.2%) isolates were resistant to Azithromycin, Norfloxacin and Ciprofloxacin. Meropenem, Gentamicin, Amikacin, and Imipenem show significant effect on 35 (42.1%), 32 (38.5%), 27 (32.5%) and 1 (1.2%) isolates, respectively. In conclusion, significant bacteria count isolated from urine samples is pathogenic. The most effective antibiotic in inhibiting the bacterial growth was Imipenem while Ampicillin, Rifampicin and Erythromycin showed no effect on all 83 isolates (100%).

Detection of Some Enteric Pathogens in Retailed Meat

Contamination of meat at the retail level is very common. The presence of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae on the meat surface will render the meat unsafe to the consumer as they are encountered in causing food poisoning and also they reflect the hygienic standard of the butchers' shops. The current study was done to evaluate the microbiological status of retailed meat of cattle and buffaloes with special concern to Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Salmonella. A total of 100 random samples of meat of cattle and buffaloes (50 of each) were collected from different butchers' shops at Behera province. The samples were evaluated bacteriologically with a trial to isolate some enteric pathogens of public health significance. The obtained results revealed that the mean values of total Enterobacteriaceae count in examined meat samples of cattle and buffaloes were 1.4 X 104±1.4 X 103 and 2.7 X 104± 3.3 X 103 cfu/g, respectively. Also, the mean values of total Coliform count in cattle and buffaloes meat samples were 1.5 X 104±1.4 X 103, 1.8 X104± 1.8 X 103 cfu/g, respectively. In addition, isolation and identification of enteric bacteria revealed that the isolation of E. coli, Salmonella species, Enterobacter aerogenes. Enterobacter intermedium, Enterobacter gergoviae, Citrobacter amalonaticus, Citrobacter diversus, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, Serratia ficaria, Serratia fonticola, Serratia liquefaciens. Serratia rubidaea, Edwardsiclla ictalori, Edwardsiella hoshinae, Providencia alcalifaciens, Providencia stuartii, Klebsiella pneumonia subspecies ozaenae, Proteus mirabilis. Concerning EPEC, it was found that it was detected in 32% and 40% of the examined meat samples of cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Furthermore, the serological identification of the obtained isolates of EPEC revealed the presence of the following serotypes O55: K59, O111:K58, O114:K96, O111:K69, O125:K70, O126:K71, O127:K63. On the other side, the obtained results revealed the isolation of Salmonella species at the percentage of 4 and 8 in the examined meat samples of cattle and buffaloes, respectively. Furthermore, the serological identification of the obtained isolates of Salmonella revealed the presence of S. Typhi, S. Enteritidis and S. Paratyphi. On basis of the obtained results it was observed that meat of buffaloes was more contaminated with all members of Enterobacteriaceae than meat of cattle so strict hygienic measures should be considered during slaughtering, transportation and handling of meat till reach safe for consumers.

Biological and Histological Studies of Purified Product from Streptomyces janthinus M7 Metabolites

Fifteen clinical samples were taken out from patients suffering cancer, these patients being under the treatment with radio- and/or chemotherapy. The samples were used for the isolation of bacterial cells surrounding tumor; the samples were collected from Center of Cancer Therapy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. The clinical bacterial isolates were purified and identified according to Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology ninth edition (1994). The bacterial isolates were found to be Klebsiella oxytoca m1; Enterobacter cancerogenus m2; P. aeruginosa m3; Citrobacter diversus m4; Enterobacter agglomerans m5; Klebsiella oxytoca m6; Enterobacter dissolvens m7; Serratia fonticola m8; Escherichia coli m9; Citrobacter freundii m10; Staphylococcus aureus m11; Escherichia coli m12; P. aeruginosa m13; Staphylococcus aureus m14; and Bacillus cereus m15. In the present study both primary and secondary screening methods were used to screen the antibacterial activity of St. janthinus M7 against fifteen clinical bacterial isolates. The St. janthinus M7 showed an increase in antibacterial activity against all the tested human bacterial pathogens. In this study Gamma irradiation at dose levels (0.5 and 1.5 kGy) was used for the enhancement of the antibacterial activity of Streptomyces strain against the clinical isolates. Several commercial antibiotic discs (Doxorubicin, Augmentin, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Oxacillin, and Cefazolin) were used for comparing their antimicrobial activity with purified product. The results declared a significant increase in the antibacterial activity in most cases. The physiochemical properties of the purified product were carried out for determination of Rf, empirical formula, M.W, and chemical structure of product and then analyzed by thin layer chromatography, elemental analysis, UV, Mass, and NMR. The result exhibited brown color, one spot, Rf (0.76), M.W (473), while it recorded 270 nm in UV region and the calculated empirical formula was (C22H19NS2O7). In in vitro antitumor activity of the purified product against human tumor cell lines (Hepg2) the IC50 was measured to be 3.0 μg/ml and in in vitro antitumor activity of purified product measured against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) the IC50 was measured to be 33.0 μg/ml. In in vivo study of the cytotoxic effect of St. janthinus M7 purified product MYN7 was investigated. The result of histopathological alteration in female mice infected with Ehrlich tumor showed a significant effect on abnormal cells.

Antimicrobial susceptibility test of pathogens isolated from urinary tract infection suspected cases

Background and objectives: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is associated with multiplication of organisms in urinary tract and is defined by the presence of more than 105 organisms per ml in a midstream sample of urine (MSU). UTI is most commonly acquired bacterial infection in ambulatory and hospitalized populations. E.coli is the most predominant organism to colonise the urethral meatus and perineum before ascending to the bladder. Drug resistance of pathogens is a serious medical problem, because of very fast arise and spread of mutant strains that are insusceptible to medical treatment of UTI. Therefore, this study was carried out to determine the common pathogenic bacteria causing UTI and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Material and Methods: Mid stream urine samples of the UTI suspected pateints were collected in the Mid Stream Urine (MSU) samples were collected in the sterile clean dry wide mouthed bottle. Standard protocol was followed to isolate and identify organism which was followed by disc diffusion antibiotic sensitivity tests. Results: A total of 100 samples were collected. Out of 100 samples, 25 samples showed a significant growth E.coli, Citrobacter diversus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. E.coli (84%) was found to be the most prevalent causing UTI. Conclusion: UTI was found more common in female than male and E.coli was found to be main causes of UTI. Ciprofloxacin showed more effective drugs in the treatment of UTI. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v2i1.11393 Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Sciences (2014) Vol. 2 (1): 28-34

MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN GRAM – NEGATIVE BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM DAIRY PRODUCTS

The present work was carried out on 127 dairy products samples (62 buffalo milk, 46 cow milk, 16 kariesh cheeses and 3 yoghurt) were obtained from retail markets in Dakahlia governorate. (214) isolates were assayed for antimicrobial susceptibility, the presence of integrons and antimicrobial resistance genes. 152 out of 214 (71.02%) Gram – negative bacterial isolates showed multidrug resistance phenotypes for two or more of the following antimicrobial agents: ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin - clavulanic acid , chloramphenicol and cefotaxime . PCR screening for integrons showed that eight (3.73%) isolates of (Enterobacter aerogens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter diversus, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Serratia marsescens) were positive for class 1 integron and all isolates were negative for class 2 integron .β-lactamase resistance gene blaTEM was identified in 6 (2.80%) isolates of (K. oxytoca , E. coli , S. liquefaciens ,E. cloacae, K. pneumoniae and C. diversus). blaCTX-M was identified in 3 (1.40%) isolates of (E. coli , K. oxytoca, and S. marsescens).All isolates were negative for blaCMY. These results highlighted the role of antimicrobial use in dairy animals and development of transferable gene in bacteria in dairy animals from which such genes can be disseminated by horizontal gene transfer to other bacteria and reach human pathogens.

Distribution and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infection in Mubi General Hospital, Yola-Nigeria

Aims: This study was conducted to determine the distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens among patients attending Mubi general hospital as well as to determine the effect of gender on the etiology of bacterial uropathogens. Study Design: Distributions of urinary isolates and their antibiogram Place and Duration of Study: Mubi General Hospital, Adamawa State, between April, 2013 and January, 2014 Methodology: Urine samples of 101 patients comprised of 46 males and 55 females were analyzed for bacterial growth, antibiogram and multiple antibiotic resistance index. Results: Females showed higher prevalence of UTI than males. Gram negative bacteria (61.7%) were found in high prevalence than Gram positive (29.3%). Staphylococcus aureus (58.3%) has the highest prevalence rate among Gram positive organisms, while Citrobacter freundii (25.3%) was the most prevalent Gram negative isolates. Citrobacter freundii (17.9%) was the most prevalent uropathogens closely followed by S. aureus (17.1%). Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed on all isolated bacteria by the disc diffusion method employing multiple antibiotic discs differently for both Gram positive and Original Research Article British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 4(19): 3591-3602, 2014 3592 Gram negative isolates. The results showed that S. aureus and Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CoNS) were more susceptible to Chloramphenicol (83%), followed by Streptomycin and Amoxicillin (78%). While their resistance profile showed that S. aureus and CoNS are more resistant to Ampiclox, Gentamycin and Rifampicin (31%). Susceptibility to all the antibiotics by Gram positive organisms was significantly higher than their resistance to the same antibiotics (p< 0.05). Gram negative organisms are more susceptible to Streptomycin (62%), followed by Ciprofloxacin (47%) and Ofloxacin (44%), while their resistance profile showed that they are more resistance to Nalixidic acid (79%) followed by Augmentin (76%), Ampicillin (75%) and Reflacine (74%). Resistance to all the antibiotics by Gram negative organisms is significantly higher than their susceptibility to the same antibiotics (p<0.05). Using spearman correlation, the results further showed significant correlation in resistance between P. vulgaris, Escherichia coli and P. agglomerans (p<0.01). Also, there was significant correlation in resistance between E. coli, Klebsiella sp., Citrobacter diversus and P. vulgaris (p<0.05). The multiple antibiotic resistances (MAR) index of each antibiotic was calculated. The MAR index for Gram positive antibiotics was significantly lower than that of Gram negative antibiotics (p<0.05). Conclusion: In this study, we found multidrug resistance strains which are resistant to most of the antimicrobials agent tested more especially the Gram negative uropathogens. This reflected the fact that Nalixidic acid, Augmentin, Ampicillin, Reflacine, Ceporex and Septrin were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in the hospital even before the results of urine analyses and also the most easily available in the market without prescription and because they were also very cheap in terms of cost. Consequently, the widespread use or misuse of antimicrobial drugs has led to a general rise in the emergence of resistant bacteria.

Enterobacteriaceae in Some Marine Fish Fillet

ABSTRACT A total of 100 random samples of marine fish fillet represented by Epinephelus alexandrinus fillet, Dicentrachus labrax fillet, Stingray fish fillet and Scomberomorus commerson fillet (25 of each) were collected from different fish markets in Alexandria city. The sample weight was 100 grams. Each sample was kept in a separate sterile plastic bag and transferred in an ice box to the laboratory under complete aseptic conditions without undue delay. All collected samples were subjected to bacteriological examination for isolation and identification of Enterobacteriaceae. The results revealed that the total Enterobacteriaceae count in the examined samples of marine fish fillet were varied from 1.6 x 102 to 6.3 x 104 with an average of 2.1 x 104 + 3.1 x 103 cfu/g for Epinephelus alexandrinus fillet, 2.1 x 102 to 4.3 x 104 with an average of 9.1 x 103 + 1.1 x 103 cfu/g for Dicentrachus labrax fillet, 3.1 x 102 to 6.7 x 104 with an average of 1.3 x 104 + 7.3 x 103 cfu/g for Stingray fish fillet and 2.3 x 102 to 1.1 x 105 with an average of 6.3 x 104 + 5.2 x 103 cfu/g for Scomberomorus commerson fillet, respectively. Accurately, all examined samples (100%) out of Epinephelus alexandrinus fillet, Dicentrachus labrax fillet, Stingray fish fillet and Scomberomorus commerson fillet were contaminated with Enterobacteriaceae. Also, the total coliform count in the examined samples of marine fish fillet were ranged from 1.3 x 10 to 2.1 x 103 with a mean value of 9 x 102 + 7.5 x 10 cfu/g for Epinephelus alexandrinus fillet, 3.1 x 10 to 3.2 x 103 with a mean value of 1.1 x 103 + 2.3 x 102 cfu/g for Dicentrachus labrax fillet, 1.9 x 10 to 7 x 103 with a mean value of 2.6 x 103 + 1.6 x 102 cfu/g for Stingray fish fillet and 6 x 10 to 1.3 x 104 with a mean value of 6.4 x 103 + 7.1 x 102 cfu/g for Scomberomorus commerson fillet. The enteric bacteria isolated were Enterobacter aerogenes (44 %) was the most frequent bacterial species isolated from Epinephelus alexandrinus fillet samples, followed by Proteus vulgaris (28 %), Citrobacter diversus and Shigella species (20 % of each) then Klebsiella ozanae and Provedencia spp (16 % of each). In regard to Dicentrachus labrax fillet samples, the most frequent bacterial species isolated was Enterobacter aerogens (40 %), followed by Klebsiella peumoniae (32 %), Citrobacter diversus(28 %), Proteus vulgaris and Provedencia species (20 % of each), Citrobacter freundii (16 %) then Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella ozanae and Shigella species (12 % of each). Concerning Stingray fish fillet samples, Serratia liquifaciens (44 %) represented the highest rate of isolation followed by Enterobacter aerogens and Enterobacter cloacae (36 % of each), Citrobacter freundii (28 %), Citrobacter diversus and Enterobacter cloacae (24 % of each), Shigella species (20 %) and Proteus vulgaris (16 %) . On the other hand, Citrobacter freundii (28 %), Enterobacter aerogens (24 %), Proteus vulgaris (20 %) then Klebsiella ozanae, Prot

Prevalence of urinary tract infection in diabetic patients and identification of the causal microorganisms

Background and objective: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a condition in which the urinary tract is infected with a pathogen causing inflammation. One of the predisposing factors for UTIs is diabetes mellitus (DM), spillage of glucose into the urine provide a good culture medium for bacteria. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the distribution of UTIs among diabetic patients of both genders with studying the effect of some relative factors, and identifying types of the causal microorganisms. Methods: Diabetic patients (type1 and 2), from both genders were included in this study. All patients were interviewed. Uncontaminated urine samples were collected for microscopic and macroscopic analysis. Isolations and identifications of bacteria were done by standard methods. Results: Out of 150 diabetic patients, 53 (35.33%) have UTI. Gender, middle age and high level of proteinuria were risk factors, while type and duration of DM with its type of treatment, body mass index (BMI), and hypertension were non significant. The isolated types of pathogens were Escherichia coli (45.3%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.1%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (15.1%), Citrobacter diversus (11.3%), Candida albicans (7.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (5.7%). Conclusion: This study revealed that diabetic females were most susceptible to get UTIs than diabetic males. In both genders the most reliable age for UTI were between 31-40 years. The results showed that the level of proteinuria was higher in patients suffering from UTIs associated with DM, which considered as a risk factor. Certain types of microorganisms were isolated; the most common types were Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus saprophyticus.

Bacteriology of normal frontal sinuses

PurposeThe aim of this cross-sectional trial was to identify the bacterial flora and to quantify the level of bacterial presence in healthy adult frontal sinus cavities. Materials and methodsNinety five consecutive patients undergoing craniotomy of the anterior cranial fossa were enrolled. All patients were evaluated preoperatively by a sino-nasal questionnaire, nasal endoscopy and CT scan. Exclusion criteria were patients with sinus tumours, presenting a cold in the past 8weeks, having signs or symptoms suggestive of sinus disease, history suggestive of allergic rhinitis and/or asthma, having undergone hospitalization or an outpatient clinic visit within the past 12months, patients with known systemic disease, having previous sinus or nose surgery, history of trauma of the sino-nasal region, or having used systemic antibiotics, steroids, or nasal spray in the past 8weeks. Lavages were obtained from frontal sinuses before craniotomy through trephination of the anterior wall. The sinus was irrigated with sterile saline followed by aspiration. Specimens were inoculated for aerobic and anaerobic organisms. ResultsAfter applying the exclusion criteria, 42 patients (84 sinuses) were finally included in the study. Bacterial organisms were recovered in 12 of 84 (14.28%) sinuses. However, 85.72% of the sinuses were found to be sterile. Bacteria recovered included three different coagulase-negative staphylococci, one Citrobacter diversus and two Micrococcus spp. No anaerobic organism was isolated. ConclusionsThis study demonstrated that the majority of frontal sinuses of asymptomatic adults with normal CT and endoscopic appearance are sterile.

Staphylococcus Aureus- The Predominant Pathogen in the Neonatal ICU of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Amritsar, India

An early treatment and the appropriate and the rational use of antibiotics would minimize the risk of severe morbidity and mortality in neonatal sepsis, and reduce the emergence of multi-drug resistant organisms in intensive care units. For the success of an early empiric treatment, a periodic review of the cases to assess any changing trends in the infecting organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility is important. To study the most commonly encountered bacterial pathogens which caused neonatal sepsis and their sensitivity patterns, so that guidelines could be prepared for a rational antibiotic therapy. This was a retrospective study which was conducted in the Department of Microbiology and the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at SGRDIMSAR, Amritsar, during June 2011 to June 2012. Blood specimens for culture were drawn from 311 newborns who were admitted in an NICU with sepsis. The specimens were inoculated into brain heart infusion broth. Subcultures were performed on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 and 10. The isolates were identified by doing standard biochemical tests. The antibiotic resistance patterns of the isolates were studied by the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion technique. A total of 131 organisms were isolated from the 311 blood cultures. These included Staphylococcus aureus (n=68), Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (n=30), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=10), Acinetobacter baumannii (n=9), Escherichia coli (n=05), Enterobacter cloacae (n=04), Citrobacter diversus (n=02), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=02) and Candida (n=01). Staphylococcus aureus was the main pathogen in both early and late-onset sepsis. On antibiotic sensitivity testing, 57.35% of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were found to be methicillin resistant. More than 90% gram negative rods were resistant to amikacin. The resistance to the third generation cephalosporins varied between 50-55%. The resistance to ciprofloxacin was quite high; however, most of the isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin. A majority of the isolates were susceptible to piperacillin- tazobactum and imipenem. The present study emphasized the importance of periodic surveys on the microbial flora which was encountered in particular neonatal settings to recognize the trend.

Prevalence of extended spectrum beta-lactamase production among uropathogens in south Mumbai and its antibiogram pattern.

β-lactams are the most widely used group of antimicrobials. However, increasing resistance to these valuable drugs in uropathogens, mediated principally by β-lactamases, has become a major concern. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producers in clinical isolates of urine specimens, collected from various healthcare centres across south Mumbai. A total of 195 gram negative urine isolates were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13), Proteus mirabilis (21), Klebsiella pneumoniae (29), Escherichia coli (96), Enterobacter aerogenes (1), Enterobacter cloacae (1), Enterococcus fecalis (1), Morganella morganii (1), Citrobacter diversus (16), Citrobacter amalonaticus (5) and Proteus vulgaris (11). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) by Kirby-Bauer method showed 43.07 % (84/195) of the isolates were resistant to more than 70 % of the antibiotics used. Confirmatory screening using a combination of Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST), Phenotypic Confirmatory Disc Diffusion Test (PCDDT) and E-test revealed the overall prevalence of ESBL producers to be 34.71 % (68/195). The study showed 72.05 % of the ESBL producers to be resistant to fluoroquinolones, highlighting its extensive use in the region of south Mumbai. All ESBL producers were found to be sensitive to Imipenem whereas 82.36 % showed susceptibility to Amikacin making these 2 antibiotics the most effective choice of drug against ESBLs. In order to ensure rational treatment of highly resistant pathogens, the occurrence of ESBL and its primary studies may serve as a base for further research and findings.

Prevalência de Enterobacteriaceae em Tupinambis merianae (Squamata: Teiidae) de uma instalação em cativeiro no Brasil Central, com um perfil de resistência aos medicamentos antimicrobianos em Salmonella enterica

The present study reports the presence of Enterobacteriaceae in tegulizards (Tupinambis merianae) from a captive facility in Central Brazil. From a total of 30 animals, 10 juveniles and 20 adults (10 females, 10 males), 60 samples were collected, in two periods separated by 15 days. The samples were cultivated in Xylose-lysinedeoxycholate agar (XLT4) and MacConkey agar. The Salmonella enterica isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. A total of 78 bacteria was isolated, of which 27 were from juveniles of T. merianae, 30 from adult males, and 21 from adult females. Salmonella enterica was the most frequent bacteria, followed by Citrobacter freundii, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter sakasakii, Kluivera sp., Citrobacter amalonaticus, Serratia marcescens, Citrobacter diversus, Yersinia frederiksenii, Serratia odorifera, and Serratia liquefaciens. Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae and houtenae showed resistance to cotrimoxazole, and serum Salmonella enterica Worthington showed resistance to tetracycline and gentamicin. Salmonella enterica Panama and S. enterica subsp. diarizonae showed intermediate sensitivity to cotrimoxazole. In addition to Enterobacteriaceae in the tegu lizard, pathogenic serotypes of S. enterica also occur, and their antimicrobial resistance was confirmed.

Effect of nitrogen supplementation on aerobic degradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate by consortia of bacteria

Untreated detergent bearing wastes discharged into the environment are sources of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS). Detergent wastes usually do not contain nitrogen or contain very low amounts. Biostimulation by introducing limiting nutrient element can be useful in biotreatment of such waste. The effect of inorganic and organic nitrogen supplements on aerobic degradation of LAS by LAS-utilizing bacteria was examined. Phosphate-buffered LAS mineral media were prepared and supplemented with different nitrogen sources: NPK fertilizer (inorganic) and urea fertilizer (organic). Individual and various consortia of pure cultures of &lt;em&gt;Alcaligenes odorans&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Citrobacter diversus&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Micrococcus luteus&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Pseudomonas putida&lt;/em&gt;, previously isolated from a detergent effluent polluted stream, were used. Biodegradation of LAS was monitored in terms of half-life (t&amp;frac12;) of the surfactant. The rates of biodegradation by the consortia can be ranked as: 4-membered (t&amp;frac12;=8-12 days) &amp;gt;3-membered (t&amp;frac12;=8-13 days) &amp;gt;2-membered consortia (t&amp;frac12;=10-15 days) &amp;gt;individuals (t&amp;frac12;=9-16 days). The inorganic nitrogen source enhanced utilization of the surfactant, while organic nitrogen supplementation generally slowed degradation of the surfactant. In undertaking biotreatment of detergent bearing effluent, inorganic nitrogen should be used as biostimulant.

High load of multi-drug resistant nosocomial neonatal pathogens carried by cockroaches in a neonatal intensive care unit at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

BackgroundCockroaches have been described as potential vectors for various pathogens for decades; although studies from neonatal intensive care units are scarce. This study assessed the vector potential of cockroaches (identified as Blatella germanica) in a neonatal intensive care unit setup in Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA total of 400 Blatella germanica roaches were aseptically collected for five consecutive months. Standard laboratory procedures were used to process the samples.ResultsFrom the external and gut homogenates, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter spp. Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter diversus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Providencia rettgeri, Klebsiella ozaenae, Enterobacter aeruginosa, Salmonella C1, Non Group A streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter spp. and Shigella flexneri were isolated. Multi-drug resistance was seen in all organisms. Resistance to up to all the 12 antimicrobials tested was observed in different pathogens.ConclusionCockroaches could play a vector role for nosocomial infections in a neonatal intensive care unit and environmental control measures of these vectors is required to reduce the risk of infection. A high level of drug resistance pattern of the isolated pathogens was demonstrated.

Occurrence of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Enterobacter sakazakii&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; (&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Cronobacter&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;) and Other Enterobacteriaceae in Commercial Powdered Infant Formula in Abidjan, Ivory Coast

To determine the occurrence of Enterobacter sakazakii and other Enerobateriaceae in commercial powdered infant formula (PIF), 185 packages of PIF from different manufacturers, supermarkets and drug-stores in Abidjan were analyzed. Ten g of sample was homogenized in 90 ml of buffered peptone water (PBW, Biorad, Paris) for further studies. Enterobacteriaceae (coliforms) were enumerated according to French Association of Standardization methods. E. sakazakii was detected according to Kandhai’s method. Bacteria were identified using API20 system. Thirty-eight samples (20.5%) were positive for Enterobacteriaceae. Twenty-four samples (13%) yielded Enterobacter sakazakii. Other Enterobacteriaceae isolated included Pantoea spp. 21 (11.5%), Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. Pneumonia 8 (4.3%), Citrobacter diversus 1 (0.5%), Citrobacter freundii 1 (0.5%), Enterobacter cloacae 1 (0.5%), Salmonella reading 1 (0.5%), Serratia ficara 1 (0.5%) Serratia odorifera 1 (0.5%). This study is the first report to describe the contamination of PIF from Abidjan with E. sakazakii and several other Enterobacteriaceae that could be opportunistic pathogens. Therefore, well-controlled studies need to be conducted to assess the extent of risk associated with contaminated PIF for infants in Abidjan.

Antibiotic resistance pattern of mdr pathogens

–Multiple drug resistant enterobacterial pathogens were isolated from common sources of human consumption. The isolates were subjected for antibiotic susceptibility testing against 10 antibiotics and found to be resistant towards six antibiotics. All the isolated MDR pathogens were found to be sensitive towards amikacin. Sensitivity for cefuroxime, oxacillin, and metronidazol differed for different species. The pattern of MDR bacteria was perturbing as simultaneous resistance to chloramphenicol and gentamycin, formed the common MDR pattern. The pattern was almost the same for the diverse species (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Citrobacter diversus, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus myxofaciens, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) isolated from different food samples and strongly suggests prevalence of similar R plasmids. This suggests that antibiotic resistance is encoded on a high molecular weight plasmid, and can easily spread in the community through food stuff generally consumed by the common man. Keywords––MDR, antibiotics, enterobacterial pathogens.